Na David Vine, Patterson Deppen, a me Leah Bolger, World BEYOND War, Kepakemapa 20, 2021
hooko Summary
ʻOiai ka huki ʻia ʻana o nā kahua pūʻali koa US a me nā pūʻali koa mai Afghanistan, hoʻomau ka United States i ka mālama ʻana ma kahi o 750 mau kahua pūʻali koa i nā ʻāina ʻē he 80 a me nā panalāʻau (territories). He kumu kūʻai kēia mau kumu ma nā ʻano like ʻole: pili kālā, politika, nohona kanaka, a me ka nohona. ʻO nā kahua US ma nā ʻāina ʻē e hāpai pinepine i nā haunaele geopolitical, kākoʻo i nā aupuni undemocratic, a lawelawe ma ke ʻano he mea hana no ka hui pūʻali koa kūʻē i ka noho ʻana o US a me nā aupuni i kona alo. I nā hihia ʻē aʻe, ke hoʻohana ʻia nei nā kahua haole a ua hana maʻalahi ia no ka United States e hoʻokumu a hoʻokō i nā kaua weliweli, e like me nā mea ma Afghanistan, Iraq, Yemen, Somalia, a me Libya. Ma waena o ka pae politika a ma loko pono o ka pūʻali koa US ke ulu nei ka ʻike he nui nā kahua o nā ʻāina ʻē e pono e pani ʻia i mau makahiki i hala aku nei, akā ʻo ka inertia bureaucratic a me nā pono politika alakaʻi hewa i wehe iā lākou.
I waena o ka "Global Posture Review" e hoʻomau nei, "he manawa kūpono ko ka Biden hoʻomalu e pani ai i nā haneli o nā kahua koa pono ʻole i waho a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka palekana lāhui a me ka honua i ka hana.
ʻO ka Pentagon, mai ka Makahiki Makahiki 2018, ua holo pono ʻole e paʻi i kāna papa inoa makahiki o nā waihona US ma mua. E like me kā mākou e ʻike nei, ke hōʻike nei kēia pōkole i ka helu piha piha o nā kahua US a me nā pūʻali koa i ka honua holoʻokoʻa. ʻO nā papa inoa a me ka palapala ʻāina i loko o kēia hōʻike hōʻike i nā pilikia he nui e pili ana i kēia mau kahua pae ʻāina, e hāʻawi ana i kahi mea hana e hiki ke kōkua i ka poʻe hoʻokele e hoʻolālā pono i ka pani ʻana o nā kumu.
ʻO nā mea wikiwiki i nā pūʻali koa pūʻali koa US o nā ʻāina ʻē
• Aia ma kahi o 750 mau kahua kahua pūʻali koa US ma nā ʻāina ʻē ma 80 mau ʻāina ʻē a me nā kolone.
• ʻAneʻane ʻekolu mau manawa o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma mua o ka nui o nā waihona ma nā ʻāina ʻē (750) e like me nā ʻelele, consulate a me nā mikiona o ka honua holoʻokoʻa (276).
• ʻOiai aia ma kahi o ka hapalua ka nui o nā hoʻonohonoho ma ka hopena o ke Kaua Cold, ua pāhola ʻia nā kahua US i ʻelua mau manawa a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻāina a me nā panalāʻau (mai 40 a 80) i ka manawa like, me ka nui o nā wahi i kūkulu ʻia ma ka Hikina Waena, East Asia. , nā ʻāpana o ʻEulopa, a me ʻApelika.
• He ʻekolu mau manawa o ko ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i nā kumu o nā ʻāina ʻē e like me nā ʻāina ʻē āpau.
• Kālā nā US i nā kumukūʻai ʻauhau ʻē aʻe i koho ʻia $ 55 biliona i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
• ʻO ke kūkulu ʻana i nā ʻoihana koa o nā ʻāina ʻē i uku ʻia nā ʻauhau ʻauhau ma kahi o $ 70 biliona mai ka makahiki 2000, a hiki ke hōʻemi ʻia ma kahi o $ 100 biliona.
• Ua kōkua nā pae i waho o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i nā kaua a me nā hana hakakā ʻē aʻe ma nā liʻiliʻi he 25 mau ʻāina mai ka 2001.
• Loaʻa nā hoʻonohonoho US ma ka liʻiliʻi he 38 mau aupuni a ka ʻole a ka lehulehu a me nā kolone.
ʻO ka pilikia o nā pūʻali koa US ma waho
I ka wā o ke Kaua Honua II a me nā lā mua o ke Kaua Cold, ua kūkulu ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i kahi ʻōnaehana o nā kahua koa ma mua i nā ʻāina ʻē. ʻEkolu mau makahiki ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ke Kaua Cold, aia nō he 119 mau kahua kahua ma Kelemania a me kekahi 119 ma Iapana, e like me ka Pentagon. Ma Kōlea Hema aia he 73. ʻO nā kumuwaiwai US ʻē aʻe i kiko ka honua mai Aruba a Australia, Kenya a Qatar, Romania i Singapore, a ma ʻō aku.
Kuhi mākou ke mālama nei ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma kahi o 750 mau kahua kahua ma 80 mau ʻāina ʻē a me nā panalāʻau (nā panalāʻau). ʻO kēia kuhi mai ka mea a mākou e manaʻo nei he papa inoa ākea loa o nā pūʻali koa US ma nā ʻāina ʻē e loaʻa ana (e ʻike i ka Manaʻo). Ma waena o nā makahiki makahiki 1976 a me 2018, ua paʻi ka Pentagon i kahi papa inoa makahiki o nā kumu i kaulana no kāna mau hewa a me nā hana i haʻalele ʻia; mai ka 2018, ʻaʻole i hoʻokuʻu ka Pentagon i kahi papa inoa. Ua kūkulu mākou i kā mākou papa inoa a puni ka hōʻike 2018, ka David Vine's 2021 i loaʻa ākea papa inoa o nā waihona ma waho, a me nā nūhou hilinaʻi a me nā hōʻike ʻē aʻe.
Ma waena o ka pae politika a ma waena hoʻi o ka pūʻali koa US e ulu nei ka ʻike i ka nui o nā kahua o nā ʻāina ʻē e pono i pani ʻia i mau makahiki i hala. "Manaʻo wau he nui loa kā mākou ʻoihana i nā ʻāina ʻē," ʻo ka luna kiʻekiʻe loa o ka pūʻali koa US, ʻo Joint Chiefs of Staff Chair Mark Milley, i hōʻoia i ka wā o ka lehulehu i ka lāʻo Dekemaba 2020. ka pale kaua o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa? ” Ua kāhea ʻo Milley i "kahi nānā paʻakikī, paʻakikī" i nā kahua i waho, e hoʻomaopopo ana he nui nā "derivative o kahi i pau ai ke Kaua Honua II." 2
E hoʻokau i nā kahua kaua ʻo 750 US ma kahi ʻē ma kahi kuanaʻike, aia ʻaneʻane ʻekolu manawa ka nui o nā pūnaewele pūʻali koa e like me nā ʻelele US, consulate, a me nā mikiona ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa - 276.3 A ʻoi aku ka nui o lākou ma mua o ʻekolu mau manawa i ka helu o nā kahua kūwaho i mālama ʻia e nā mea ʻē aʻe āpau. hui pūʻali koa. ʻO ka United Kingdom hōʻike ʻia he 145 mau kahua kahua haole.4 ʻO ke koena o ka pūʻali koa o ka honua i hoʻohui ʻia he 50-75 hou aʻe, e like me ko Rūsia ʻelua a ʻekolu mau kahakaha haole a me ʻelima mau China (me nā kahua ma Tibet) .5
ʻO ke kumukūʻai o ke kūkulu ʻana, ka hana ʻana, a me ka mālama ʻana i nā kahua pūʻali koa US ma kahi ʻē i koho ʻia ma $ 55 biliona makahiki i kēlā me kēia makahiki (makahiki makahiki 2021). ke kanaka i kēlā me kēia makahiki ma ka awelika.
E pili ana i ka hoʻolilo kālā ʻana o ka pūʻali koa wale nō - nā kālā i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e kūkulu a hoʻonui i nā waihona i waho - ua hoʻolilo ke aupuni US ma waena o $ 70 biliona a me $ 182 biliona ma waena o nā makahiki makahiki 2000 a me 2021. Pane ka laulā o ka hoʻolilo kālā no ka mea ua hoʻokaʻawale ka ʻAhaʻōlelo i $ 132 biliona i kēia mau makahiki no ka pūʻali koa. ke kūkulu ʻana ma "nā wahi i hōʻike ʻole ʻia" ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, a he $ 34 biliona i maopopo ke kālā i hoʻolilo ʻia ma waho. ʻAʻole hiki i kēia hoʻomaʻamaʻa kālā ʻana ke hiki ke loiloi i ka hapa nui o kēia hoʻolilo kālā ʻana i hele i ke kūkulu ʻana a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā waihona i waho o ka ʻāina. ʻO kahi kuhi conservative o 15 pākēneka e hāʻawi i kahi $ 20 biliona hou, ʻoiai ʻo ka hapanui o nā "wahi i hōʻike ʻole ʻia" hiki i nā ʻāina ʻē. Ua ʻike ʻia he $ 16 biliona hou aʻe i nā pūʻali kaua "ulia pōpilikia ".9
Ma waho aʻe o kā lākou kumukūʻai kālā, a me kekahi ʻano counterintuitively, hoʻokumu nā pae i waho i ka palekana i nā ʻano like ʻole. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kahua US ma nā ʻāina ʻē e hāpai pinepine i nā haunaele geopolitical, hoʻonāukiuki i ka antipathy ākea i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, a lilo i mea hana hoʻouluulu no nā hui pūʻali e like me al Qaeda.10
Ua maʻalahi ka maʻalahi o nā kahua haole no ke komo ʻana o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i loko o nā kaua kūpikipiki he nui, mai nā kaua ma Vietnam a me Hikina Hema ʻo ʻAsia a 20 mau makahiki o ke "kaua mau loa" mai ka hoʻouka kaua 2001 ʻana iā Afghanistan. Mai ka 1980, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā kahua US ma ka Hikina Waena ma ka liʻiliʻi he 25 mau manawa e hoʻouka i nā kaua a i ʻole nā hana hakakā ʻē aʻe ma nā ʻāina he 15 ma ia wahi wale nō. Mai ka 2001, ua komo ka pūʻali koa US i ka hakakā ma 25 mau ʻāina a puni ka honua. 11
ʻOiai ua ʻōlelo ʻia kekahi mai ke Kaua Cold mai nā kōkua ma nā ʻāina ʻē e kōkua i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ke aupuni a ka lehulehu, a ʻo ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe he pinepine ka hihia. ʻIke ʻia nā hoʻonohonoho US ma ka liʻiliʻi ma 19 mau aupuni mana, ʻewalu mau ʻāina semi-authoritary, a me nā kolone 11 (e ʻike i ka Manaʻo). I kēia mau hihia, hāʻawi nā kahua paʻa o US i ke kākoʻo de facto no nā aupuni undemocratic a me ka repressive pinepine e like me nā aupuni i Turkey, Nigera, Honduras, a me nā moku ʻo Persian Persian. ʻO nā mea e pili ana, nā kahua i nā kolone US i koe - nā "teritori" US o Puerto Rico, Guam, ka Commonwealth o ka Northern Mariana Islands, American Samoa, a me nā US Virgin Islands - ua kōkua i ka hoʻomau i kā lākou pilina kolone me ke koena o ka United States. a me ko lākou lāhui 'kūlana lua US kupa. 12
E like me ke kolamu "Hōʻino Kūlohelohe Kūlohelohe" i ka Papa 1 o ka Papa Kuhikuhi e hōʻike nei, he nui nā kahua kahua ma nā ʻāina ʻē e hoʻopōʻino i nā wahi kūloko ma o nā kahe wai ʻino, nā ulia pōpilikia, ka hoʻolei ʻana i nā ʻōpala weliweli, kūkulu kahua, a me nā hoʻomaʻamaʻa e pili ana i nā mea weliweli. Ma kēia mau kahua pae ʻāina, ʻaʻole kūpaʻa ka Pentagon i nā kūlana kaiāulu o US a hana pinepine ʻia ma lalo o ke kūlana o nā ʻaelike i hiki i ka pūʻali koa ke ʻalo aʻe i nā kānāwai kaiapuni o ka lāhui.
Hāʻawi ʻia ia ʻano pōʻino o ke kaiapuni a me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka pūʻali koa haole e noho ana i ka ʻāina mōʻī, ʻaʻole ia he mea kupanaha e hoʻokumu nā kumu i nā kūʻē kokoke i nā wahi āpau a lākou e ʻike ai (e ʻike i ke kolamu "Kūʻē" i ka Papa 1). ʻO nā ulia pōpilikia a me nā lawehala i hana ʻia e nā pūʻali koa US ma nā hoʻonohonoho ʻāina ʻē, e like me ka pālau a me ka pepehi kanaka, me ka ʻole o ke kaulike kūloko a i ʻole ke kuleana ʻole, e hōʻeuʻeu hoʻi i ka hoʻopiʻi kūʻē a hōʻino hoʻi i ka inoa o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.
Ke helu nei i nā kumu
Ua hala lōʻihi ʻole ka Pentagon e hāʻawi i ka ʻike kūpono no ka ʻAhaʻōlelo a me ka lehulehu e loiloi i nā kumu o nā ʻāina ʻē a me ka hoʻoili ʻia ʻana o nā pūʻali koa - kahi helehelena nui o ke kulekele ʻē aʻe o US. ʻAʻole kūpono nā mākaʻi o kēia manawa no ka ʻAhaʻōlelo a me ka lehulehu e hoʻohana i ka pono kīwila kūpono i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka pūʻali koa a me nā hana i waho. ʻO kahi laʻana, i ka manawa i make ai nā koa ʻehā i ka hakakā ma Niger ma 2017, ua pīhoihoi ka hapa nui o nā lālā o ka ʻAhaʻōlelo e ʻike aia ma kahi o 1,000 mau pūʻali koa i kēlā ʻāina. 14 ʻO ke kūlana paʻamau e nā luna koa inā inā aia kahi kahua o nā ʻāina ʻē, pono ia e pōmaikaʻi. ʻAʻole paʻakikī ka ʻahaʻōlelo i ka pūʻali koa e kālailai a hōʻike paha i nā pono palekana aupuni o nā kahua ma waho.
E hoʻomaka ana ma ka liʻiliʻi loa ma 1976, ua hoʻomaka ka ʻahaʻōlelo e koi i ka Pentagon e hana i kahi moʻohelu kālā makahiki o kāna "kahua pūʻali, nā hoʻonohonoho ʻana, a me nā pono hana," me kā lākou helu a me ka nui. 16 e like me ke kānāwai US.2018 ʻOiai ʻo ia i hana i kēia hōʻike, hāʻawi ka Pentagon i nā ʻike piha ʻole a pololei ʻole paha, me ka ʻole e kākau i nā hanana he nui i ʻike ʻia.17 Eia kekahi laʻana, ua ʻōlelo lōʻihi ka Pentagon he hoʻokahi wale nō kumu ma ʻApelika - ma Djibouti . Akā ke hōʻike nei nā noiʻi aia ma kahi o 18 mau hoʻonohonoho o nā nui like ʻole ma ka ʻāina nui. Ua ʻae aku kahi luna koa i nā hoʻonohonoho 40 ma 46
Hiki paha i ka Pentagon ʻaʻole ʻike i ka helu maoli o nā hoʻonohonoho ma waho. ʻO Tellingly, kahi noiʻi i kākoʻo kālā ʻia e nā pūʻali koa US hou loa o nā waihona US i hilinaʻi ʻia ma ka papa inoa o nā kumu kumu o David Vine ma mua o ka Pentagon .2015
ʻO kēia pōkole kahi ʻāpana o ka hoʻāʻo e hoʻonui i ka transparency a hiki i ka nānā pono ʻana i nā hana Pentagon a me ka hoʻolilo kālā ʻana, e kōkua ana i nā hana koʻikoʻi e hoʻopau i nā lilo o ka pūʻali koa makehewa a hoʻopau i nā kūwaho maikaʻi ʻole o nā kahua o US ma waho. ʻO ka nui o nā waihona a me ka hūnā a me ka ʻole o ka transparency o ka pūnaewele kumu e hiki ʻole ai i kahi papa inoa piha; ʻo ka Pentagon hana hou ʻole i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i kahi hōʻike ʻo ka Base Base i kahi papa inoa ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī ma mua o nā makahiki i hala. E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna, hilinaʻi kā mākou hana i ka Hōʻike ʻIke Hoʻokumu o ka 2018 Base a me nā kumu kumu pono a me nā kumu kiʻekiʻe ʻelua. ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻia kēia ma kā David Vine's 2021 hoʻonohonoho ʻikepili ma “Nā Pūʻali Koa US ma nā ʻāina ʻē, 1776-2021.”
He aha ke “kahua”?
ʻO ka hana mua i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi papa inoa o nā waihona ma waho e wehewehe ana i ka mea i hoʻokumu ʻia he "kumu." ʻO ka wehewehe ʻana ka politika a me ka politika pinepine. ʻImi pinepine ka Pentagon a me ke aupuni US, a me nā lāhui hoʻokipa, e ʻimi e hōʻike i ke kū ʻana o kahi kahua US ma ke ʻano “ʻaʻole kahua US” e hōʻalo ai i ka manaʻo e ʻāhewa nei ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka mana aupuni lāhui (ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ia) . I mea e hōʻalo ai i kēia mau hoʻopaʻapaʻa e like me ka hiki, hoʻohana mākou i ka Pentagon's Fiscal Year 2018 Base Structure Report (BSR) a me kāna huaʻōlelo "kahua kahua" i kahi hoʻomaka no kā mākou papa inoa. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana o kēia huaʻōlelo ʻo ia hoʻi ma kekahi mau hihia i kuhikuhi ʻia kahi hoʻonohonoho ma ke ʻano he kumu hoʻokahi, e like me ka Aviano Air Base ma Italia, he mau kahua kahua he nui - ma ka hihia a Aviano, ma ka liʻiliʻi he ʻewalu. Kūpono ka helu ʻana i kēlā me kēia pūnaewele kumu no ka mea pinepine nā pūnaewele me nā inoa like i nā wahi like ʻole o ka honua. ʻO kahi laʻana, aia nā pūnaewele ʻewalu a Aviano i nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ke kaona ʻo Aviano. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, hōʻike nō kēlā me kēia pūnaewele i nā hoʻokaʻawale ʻauhau ʻauhau o nā kālā ʻauhau. Hōʻike kēia i ke kumu e ʻike ʻia ai kekahi mau inoa kumu a mau wahi paha i nā manawa he nui ma ka papa inoa kikoʻī e pili ana i ka Appendix.
Loaʻa ka nui o nā kumu mai nā hoʻonohonoho hoʻonohonoho o ke kūlanakauhale me nā ʻumi tausani o nā pūʻali koa a me nā lālā o ka ʻohana a i nā radar liʻiliʻi a me nā wahi e nānā ai, nā kahua mokulele drone, a me kekahi mau hale kanu koa. Wahi a ka Pentagon's BSR he 30 wale nō nā "hoʻonohonoho nui" ma waho. E ʻōlelo paha kekahi e hiki ana i kā mākou helu ʻana i nā kahua kahua 750 ma kahi ʻē ke hoʻonui i ka nui o nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe o US. Eia nō naʻe, hōʻike ka paʻi maikaʻi a ka BSR e wehewehe ana ka Pentagon i ka "liʻiliʻi" e like me ka waiwai i hōʻike ʻia a hiki i $ 1.015 biliona. ma nā ʻāina ʻē. No laila, wehewehe mākou i kā mākou huina o "ma kahi o 21" ma ke ʻano he koho maikaʻi loa.
Hoʻokomo mākou i nā kumu i nā kolone o US (territories) i ka helu o nā kumu i waho no ka mea nele kēia mau wahi i ka hoʻohui demokalaka piha i ka United States. Hoʻokaʻawale pū ka Pentagon i kēia mau wahi ma ke ʻano he "overseas." (ʻAʻohe o Wakinekona kuleana piha i Wakinekona, akā hāʻawi ʻia ʻo ke kapikala nui ia o ka lāhui, manaʻo mākou ʻo Wakinekona nā kahua paʻa home.)
Kahakaha: Hōʻike kēia palapala ʻāina ʻo 2020 ma kahi o 800 mau kahua US ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa. Ma muli o nā pani hou ʻana, e like me ma Afghanistan, ua helu hou mākou a hoʻoponopono hou i kā mākou koho i lalo i 750 no kēia pōkole.
Nā kahua paʻa
Maʻalahi maʻalahi ka politika i ka pani ʻana i nā kumu pae ʻāina. ʻAʻole like me ka Base Realignment a me ke kaʻina hana pani no nā pono ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻaʻole pono ka ʻAhaʻōlelo e pili i nā pani waho o nā ʻāina ʻē. ʻO nā pelekikena ʻo George HW Bush, ʻo Bill Clinton, a me George W. Bush i pani ʻia he mau haneli mau kahua pono ʻole ma ʻEulopa a me ʻAsia ma nā makahiki 1990 a me 2000. Ua pani ka luna hoʻomalu o Trump i kekahi mau kahua ma Afghanistan, Iraq, a me Syria. Ua hoʻomaka maikaʻi ʻo Pelekikena Biden ma ka haʻalele ʻana i nā pūʻali koa US mai nā kahua ma Afghanistan. ʻO kā mākou koho mua, e like me ka manawa o 2020, ʻo ia ka United States i paʻa ai i nā waihona 800 ma waho (e ʻike i ka Palapala ʻāina 1). Ma muli o nā pani hou ʻana, ua helu hou mākou a hoʻoponopono hou i lalo i 750.
Ua hoʻolaha ʻo Pelekikena Biden i ka hoʻomau ʻia ʻana o ka "Global Posture Review" a ua hoʻokō i kāna lawelawe ʻana e hōʻoia i ka hoʻoili ʻia ʻana o nā pūʻali koa US a puni ka honua "e kūpono me kā mākou kulekele ʻē aʻe a me nā mea nui o ka palekana aupuni." 22 No laila, he moʻolelo ko ka Biden administration manawa kūpono e pani ai i nā haneli o nā kahua pūʻali koa pono ʻole i waho a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka palekana lāhui a me ka honua i ke kaʻina. Ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka haʻalele wikiwiki ʻana o Pelekikena Donald Trump i nā waihona a me nā pūʻali koa mai Suria a me kāna hoʻāʻo ʻana e hoʻopaʻi iā Kelemania ma ka hemo ʻana i nā hoʻonohonoho ma laila, hiki i ka Pelekikena Biden ke pani pono i nā waihona me ka makaʻala, e hōʻoia ana i nā mea kōkua a pau me ka mālama ʻana i ka nui o nā kālā ʻauhau.
No nā kumu parochial wale nō, pono nā lālā o ka ʻAhaʻōlelo e kākoʻo i ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā hoʻonohonoho ma nā ʻāina ʻē e hoʻihoʻi i mau tausani o nā limahana a me nā lālā o ka ʻohana - a me kā lākou uku uku - i ko lākou mau ʻāpana a me nā mokuʻāina. Ua kākau maikaʻi ʻia ka mana no ka hoʻi ʻana i nā pūʻali koa a me nā ʻohana ma nā kahua home. 23
Pono ka luna ʻo Biden e hoʻolohe i nā koi e ulu ana ma waena o ka pae politika e hoʻopau i nā kahua o nā ʻāina ʻē a alualu i kahi hoʻolālā e huki ai i ke kūlana o ka pūʻali koa US ma nā ʻāina ʻē, e hoʻihoʻi ana i nā pūʻali koa, a me ke kūkulu ʻana i ke kūlana diplomatik a me nā kuʻikahi.
Pākuʻi
| Papa 1. Nā ʻāina me nā kahua koa o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa maanei) | ||||||
| aupuni Name | Huina # o nā Pūnaewele Pae | ʻAno Aupuni | Nā limahana Est. | Pūʻali Kūkulu Koa (FY2000-19) | Hōʻole | ʻO ka poino kaiāulu koʻikoʻi |
| AMERICAN SAMOA | 1 | Kolone ʻo US | 309 | $ 19.5 miliona | ʻAʻole | ʻAe |
| ARUBA | 1 | Kolona ʻo Hōlani | 225 | $ 27.1 miliona24 | ʻAe | ʻAʻole |
| MOKUAHI ASCENSION | 1 | Kolone Pelekane | 800 | $ 2.2 miliona | ʻAʻole | ʻAe |
| NUHŌLANI | 7 | Demokalaka piha | 1,736 | $ 116 miliona | ʻAe | ʻAe |
| BAHAMAS, KA | 6 | Demokalaka piha | 56 | $ 31.1 miliona | ʻAʻole | ʻAe |
| BAHARAINA | 12 | Mea ʻatikala | 4,603 | $ 732.3 miliona | ʻAʻole | ʻAe |
| PELEKIUMA | 11 | Lepupalika Kemokalaka | 1,869 | $ 430.1 miliona | ʻAe | ʻAe |
| BOTUANA | 1 | Lepupalika Kemokalaka | 16 | ʻĀKAʻI | ʻAʻole | ʻAʻole |
| PULUKALIA | 4 | Lepupalika Kemokalaka | 2,500 | $ 80.2 miliona | ʻAʻole | ʻAʻole |
| BURAKINA FASO | 1 | Mea ʻatikala | 16 | ʻĀKAʻI | ʻAe | ʻAʻole |
| KAMABODIA | 1 | Mea ʻatikala | 15 | ʻĀKAʻI | ʻAe | ʻAʻole |
| KAMERUNA | 2 | Mea ʻatikala | 10 | ʻĀKAʻI | ʻAe | ʻAʻole |
| KANAKA | 3 | Demokalaka piha | 161 | ʻĀKAʻI | ʻAe | ʻAe |
| KADA | 1 | Mea ʻatikala | 20 | ʻĀKAʻI | ʻAe | ʻAʻole |
| KILI | 1 | Demokalaka piha | 35 | ʻĀKAʻI | ʻAʻole | ʻAʻole |
| KOLOMEPIA | 1 | Lepupalika Kemokalaka | 84 | $ 43 miliona | ʻAe | ʻAʻole |
| KOKA RIKA | 1 | Demokalaka piha | 16 | ʻĀKAʻI | ʻAe | ʻAʻole |
| KUBA | 1 | Mea ʻatikala25 | 1,004 | $ 538 miliona | ʻAe | ʻAe |
| CURAÇAO | 1 | Demokalaka piha26 | 225 | $ 27.1 miliona | ʻAʻole | ʻAʻole |
| KUPELO | 1 | Lepupalika Kemokalaka | 10 | ʻĀKAʻI | ʻAe | ʻAʻole |
| DIEGO GARCIA | 2 | Kolone Pelekane | 3,000 | $ 210.4 miliona | ʻAe | ʻAe |
| DIBUTI | 2 | Mea ʻatikala | 126 | $ 480.5 miliona | ʻAʻole | ʻAe |
| ʻAIKUPITA | 1 | Mea ʻatikala | 259 | ʻĀKAʻI | ʻAʻole | ʻAʻole |
| ʻELA SALAVADORA | 1 | Ke aupuni hybrid | 70 | $ 22.7 miliona | ʻAʻole | ʻAʻole |
| ʻESETONIA | 1 | Lepupalika Kemokalaka | 17 | $ 60.8 miliona | ʻAʻole | ʻAʻole |
| KAPONA | 1 | Mea ʻatikala | 10 | ʻĀKAʻI | ʻAʻole | ʻAʻole |
| KEOKIA | 1 | Ke aupuni hybrid | 29 | ʻĀKAʻI | ʻAʻole | ʻAʻole |
| KELEMĀNIA | 119 | Demokalaka piha | 46,562 | $ 5.8 ieeeea? | ʻAe | ʻAe |
| GĀNA | 1 | Lepupalika Kemokalaka | 19 | ʻĀKAʻI | ʻAe | ʻAʻole |
| HELENE | 8 | Lepupalika Kemokalaka | 446 | $ 179.1 miliona | ʻAe | ʻAe |
| ĀINA' ŌMAʻOMAʻO | 1 | Kolone ʻo Denemaka | 147 | $ 168.9 miliona | ʻAe | ʻAe |
| GUAMA | 54 | Kolone ʻo US | 11,295 | $ 2 ieeeea? | ʻAe | ʻAe |
| HONODURASA | 2 | Ke aupuni hybrid | 371 | $ 39.1 miliona | ʻAe | ʻAe |
| HUNAKALIA | 2 | Lepupalika Kemokalaka | 82 | $ 55.4 miliona | ʻAʻole | ʻAʻole |
| ʻĀINA HAU | 2 | Demokalaka piha | 3 | $ 51.5 miliona | ʻAe | ʻAʻole |
| ʻILAKA | 6 | Mea ʻatikala | 2,500 | $ 895.4 miliona | ʻAe | ʻAe |
| ʻILELANI | 1 | Demokalaka piha | 8 | ʻĀKAʻI | ʻAe | ʻAʻole |
| ISERAELA | 6 | Lepupalika Kemokalaka | 127 | ʻĀKAʻI | ʻAʻole | ʻAʻole |
| IKALIA | 44 | Lepupalika Kemokalaka | 14,756 | $ 1.7 ieeeea? | ʻAe | ʻAe |
| IAPANA | 119 | Demokalaka piha | 63,690 | $ 2.1 ieeeea? | ʻAe | ʻAe |
| JOHNSTON ATOL | 1 | Kolone ʻo US | 0 | ʻĀKAʻI | ʻAʻole | ʻAe |
| IOREDĀNE | 2 | Mea ʻatikala | 211 | $ 255 miliona | ʻAe | ʻAʻole |
| KENIA | 3 | Ke aupuni hybrid | 59 | ʻĀKAʻI | ʻAe | ʻAʻole |
| KOREA, KA KUMUKU O | 76 | Demokalaka piha | 28,503 | $ 2.3 ieeeea? | ʻAe | ʻAe |
| KOSOWO | 1 | Demokalaka flawed * | 18 | ʻĀKAʻI | ʻAʻole | ʻAe |
| KUETE | 10 | Mea ʻatikala | 2,054 | $ 156 miliona | ʻAe | ʻAe |
| LAKAWIA | 1 | Lepupalika Kemokalaka | 14 | $ 14.6 miliona | ʻAʻole | ʻAʻole |
| LUKEMAPUKA | 1 | Demokalaka piha | 21 | $ 67.4 miliona | ʻAʻole | ʻAʻole |
| MĀLI | 1 | Mea ʻatikala | 20 | ʻĀKAʻI | ʻAe | ʻAʻole |
| MĀKALA ʻAILANA | 12 | Demokalaka piha * | 96 | $ 230.3 miliona | ʻAe | ʻAe |
| NEKELANA | 6 | Demokalaka piha | 641 | $ 11.4 miliona | ʻAe | ʻAe |
| NAIGERA | 8 | Mea ʻatikala | 21 | $ 50 miliona | ʻAe | ʻAʻole |
| NA MOKUAHI N. MARIANA | 5 | Kolone ʻo US | 45 | $ 2.1 ieeeea? | ʻAe | ʻAe |
| NOLEWAI | 7 | Demokalaka piha | 167 | $ 24.1 miliona | ʻAe | ʻAʻole |
| ʻOMANA | 6 | Mea ʻatikala | 25 | $ 39.2 miliona | ʻAʻole | ʻAe |
| PALAU, REPUBALIKA O | 3 | Demokalaka piha * | 12 | ʻĀKAʻI | ʻAʻole | ʻAʻole |
| PANAMA | 11 | Lepupalika Kemokalaka | 35 | ʻĀKAʻI | ʻAʻole | ʻAʻole |
| PERU | 2 | Lepupalika Kemokalaka | 51 | ʻĀKAʻI | ʻAʻole | ʻAʻole |
| ʻĀINA PILIPINO | 8 | Lepupalika Kemokalaka | 155 | ʻĀKAʻI | ʻAe | ʻAʻole |
| PŌLANI | 4 | Lepupalika Kemokalaka | 226 | $ 395.4 miliona | ʻAʻole | ʻAʻole |
| POKUKALA | 21 | Lepupalika Kemokalaka | 256 | $ 87.2 miliona | ʻAʻole | ʻAe |
| PUERTO RICO | 34 | Kolone ʻo US | 13,571 | $ 788.8 miliona | ʻAe | ʻAe |
| KATALA | 3 | Mea ʻatikala | 501 | $ 559.5 miliona | ʻAʻole | ʻAe |
| ROMĀNIA | 6 | Lepupalika Kemokalaka | 165 | $ 363.7 miliona | ʻAʻole | ʻAʻole |
| SAUDI ʻALAPIA | 11 | Mea ʻatikala | 693 | ʻĀKAʻI | ʻAʻole | ʻAe |
| SENEKALA | 1 | Ke aupuni hybrid | 15 | ʻĀKAʻI | ʻAʻole | ʻAʻole |
| SINAPOA | 2 | Lepupalika Kemokalaka | 374 | ʻĀKAʻI | ʻAʻole | ʻAʻole |
| SOLOWAKIA | 2 | Lepupalika Kemokalaka | 12 | $ 118.7 miliona | ʻAʻole | ʻAʻole |
| SOMALIA | 5 | Ke aupuni hybrid * | 71 | ʻĀKAʻI | ʻAe | ʻAʻole |
| KEPANIA | 4 | Demokalaka piha | 3,353 | $ 292.2 miliona | ʻAʻole | ʻAe |
| KURINAME | 2 | Lepupalika Kemokalaka | 2 | ʻĀKAʻI | ʻAʻole | ʻAʻole |
| SURIA | 4 | Mea ʻatikala | 900 | ʻĀKAʻI | ʻAe | ʻAʻole |
| TAILANI | 1 | Lepupalika Kemokalaka | 115 | ʻĀKAʻI | ʻAʻole | ʻAʻole |
| TINISIA | 1 | Lepupalika Kemokalaka | 26 | ʻĀKAʻI | ʻAʻole | ʻAʻole |
| KULEKE | 13 | Ke aupuni hybrid | 1,758 | $ 63.8 miliona | ʻAe | ʻAe |
| UKANADA | 1 | Ke aupuni hybrid | 14 | ʻĀKAʻI | ʻAʻole | ʻAʻole |
| AUPUNI ʻEMIRA ʻALAPIA HUI PŪ ʻIA | 3 | Mea ʻatikala | 215 | $ 35.4 miliona | ʻAʻole | ʻAe |
| KE AUPUNI HUI PŪ ʻIA | 25 | Demokalaka piha | 10,770 | $ 1.9 ieeeea? | ʻAe | ʻAe |
| VIRGIN ISLANDS, US | 6 | Kolone ʻo US | 787 | $ 72.3 miliona | ʻAʻole | ʻAe |
| ALA MOKUPUNI | 1 | Kolone ʻo US | 5 | $ 70.1 miliona | ʻAʻole | ʻAe |
Nā memo ma ka papa 1
Nā pūnaewele kahua: Hōʻike ka Pentagon's 2018 Base Structure Report i kahi kahua "kahua" e like me kēlā me kēia "wahi kikoʻī kikoʻī i loaʻa nā ʻāpana ʻāina pākahi a i ʻole nā pono hana i hāʻawi ʻia iā ia [...] ʻo ia, a i ʻole e ʻona ʻia e, hoʻolimalima ʻia, a i ʻole ma lalo o ka mana o kahi DoD ʻOihana ma ka inoa o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. ”27
ʻAno aupuni: Ua wehewehe ʻia nā ʻano aupuni aupuni ma ke ʻano he "democracy a pau," "ke aupuni a ke aupuni a ke aupuni hemolele kīnā ʻole," a me ka "mana aupuni." Ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻia kēia mau mea mai ka Economist Intelligence Unit's 2020 "Democracy Index" ke ʻole i kuhikuhi ʻia me kahi asterisk (mau kaha puanaʻī e ʻike ʻia ma ka huina huina piha.
ʻO ke kālā kūkulu kūkulu koa: Pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia kēia mau helu i ka palena iki. ʻO ka ʻikepili mai nā palapala budget Pentagon official i waiho ʻia i ka ʻAhaʻōlelo no ka hana koa. ʻAʻole hoʻokomo nā huina i nā kālā hou i ke kaua ("nā hana hoʻokūkū kūwaho"), nā moʻohelu kālā, a me nā kumuwaiwai kālā ʻē aʻe, i kekahi manawa, ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia i ka ʻAhaʻōlelo (e laʻa, ke hoʻohana ka pūʻali koa i ke kālā i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia no hoʻokahi kumu no ka hana koa. ) .28 ʻO nā ʻāpana nui o ke kālā kūkulu pūʻali koa makahiki i hele i "nā wahi i hōʻike ʻole ʻia," e ʻoi ana ka paʻakikī e ʻike i ka nui o ka hoʻopukapuka a ke aupuni US ma nā kahua koa i waho.
Kuhi nā limahana: Hoʻopili kēia mau manaʻo i nā pūʻali koa hana, kiaʻi aupuni a me nā pūʻali koa mālama, a me nā kānaka kīwila Pentagon. Kuhi ʻia nā kuhi kālā mai ka Defense Manpower Data Center (hōʻano hou ʻia ma Malaki 31, 2021; a me Iune 30, 2021 no Australia), koe wale nō a kahakaha ʻia me kahi asterisk. E hoʻomaopopo ka poʻe heluhelu e hoʻolako pinepine ka pūʻali koa i ka ʻikepili o nā limahana kūpono ʻole e hūnā ai i ke ʻano a me ka nui o ka hoʻoili ʻana.
Nā koho kuhi ʻāina (loaʻa ma ka huina huila piha): Loaʻa kēia mau mea mai ka Pentagon's 2018 Base Structure Report (BSR) a helu ʻia i nā ʻeka. Hāʻawi ka BSR i nā koho kuhi ʻole a ʻo kēlā mau pūnaewele kumu i hoʻokomo ʻole ʻia e kaha ʻia “ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia.”
Nā kūʻē hou / mau nei: Kuhi kēia i ka hanana o kekahi kūʻē nui, e ia e kahi mokuʻāina, poʻe, a i ʻole kahi hui. ʻO nā kūʻē wale nō e kūʻē i nā kahua pūʻali koa US a i ʻole ke kū ʻana o ka pūʻali koa US ma ke ʻano nui i kaha ʻia he "ʻae." Hōʻike ʻia a kākoʻo ʻia kēlā me kēia ʻāina i hōʻike ʻia e nā hōʻike pāpāho ʻelua mai ka makahiki 2018. ʻO kēlā mau ʻāina kahi i ʻike ʻole ʻia ai nā kūʻē ʻana a i ʻole e hoʻomau ʻia ana nā mea kūʻē i hōʻailona ʻia "ʻaʻole."
Nā pōʻino o ke kaiapuni nui: ʻO kēia mahele e pili ana i ka haumia ea, ka haumia o ka ʻāina, ka haumia o ka wai, ka hoʻohaunaele kani ʻana, a me / a i ʻole ka hoʻoweliweli flora a i ʻole nā holoholona i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ke alo o kahi pūʻali koa US. ʻO nā kahua pūʻali koa, me nā mea maʻamau ʻole, e hōʻino ana i ke kaiapuni i hāʻawi ʻia i kā lākou mālama ʻana a me ka hoʻohana mau ʻana o nā mea weliweli, nā mea ʻawahia, nā mea kaua weliweli, a me nā mea weliweli ʻē aʻe. no laila, kuhi mākou he kumu nui kekahi i hoʻokumu ʻia i kahi pōʻino o ke kaiapuni. Kahi wahi i kahakaha ʻia "ʻaʻole" ʻaʻole ia he kumu i hoʻokumu ʻole ʻia kahi kahua i nā pōʻino o ke kaiapuni akā ʻaʻole i loaʻa kahi palapala a i ʻole manaʻo ʻia he palena iki ka pohō.
mau hoomaikai ana
ʻO nā hui a me nā kānaka aʻe, he ʻāpana ia o ka Overseas Base Realignment and Closure Coalition, i kōkua i ka manaʻo, noiʻi, a me ke kākau ʻana a no kēia hōʻike: Campaign for Peace, Disarmament and Common Security; Codepink; ʻAha Kūkā no kahi Honua Livable; ʻAlika Kulekele ʻ Foreigniwi; Ke KeʻenaʻOihana no nā Haʻawina Kaupapa / Kulekele ʻ Foreigniwi i Focus; Andrew Bacevich; Medea Beniamina; John Feffer; Sam Fraser; Joseph Gerson; Barry Klein; ʻO Jessica Rosenblum; Lora Lumpe; ʻO Catherine Lutz; David Swanson; John Tierney; Allan Vogel; lāua ʻo Lawrence Wilkerson.
ʻO ka Overseas Base Realignment and Closure Coalition (OBRACC) kahi hui ākea o nā loiloi pūʻali koa, nā ʻepekema, nā mea kākoʻo, a me nā loea o nā pūʻali koa ʻē aʻe mai ka pae politika i kākoʻo i ka pani ʻana i nā kahua pūʻali koa US ma nā ʻāina ʻē. No ka ʻike hou aku, e ʻike ma www.overseasbases.net.
ʻO David Vine he Polopeka o ka Anthropology ma ke Kulanui ʻAmelika ma Wakinekona, DC. ʻO David ka mea kākau o ʻekolu mau puke e pili ana i nā kahua kaua a me ke kaua, e like me ka mea i hoʻokuʻu hou ʻia ʻo The United States of War: A Global History of America's Endless Conflicts, mai Columbus a i ka Islamic State (University of California Press, 2020), kahi mea hope loa no ka Makana Laikini Book LA LA 2020 no ka Mōʻaukala. ʻO nā puke ma mua o Dāvida ka Base Nation: Pehea nā Pūʻali Koa US ma waho o Harm ʻAmelika a me ka Honua (Metropolitan Books / Henry Holt, 2015) a me ka Mokupuni Hilahila: Ka Mōʻaukala Malu o ka Pūʻali Koa US ma Diego Garcia (Princeton University Press, 2009). He lālā ʻo David o ka Overseas Base Realignment a me ka Coalition Panina.
ʻO Patterson Deppen he mea noiʻi no World BEYOND War, kahi āna i hōʻuluʻulu ai i kēia papa inoa o ka waihona pūʻali koa US ma waho o ka ʻāina. He lawelawe ʻo ia ma ka papa hoʻoponopono ma E-International Relations ma kahi o ia he mea hoʻoponopono no nā moʻolelo haumāna. Ua ʻike ʻia kāna kākau ʻana ma E-International Relations, Tom Dispatch, a me The Progressive. ʻO kāna ʻatikala hou loa ma TomDispatch, "ʻo ʻAmelika ma ke ʻano he Nation Base Revisited," hāʻawi i kahi nānā i nā pūʻali koa US ma nā ʻāina ʻē a me ko lākou aupuni emepela i kēia lā. Ua loaʻa iā ia kāna mau haku i ka hoʻomohala a me ka palekana mai ke Kulanui o Bristol. He lālā ʻo ia o ka Overseas Base Realignment a me ka Coalition Panina.
ʻO Leah Bolger ua hoʻomaha i 2000 mai ka US Navy ma ke kūlana o ka Commander ma hope o 20 mau makahiki o ka hana hana hana. Ua koho ʻia ʻo ia ka wahine Pelekikena mua o Veterans For Peace (VFP) ma 2012, a ma 2013 ua koho ʻia ʻo ia e hōʻike i ka Ava Helen a me Linus Pauling Memorial Peace Lecture ma ke Kulanui o Oregon State. He pelekikena ʻo ia World BEYOND War, kahi hui honua i hoʻolaʻa ʻia no ka hoʻopau ʻana i ke kaua. He lālā ʻo Leah o ka hoʻonohonoho hoʻonohonoho kūwaho a me ka hui ʻana o ka pani.
World BEYOND War He neviolent neʻe honua e hoʻopau i ke kaua a hoʻokumu i kahi maluhia kūpono a hoʻomau. World BEYOND War ua hoʻokumu ʻia ma Ianuali 1st, 2014, i ka manawa i hoʻokumu ai nā mea hui pū ʻo David Hartsough lāua ʻo David Swanson e hana i kahi neʻe honua e hoʻopau i ke kahua o ke kaua ponoʻī, ʻaʻole wale ke "kaua o ka lā." Inā e hoʻopau ʻia ke kaua, a laila pono e lawe ʻia i ka papa ma ke ʻano he koho kūpono. E like me ka mea ʻaʻohe mea e like me "maikaʻi" a i ʻole ke kauā kauā, ʻaʻohe mea e like me ke "maikaʻi" a me ke kaua kūpono. Hoʻowahāwahā ʻia nā ʻoihana ʻelua a ʻaʻole ʻae ʻia, no nā kūlana. No laila, inā ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke hoʻohana i ke kaua e hoʻonā i nā hakakā kūwaho, pehea mākou e hana ai? Ke loaʻa nei kahi ala e hoʻololi ai i kahi ʻōnaehana palekana honua i kākoʻo ʻia e ke kānāwai kūwaho, ka diplomacy, ka laulima ʻana, a me nā kuleana kanaka, a me ka pale ʻana i kēlā mau mea me ka hana nonviolent ma mua o ka hoʻoweliweli o ka hana ʻino, ʻo ia ka puʻuwai o WBW. Hoʻokomo kā mākou hana i ka naʻau e hoʻoneʻe i nā kaʻao, e like me "He kūlohelohe ke kaua" a i ʻole "He kaua maʻamau kā mākou," a hōʻike i ka poʻe ʻaʻole wale e hoʻopau ʻia ke kaua, akā hiki nō hoʻi ke lilo. Hoʻopili kā mākou hana i nā ʻano hana like ʻole nonviolent e hoʻoneʻe i ka honua i ke ala o ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā kaua āpau.
Nā Kīmole:
1 Oihana Hoomalu o Amerika Huiia. "Papa Hoʻonohonoho kumu - Year of Year 2018 Baseline: A Summary of the Real Estate Inventory Data." Keʻena o ke kōkua kākau ʻōlelo no ka pale ʻana, 2018.
https://www.acq.osd.mil/eie/BSI/BEI_Library.html;see also Vine, David. “Lists of U.S. Military Bases Abroad, 1776–2021.” American University Digital Research Archive, 2021.https://doi.org/10.17606/7em4-hb13.
2 Burns, Robert. "Koi aku ʻo Milley iā 'Relook' ma ka hoʻomau ʻana o nā pūʻali koa ma waho o nā pūʻali koa." Associated Press, Kekemapa 3, 2020. https://apnews.com/article/persian-gulf-tensions-south-korea-united-states-5949185a8cbf2843eac27535a599d022.
3 "Hōʻoiaʻiʻo Budget Budget-Keʻena o ka Mokuʻāina, nā Hana Haole, a me nā Polokalamu Pili E pili ana, Makahiki 2022." ʻOihana Kuhina Nui o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. 2021. ii.
4 Hōʻike ʻia ka hūnā a me ka transparency e hoʻopuni ana i nā waihona o US e nā kumu haole ʻē aʻe. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā manaʻo i hōʻike ʻia aia ke koena o ka pūʻali koa honua ma kahi o 60-100 mau kahua haole. Hōʻike ka hōʻike hou i ko United Kingdom he 145. E ʻike iā Miller, Phil. "Hōʻike ʻia: ʻO ka pūnaewele kahua paʻa o ka pūʻali koa UK e pili ana i nā pūnaewele 145 ma nā ʻāina 42." Ua haʻi ʻia ʻo UK, Nowemapa 20, 2020.
https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-11-24-revealed-the-uk-militarys-overseas-base-network-involves-145-sites-in-42-countries/). As we discuss in our “What Isa Base?” section, the definition of a “base” is also a perennial challenge, making cross-national comparison even more difficult.
5 E nānā, e laʻa, ʻo Jacobs, Frank. "ʻO nā Aupuni Koa ʻElima o ka Honua." BigThink.com, Iulai 10, 2017.
http://bigthink.com/strange-maps/the-worlds-five-military-empires;Sharkov, Damien. “Russia’s Military Compared to the U.S.” Newsweek, June 8, 2018.
http://www.newsweek.com/russias-military-compared-us-which-country-has-more-military-bases-across-954328.
6 ʻO ka 'Oihana Hoʻomalu "Hōʻike kumukūʻai o nā ʻāina ʻē" (eg, US Department of Defense. "Operations and
Nānā Hou o ka Maintenance, Makahiki Makahiki 2021 Budget Estimates. ” Ma lalo o ke Kākau ʻlelo o Defence (Comptroller), Pepeluali 2020. 186-189), waiho ʻia i loko o kāna palapala moʻohelu kālā no kēlā me kēia makahiki, hāʻawi i ka ʻikepili kālā palena palena ʻole e pili ana i nā hoʻonohonoho ma kekahi akā ʻaʻole nā ʻāina āpau kahi e mālama ai nā pūʻali koa i nā waihona. ʻAʻole piha ka ʻike o ka hōʻike a ʻaʻohe pinepine no nā ʻāina he nui. No nā makahiki he 20 a ʻoi aku, ua hōʻike ʻo DoD i nā kumukūʻai makahiki āpau ma nā hoʻouka ʻāina ʻē ma kahi o $ 2015 biliona. Hāʻawi ʻo David Vine i kahi kuhi kikoʻī kikoʻī maBase Nation: Pehea nā pūʻali koa US ma waho o Harm ʻAmelika a me ka Honua. Nuioka. Nā puke Metropolitan, 195. 214-2019. Ua hoʻohana ʻo Vine i ke ʻano hana like e hōʻano hou i kēia kuhi no ka makahiki makahiki 51.5, me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i kekahi mau kumukūʻai e ʻoi aku ka conservative e pili ana i ka makaʻu o nā kumukūʻai helu pālua. Ua hōʻano mākou i kēlā kuhi o $ XNUMX biliona a hiki i kēia manawa e hoʻohana ana i ka Bureau of Labor Statistics CPI Inflation Calculator, https: //www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm.
7 Lostumbo, Michael J, et al. ʻO ke kūʻē kūʻē i ka US Santa Monica. RAND Corporation, 2013. xxv.
8 Kuhi mākou i nā koina limahana ma ke kuhi ʻana, he conservative hou, he $ 115,000 no kēlā me kēia kanaka (hoʻohana kekahi i $ 125,000) a ma kahi o 230,000 pūʻali koa a me nā limahana kīwila e kū nei i nā ʻāina ʻē. Loaʻa mākou i ka $ 115,000 no kēlā me kēia kanaka i manaʻo ʻia e ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i kahi koho o $ 107,106 no nā limahana i hoʻonoho ʻia ma nā ʻāina ʻē a me ka home (Blakeley, Katherine. nā hōʻike / pūʻali koa), hāʻawi ʻia i $ 15- $ 2017 no kēlā me kēia kanaka i nā koina hou aku no nā limahana o nā ʻāina ʻē (e ʻike iā Lostumbo.Oversas Basingof US Koa Koa).
Ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā helu helu kūkulu koa 9 no kēia hōʻike e Jordan Cheney, Ke Kulanui ʻAmelika, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā palapala kālā Pentagon makahiki i waiho ʻia i ka ʻAhaʻōlelo no nā kūkulu koa (C-1). ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻolilo kālā ʻana o ka pūʻali koa ma waho no ka mea he kālā hou i hoʻolilo ʻia i ke kaua. Ma waena o nā makahiki makahiki 2004 a me 2011, hoʻokahi wale nō, kūkulu ʻia ka pūʻali koa ma Afghanistan, ʻIraka, a me nā wahi kaua ʻē aʻe he $ 9.4 biliona (Belasco, Amy. "ʻO ke kumukūʻai no Iraq, Afghanistan, a me nā kaua honua ʻē aʻe no nā hana hoʻoweliweli mai ka manawa o 9/11." Ka lawelawe noiʻi, 29 Malaki 2011. 33). Ke hoʻohana nei i kēia pae o ka hoʻolilo kālā ʻana ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi ($ 9.4 biliona ma ka hoʻolilo kūkulu ʻana o ka pūʻali koa no nā makahiki makahiki 2004-2011 i hōʻike ʻia .85% o ka huina kālā o ka pūʻali koa no ka wā like) ʻO ka huina o 2001 ma kahi o $ 2019 biliona mai loko mai o ka Pentagon $ 16 trillion ma ke lilo kaua ʻana (McGarry, Brendan W. a me Emily M. Morgenstern. ʻAʻole hoʻokomo kā mākou huina kālā i nā kālā hou i nā budget budget a me nā kumuwaiwai hoʻolālā ʻē aʻe i kekahi manawa, ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia i ka ʻAhaʻōlelo. E ʻike iā Vine. Lahui Kahua. Mokuna 1.835, no ke kūkākūkā ʻana no ke kālā kūkulu kūkulu koa.
10 Vine, ʻo David. ʻO ke Aupuni Hui Pū ʻIa o ke Kaua: He Mōʻaukala Honua o ko ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa Kūʻē, mai Columbus a i ka Islamic State. ʻOakland. University of California Press, 2020.248; Glain, Stephen. "He aha ka mea i hoʻonāukiuki iā Osama bin Laden." ʻO US News & World Report, Mei 3, 2011.
http://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/stephen-glain/2011/05/03/what-actually-motivated-osama-bin-laden;
Bowman, Bradley L. "Ma hope o ʻIraka." Wakinekona Wakinekona, vol. 31, ʻaʻole. 2. 2008. 85.
11 Afghanistan, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Lepupalika ʻApelika Waena, Chad, Colombia, Lepupalika Kemokalaka o Kongo, Haiti, Iraq, Kenya, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, South Sudan, Suria, Tunisia, Uganda, Yemen. E ʻike iā Savell, Stephanie, a me 5W Infographics. "Hōʻike kēia Palapala ʻāina i kahi o ka Honua e kūʻē nei ka pūʻali koa US i ka hoʻoweliweli." ʻO ka makasina ʻo Smithsonian, Ianuali 2019. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/map-shows-places-world-where-us-military-operates-180970997/; ʻO Turse, Nick, a me Sean D. Naylor. "Hōʻike ʻia: ʻO ka US Code's 36 Code-inoa Operations ma ʻApelika." Yahoo News, ʻApelila 17, 2019. https://news.yahoo.com/revealed-the-us-militarys-36-codenamed-operations-in-africa-090000841.html.
12 E nānā, e laʻa, Vine.Base Nation. Mokuna 4. Loaʻa ka poʻe ma ʻAmelika ʻAmelika i kahi papa haʻahaʻa o ke kamaʻāina no ka mea ʻaʻole lākou he kamaʻāina ʻAmelika ma ka hānau ʻana.
13 Vine.Base Lahui.138–139.
14 Volcovici, ʻO Valerie. "ʻImi nā Kenekoa US i nā pane ma ke alo o US ma Niger ma hope o ka hoʻohālua." Reuters, ʻOkakopa 22, 2017. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-niger-usa-idUSKBN1CR0NG.
15 Ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi o nā noiʻi nui ʻole a ka ʻahaʻōlelo nui a ka ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa o nā kahua paʻa o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma kahi ʻē. Ua lilo paha nā mikiona kumu i mea ʻole, akā hoʻomohala ʻia nā mikiona hou, ʻaʻole wale me ka manaʻo e mālama i ka hale, akā e hoʻonui pinepine ia. " Ko ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa Senate. "Nā ʻae a me nā hoʻohiki palekana o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma waho." Nā hālāwai hoʻolohe manaʻo i mua o ka Senate Subcommite e pili ana i nā ʻaelike palekana a ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma waho o ke kōmike no nā pilina ʻē. Kanaiwakūmākahi ʻAhaʻōlelo, Vol. 2, 2017. ʻO nā noiʻi hou loa i hōʻoia i kēia loaʻa. Eg, Glaser, John. "Ke haʻalele nei i nā kumu o nā ʻāina ʻē: no ke aha e pono ʻole ai kahi kūlana koa i hoʻouna ʻia i mua, hala ʻole, a weliweli hoʻi." Nānā Polokalamu 816, Institute ʻo CATO, Iulai 18, 2017; Johnson, Kaleponi. ʻO nā kaumaha o ke aupuni: Militarism, Secrecy, a me ka hopena o ka Repubalika. Nuioka. Metropolitan, 2004; Vine. Lahui Kahua.
16 Kānāwai Kānāwai 94-361, kek. 302.
17 US Code 10, kek. 2721, "Nā Palapala Pono Pono." Ma mua, e ʻike iā US Code 10, kek. 115 a me US Code 10, kek. 138 (c). ʻAʻole maopopo inā hoʻopuka ka Pentagon i ka hōʻike i kēlā me kēia makahiki ma waena o 1976 a me 2018, akā hiki ke loaʻa nā hōʻike ma ka pūnaewele mai ka makahiki 1999 a ʻike ʻia ua hāʻawi ʻia i ka ʻAhaʻōlelo ma o ka hapa nui inā ʻaʻole kēia mau manawa āpau.
18 Turse, Nick. "Nā kumu, nā kumu, nā wahi āpau ... Koe i ka hōʻike a ka Pentagon." TomDispatch.com, Ianuali 8, 2019. http://www.tomdispatch.com/post/176513/tomgram%3A_nick_turse%2C_one_down%2C_who_knows_how_many_to_go/#more; Vine.Base Lahui.3-5; ʻO David Vine. "Nā papa inoa pūʻali koa US o nā ʻāina ʻē, 1776–2021."
19 Turse, Nick. "Wahi a ka pūʻali koa US He 'Kīwāhi Malamalama' ia ma ʻApelika. Hōʻike kēia mau palapala i kahi pūnaewele nui o nā kumu. ” ʻO ka Intercept, Kekemapa 1, 2018. https://theintercept.com/2018/12/01/us-military-says-it-has-a-light-footprint-in-africa-these-documents-show-a- nui-pūnaewele-o-nā kumu /; Savell, Stephanie, a me 5W Infographics. ʻO ka makasina ʻo Smithsonian, Ianuali 2019. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/map-shows-places-world-where-us-military-operates-180970997/; Turse, Nick. "Ke Kaua Kaua Kaua ʻAmelika ma ʻApelika Huna ʻAoʻao Palapala Koa Koa a ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. TomDispatch.com, ʻApelila 27, 2017. https://tomdispatch.com/nick-turse-the-us-military-moves-deeper-into-africa/
20 O'Mahony, Angela, Miranda Priebe, Bryan Frederick, Jennifer Kavanagh, Matthew Lane, Trevor Johnston, Thomas S. Szayna, Jakub P. Hlávka, Stephen Watts, a me Matthew Povlock. "Ke alo o US a me nā hanana o ka hakakā." ʻAhahui RAND. Santa Monica, 2018.
21 Keʻena Puʻukū o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. "Papa Hoʻonohonoho kumu kumu - Makahiki Makahiki 2018." 18.
22 Biden, Joseph R. Jr. "ʻarkslelo a Pelekikena Biden ma kahi o ʻAmelika i ka Honua." Pepeluali 4, 2021.
https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2021/02/04/remarks-by-president-biden-on-americas-place-in-the-world/.
23 "Ka 'Oihana Hoʻolālā' Oihana Hoʻokele." Ke Keʻena Puʻukū o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. ʻOkakopa 2017,
https://fas.org/man/eprint/infrastructure.pdf.
24 hui kālā no ke kūkulu ʻana ma ʻAruba a me Curaçao i hui pū ʻia me ke kālā Pentagon. Ua mahele mākou i ka huina a
mahele hapalua i kēlā me kēia wahi.
25 Hoʻohana mākou i ka Economist Intelligence Unit'scategorization o Cuba ma ke ʻano mana, ʻoiai ke kumu ma Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ma ke ʻano he kolone o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i hāʻawi ʻia i ke aupuni Cuban i hiki ʻole ke kipaku aku i ka pūʻali koa US ma lalo o nā ʻōlelo o ka ʻaelike US luna. kau ʻia ma Cuba i nā makahiki 1930. E ʻike iā Vine. ʻO ke Aupuni Hui Pū ʻIa o ke Kaua. 23-24.
26 hui kālā no ke kūkulu ʻana ma ʻAruba a me Curaçao i hui pū ʻia me ke kālā Pentagon. Ua mahele mākou i ka huina a
mahele hapalua i kēlā me kēia wahi.
27 ʻOihana o ka Puʻukaua Hui Pū ʻIa. ʻO ke ʻano o ka base BaseReport -Fiscal Year 2018. 4.
28 E nānā iā Vine. Lahui Kahua. MOKUNA 13.
29 No ka laulā, ʻike iā Vine. Lahui Kahua. Mokuna 7.
