Na David Swanson, World BEYOND War,ʻApelila 25, 2022
"ʻAʻole ʻoiaʻiʻo nā manu" - ʻo ke kumumanaʻo he drones nā manu a pau - he hana ʻakaʻaka i hana ʻia no ka ʻakaʻaka, i manaʻo ʻia me kekahi poʻe pilikia noʻonoʻo e manaʻoʻiʻo nei. "ʻAʻole ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo Costa Rica" ʻaʻole i ʻōlelo ʻia, akā mālama nui ʻia e nā mea he nui. ʻO koʻu manaʻo, e ʻae nā mea a pau e noho ana ʻo Costa Rica ma ka palapala ʻāina, a ʻo ka mea maoli, ma waena o Nicaragua a me Panama, ka Pākīpika a me ka Caribbean. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka pono o ka lāhui i kahi pūʻali koa nui loa (i ʻōlelo ʻia e nā mea hoʻoikaika maluhia ʻaʻole i uku ʻia i kahi dime no ka lawelawe ma ke ʻano he "pale") e pili mau ʻia i kahi mea pohihihi i kapa ʻia ʻo "ʻano kanaka" ʻoiai ʻo Costa Rica - manaʻo ʻia. aia a loaʻa nā kānaka - ua hoʻopau i kāna pūʻali koa 74 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, a ʻo kēlā me kēia aupuni ʻē aʻe ma ka Honua me ka ʻole o ka ʻokoʻa e pili kokoke ana i ka $ 0 o Costa Rica ma kāna pūʻali koa ponoʻī ma mua o ka mea a ʻAmelika e hoʻolilo ai i ka pūʻali koa i kākoʻo ʻia e ka 4% o ke kanaka e hoʻoholo ai i ka mea. "ʻano kanaka" ʻo ia.
ʻO ka hiki ke hana ʻo Costa Rica i kekahi mea koʻikoʻi a maikaʻi loa ma ka hoʻopau ʻana i kāna pūʻali koa e hana maʻamau ʻia ma ka nānā ʻole ʻana iā ia, akā i kekahi manawa ma ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana no ia mea - ma ka ʻōlelo ʻana he pūʻali koa maoli ʻo Costa Rica, a i ʻole e ʻōlelo ana ua pale ka pūʻali koa US. ʻO Costa Rica, a i ʻole ka ʻōlelo ʻana he like ʻole ka laʻana o Costa Rica a pono ʻole no kekahi ʻāina ʻē aʻe. E pōmaikaʻi kākou i ka heluhelu ʻana i ka puke a Judith Eve Lipton a me David P. Barash. Ka ikaika ma o ka maluhia: Pehea ka Demilitarization i alakaʻi ai i ka maluhia a me ka hauʻoli ma Costa Rica, a me ka mea e hiki ai i ke koena o ka honua ke aʻo mai kahi lāhui Tropical liʻiliʻi.. Maʻaneʻi mākou e aʻoʻole e nānā i keʻano o Costa Rica, a ke aʻo nei mākouʻaʻole he pūʻali koa ma Costa Rica, aʻaʻole lawelawe ka pūʻali koa oʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia i kekahi hana no Costa Rica, aʻo ka nui o nā kumu i hoʻokomo i ko Costa Rica. ʻO ka hoʻopau ʻana o Rica i kāna pūʻali koa, a me ka nui o nā pōmaikaʻi i loaʻa mai paha, hiki ke hana hou ʻia ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ʻelua mau ʻāina i like, paʻakikī loa nā hana kanaka, a me nā lāhui i hana pololei i kā Costa Rica. hana ʻia kahi pūʻulu ʻikepili o 1.
Noho ʻo Costa Rica ma kahi ʻāpana ʻilihune o ka honua a ʻilihune ʻo ia iho, akā i ka wā e pili ana i ke kūlana o ka maikaʻi, ka hauʻoli, ka manaʻolana o ke ola, ke olakino, ka hoʻonaʻauao, ʻaʻole loa ia e koho ʻia ma kahi kokoke i kekahi kona mau hoalauna, a ua helu pinepine ʻia ma ka honua kiʻekiʻe o nā palapala ma waena o nā ʻāina waiwai. ʻO Ticos, e like me ka poʻe noho o Costa Rica i kapa ʻia, komo i kahi ʻano ʻokoʻa, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ke haʻaheo nei i kā lākou hoʻopau ʻana i kā lākou pūʻali koa, i kā lākou mau moʻomeheu democratic a me nā papahana pilikanaka, i ko lākou kūlana kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻonaʻauao a me ke olakino, i ko lākou hiki. ʻoi aku ka nui o ka pākēneka o ka ʻāina ma ka honua i ka pale ʻana i nā wahi ʻāhiu ma nā paka a me nā wahi mālama, a ma kā lākou 99% e loaʻa ai ka uila. I ka makahiki 2012 ua pāpā ʻo Costa Rica i ka ʻimi ʻoliʻoli āpau. I ka makahiki 2017, ua alakaʻi ka ʻelele UN o Costa Rica i ka ʻaha kūkā i kūkākūkā i ke Kuʻikahi ma ka pāpā ʻana i nā mea kaua nuklear. Ke kākau wau i puke e pili ana Hoʻolahalaha i nāʻike, ʻaʻole kēia kaʻu i manaʻo ai. Ke kākau nei au e pili ana i kahi ʻāina e alakaʻi ana i ka luku ʻana i ke kaiapuni, ka hoʻopaʻa ʻia, ka militarism, a me ka hoʻowahāwahā haʻaheo no nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe. ʻAʻohe oʻu manaʻo hoʻohewa no ka haʻaheo i ka hana ʻana i nā mea maikaʻi.
ʻOiaʻiʻo ʻo Costa Rica ma ke ʻano he utopia kūpono ʻaʻole maoli. ʻAʻole ia mea, ʻaʻole kokoke. ʻOiaʻiʻo inā ʻoe e noho ana ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a pale aku i nā kaiāulu ʻino a me nā kahua kaua a me nā mea kanu mea kaua a me nā manaʻo o nā mea a ke aupuni e hana ai a puni ka honua, a inā ʻaʻole ʻoe i nā pana nui, e manaʻo paha ʻoe he ʻoi aku ka maluhia. hilinaʻi, a me ka nonviolent wahi ma mua o Costa Rica. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻaʻohe haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o Costa Rica o ka hana ʻino a i ʻole ka pōā a me ka ʻaihue kaʻa. Hoʻopiha ʻia kēia paradaiso hoʻomalu i ka uea ʻauʻau a me nā ʻōnaehana alarm. ʻO ka Global Peace Index na lalani ʻO Costa Rica 39th a me ka United States 122nd, ma mua o 1st a me 163rd, ma ka helu ʻana i ka palekana home, ʻaʻole wale ka militarism. Ua pilikia pū ʻo Costa Rica i ka pollution, bureaucratic inertia, corruption, nā lohi pau ʻole - e pili ana i ka mālama olakino, ke kālepa lāʻau lapaʻau, ke kālepa kanaka, ka hana ʻino, a me ke kūlana papa ʻelua no ka poʻe malihini "hewa" mai Nicaragua.
Akā ʻaʻole hoʻouna ʻo Costa Ricans i kā lākou mau keiki e pepehi a make a hoʻi mai i ka pōʻino mai nā kaua. ʻAʻole lākou makaʻu i ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana mai kā lākou mau kaua ʻole. ʻAʻole lākou makaʻu i ka hoʻouka ʻana mai o ko lākou mau ʻenemi pūʻali koa e manaʻo ana e lawe i kā lākou mau mea kaua ʻole. Noho lākou me ka huhū liʻiliʻi o ka pono ʻole o ka ʻōnaehana a i ʻole ka like ʻole o ka waiwai nui a i ʻole ka paʻahao nui. ʻOiai ke hoʻohālikelike nei nā helu honua iā Costa Rica ma ke ʻano kūpono a me ka ulu ʻole, ʻike ʻia kona moʻomeheu i ka makemake no ka kaulike a me ka hilahila no ka ʻai ʻana.
Ua loaʻa iā Costa Rica ka pōmaikaʻi nui no ka nele i ke gula a i ʻole ke kālā a i ʻole ka aila a i ʻole nā awa kūpono a i ʻole ka ʻāina maikaʻi loa no nā mahi kanu kauā a i ʻole kahi kūpono no ke kahawai a i ʻole ke alanui mai ke kai a i ke kai. Ua loaʻa iā ia nā kaua liʻiliʻi loa, akā ua lawa nā kipi pūʻali koa e nānā i kahi pūʻali koa he mea hoʻoweliweli.
I ka makahiki 1824, ua hoʻopau ʻo Costa Rica i ka hoʻoluhi hoʻoluhi - ʻaʻole hilahila mai kahi hiʻohiʻona US i hana ʻia me ka ʻole o ke kaua e haʻaheo ai. I ka makahiki 1825, ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa ka Pelekikena o Costa Rica ʻaʻole pono nā pūʻali koa kupa e noho nei. I ka makahiki 1831, ua hoʻoholo ʻo Costa Rica e hāʻawi i nā ʻāina kahakai i ka poʻe ʻilihune a e koi i nā kamaʻāina e ulu i nā mea kanu i makemake ʻia ma ʻEulopa, e like me ke kofe, ke kō, a me ka koko. Ua kōkua kēia i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi kuʻuna o nā mahiʻai liʻiliʻi ʻohana.
I ka makahiki 1838, ua kaʻawale ʻo Costa Rica mai Nicaragua. ʻAʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā kānaka o nā ʻāina ʻelua. Akā naʻe, ua noho kekahi me nā kaua ʻole, a ʻo kekahi me nā kaua hoʻomaha ʻole a hiki i kēia lā. He moʻomeheu ka ʻokoʻa, a ma mua o ka hoʻopau ʻia ʻana o ka pūʻali koa Costa Rica i ka makahiki 1948. ʻAʻole i hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo Costa Rica ma o ke kaua hanohano i hoʻolauleʻa mau ʻia, akā ma ke kau inoa ʻana i kekahi mau pepa.
Ua hoʻopau ʻo Costa Rica i ka hoʻopaʻi make ma 1877. I ka makahiki 1880, ua haʻaheo ke aupuni Costa Rican no ka loaʻa ʻana o 358 mau lālā ikaika o ka pūʻali koa. I ka makahiki 1890, ua ʻike ʻia kahi hōʻike a ke Kuhina Kaua ʻo Costa Rican ua aneane ʻaʻole makemake ʻo Ticos a ʻaʻole maopopo i ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi pūʻali koa, a i ka ʻike ʻana ua manaʻo ʻia me ka "hoʻowahāwahā ʻia."
(Psst: Ua like ka manaʻo o kekahi o mākou ma ʻAmelika akā hiki iā ʻoe ke noʻonoʻo e ʻōlelo me ka leo nui? — Ssshh!)
I ka makahiki 1948, ua hoʻopau ka Pelekikena o Costa Rica i ka pūʻali koa - i hoʻolauleʻa ʻia i ka lā 1 o Dekemaba ma ke ʻano he Army Abolition Day - ma hope o ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻana o ke Kuhina Palekana (ma kāna moʻolelo hope) i ka hana ʻana i mea e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ai i nā hoʻolimalima hoʻonaʻauao kiʻekiʻe.
I loko o hoʻokahi pule a me ka hapa, ua hoʻouka ʻia ʻo Costa Rica mai Nicaragua. Ua hoʻopiʻi ʻo Costa Rica i ka Organization of American States nāna i koi i ka poʻe hoʻouka kaua e hoʻi i lalo. Wahi a ke kiʻi ʻO kahi Maluhia Mālie, Ua hāpai pū ʻo Costa Rica i kahi pūʻali koa pōkole. Ua like ka hana i ka makahiki 1955, me ka hopena like. ʻO ka mea nui, ua manaʻo ke aupuni US he mea ʻino loa ia ma hope o kāna kipi ʻana ma Guatemala no ka mea ʻaʻole ia e kūʻē i ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o ka ʻāina demokalaka ʻole a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.
ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole hiki i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ke hoʻoikaika i kahi kipi ma Guatemala inā ʻaʻohe pūʻali koa Guatemala.
Ua ola ʻo Costa Rica i ka US-Soviet Cold War a me Ronald Reagan mau makahiki ma o ka mālama ʻana i ka neutrality a me ka pāpā ʻana i ka "communism" ʻoiai ke hoʻokumu nei i nā kulekele hema. Ua ʻae ʻo ia e hōʻole i ke kākoʻo ʻana iā Iran-Contra a me ke kūkākūkā ʻana i ka maluhia ma Nicaragua, ka mea nui i ke aupuni US.
I ka makahiki 1980, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o ka uila i ka hana nonviolent. Manaʻo wau ʻo kēia wale nō ka ʻōlelo o ka activism i Ka ikaika ma o ka malu, ka mea e waiho ana i ka mea heluhelu e noʻonoʻo e pili ana i ke kuʻuna kānalua ʻole o ka hoʻoikaika ʻana ma mua a ma hope o ia manawa, a he aha kāna hana i pāʻani ai a pāʻani mau i ka hoʻokumu ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i kahi ʻāina koa ʻole. Aia kekahi ʻano hana ʻē aʻe i hoʻopaʻa ʻia: I ka makahiki 2003, ua hoʻāʻo ke aupuni Costa Rican e hui pū me ka US "Coalition of the Willing" e hoʻouka i Iraq, akā ua hoʻopiʻi kekahi haumāna kānāwai a kāohi i ka hana ma ke ʻano he kumukānāwai.
No ke aha e laha ʻole ai ka laʻana o Costa Rica? ʻO nā pane maopopo he mau waiwai kaua a me ka moʻomeheu kaua, ka naʻaupō o nā mea hou, a me ka pōʻai ʻino o nā hoʻoweliweli kaua a me nā makaʻu. Ke laha nei nae paha. ʻO Panama ka hoalauna hema, ʻoiai he papeti US, ʻaʻole wale kāna pūʻali koa ponoʻī akā koi ikaika ʻole i ka US e hāʻawi i ke kahawai a hoʻoneʻe i kāna pūʻali koa.
Kaʻanuʻu ma ka ʻanuʻu . . . akā, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻomaka ʻana e heʻe wikiwiki!
Ka ikaika ma o ka malu He puke i ʻike maikaʻi ʻia, hoʻopaʻapaʻa maikaʻi ʻia, a i palapala ʻia. ʻOiai ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa no ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka pūʻali koa ma nā wahi āpau, ʻaʻole hiki ke kūkākūkā i ke ʻano o ka pale kaua ʻole, a me ka ʻōlelo ʻana he "makemake maoli ʻo ʻAmelika no ka liʻiliʻi o kahi pūʻali koa," ke hoʻohui nei au i ka papa inoa ma muli o he aha ka mea e haʻi mai iā mākou e pili ana iā Costa Rica ma ke ʻano he kukui alakaʻi no kahi honua i paʻa i ka pōʻeleʻele o ka noʻonoʻo kaua.
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Ke hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka hana ʻoihana e Christian Sorensen, 2020.
ʻAʻole Kaua Hou e Dan Kovalik, 2020.
Ka ikaika ma o ka maluhia: Pehea ka Demilitarization i alakaʻi ai i ka maluhia a me ka hauʻoli ma Costa Rica, a me ka mea e hiki ai i ke koena o ka honua ke aʻo mai kahi lāhui Tropical liʻiliʻi, na Judith Eve Lipton a me David P. Barash, 2019.
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Waymakers for Peace: Hiroshima a me Navaʻi Nagasaki'Ōlelo na Melinda Clarke, 2018.
Ka Hoʻoikaikaʻana i ke kaua a me ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka maluhia: He alakaʻi no nā meaʻoihana ola i hoʻoponoponoʻia e William Wiist a me Shelley White, 2017.
Ka Papahana Pāʻoihana no ka Hoʻomalu: Ka Hoʻonuiʻana i kahi Honua Loa Loaʻole na Scilla Elworthy, 2017.
ʻAʻole Kaua ke Kaua na David Swanson, 2016.
ʻO kahi pūnaewele mālama honua: kahiʻano'ē aʻe no ke kaua by World Beyond War, 2015, 2016, 2017.
ʻO ke Kaukaha Nui e Kaua Kaua:ʻO America i halaʻole i ka Papa HanaʻAmelika a me ka mea a mākou e hiki ai ke hana i kēia manawa na Kathy Beckwith, 2015.
ʻO ke kaua:ʻO ka hewa i ke ola kanaka na Roberto Vivo, 2014.
ʻO ka Catholic Catholicism a me ka hoʻopauʻana i ke kaua na David Carroll Cochran, 2014.
Ke Kaua a me ka Hoʻonaninaniʻana: A Critical Examination na Laurie Calhoun, 2013.
Ka Hoʻololi:ʻO ke Beginning of the War, the End of War na Judith Hand, 2013.
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Ka hopena o ke kaua Na John Horgan, 2012.
Ke Kaloʻana i ka Maluhia na Russell Faure-Brac, 2012.
Mai ke Kaua a Kau i Ke Kino: He alakaʻi i nā makahiki hou aku na Kent Shifferd, 2011.
ʻO Kaua ke Kaua Na David Swanson, 2010, 2016.
Eʻoi aʻe ke kaua ma mua o ke kaua na Douglas Fry, 2009.
ʻO ke ola ma hope o ke kaua na Winslow Myers, 2009.
He koko koko komo: 101 nā hopena i ka palaualū, weliweli, a me ke kaua na Mary-Wynne Ashford me Guy Dauncey, 2006.
Kumumana Honua: Ke kaua o ka kaua hou na Rosalie Bertell, 2001.
ʻO nā keikikāne e lilo i mau keikikāne: e uhaki i ka loulou ma waena o ke kāne kāne a me Hana ʻino na Myriam Miedzian, 1991.
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