na Nicolas JS Davies, Nowemapa 20, 2017
He ʻumikūmāono makahiki i loko o ko mākou kūlana kaua pau ʻole mai ia manawa September 11th, Ke puka mai nei kahi hui nui o ka noiʻi e wehewehe ʻo wai maoli ka pūʻali koa US e hakakā nei i ko lākou mau wahi kaua e hoʻonui mau nei, a he aha ka mea e alakaʻi ai i nā poʻe kīwila e hui pū me nā pūʻali koa e like me Taliban, Al Qaeda a me Islamic State.
Ua haʻi ʻia mai iā mākou ke "hakakā nei nā pūʻali koa US iā lākou ma laila" i ʻole mākou e "hakakā iā lākou ma ʻaneʻi." Akā ke aʻo nei ka poʻe noiʻi, e like me ka poʻe Iraqi i kū aʻe e kūʻē i ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o ka US a me ka noho ʻana i ko lākou ʻāina, ʻo ka hapa nui o ka poʻe e hui pū ana i nā pūʻali koa ma waena o ka Middle East a me ʻApelika e hakakā wale nei no ka mea ʻo ʻAmelika a me nā pūʻali koa e "hakakā. ma laila," ma ko lākou mau ʻāina, nā kūlanakauhale, nā kauhale a me nā home.
Ma 2015, ua paʻi ka Center for Civilians in Conflict i nā hopena o nā nīnauele me 250 poʻe i hui pū me nā pūʻali koa ma Bosnia, Somalia, Gaza a me Libya i kahi hōʻike i kapa ʻia, Ka Manaʻo o nā Kanaka: Ke komo ʻana o ke Kivila i loko o ka hakakā kaua. ʻO kekahi o kāna mau ʻike nui ʻo ia, "ʻO ka hoʻoikaika maʻamau no ke komo ʻana, i wehewehe ʻia e ka poʻe nīnauele ma nā haʻawina hihia ʻehā, ʻo ia ka pale ʻana iā ʻoe iho a i ʻole ʻohana."
I ka makahiki 2015, ua ʻae ʻia ʻo Lydia Wilson, kahi mea noiʻi mai ke Kulanui o Oxford e ninaninau i kekahi mau koa Islamic State i hopu ʻia ma Kirkuk, Iraq. He mea paʻakikī iā Wilson ka loaʻa ʻana o nā koa Islamic State i hopu ʻia e ninaninau, no ka mea, ua hoʻokō nā pūʻali aupuni Iraqi i kākoʻo ʻia e ʻAmelika i nā mea kaua Islamic State a lākou i hopu ai. Akā, e paʻa ana nā mākaʻi ma Kirkuk i nā paʻahao a hoʻāʻo iā lākou ma ka ʻaha hoʻokolokolo, no laila ua ʻae ʻia ʻo Wilson mai ka luna makai e kamaʻilio me kekahi o lākou.
ʻO ka paʻahao mua ʻo Lydia Wilson i nīnauele ʻia ua hopu ʻia, hoʻāʻo ʻia a hoʻopaʻi ʻia i ka make no ka pahū ʻana i ʻehā mau pahu kaʻa a me kahi pahu scooter ma Kirkuk. Akā ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa kāna nīnauele - ua haʻi hou ʻia kāna moʻolelo o kāna mau manaʻo e nā paʻahao ʻē aʻe. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia ʻo kāna kūpaʻa mua i kāna wahine a me kāna mau keiki ʻelua, a ua komo ʻo ia i ka Islamic State e kākoʻo i kona ʻohana. Ua haʻi ʻo ia iā Wilson, "Pono mākou e pau ke kaua, pono mākou i ka palekana, luhi mākou i ka nui o ke kaua ... ʻo kaʻu makemake wale nō e noho pū me koʻu ʻohana, kaʻu mau keiki."
I ka pau ʻana o ka nīnauele, nīnau ʻo Wilson i ka paʻahao inā he nīnau kāna. Ma ia manawa, ua maopopo iaia he koa kahiko o Amerika, o Generala Stone, kekahi o na hoalawehana o Wilson, a ma kahi o ka ninau ana, ua pahū wale aku la oia me ka huhu ia ia, “Ua hele mai na Amerika. Lawe lākou iā Saddam akā lawe pū lākou i ko mākou palekana. ʻAʻole au makemake iā Saddam, ua pōloli mākou i kēlā manawa, akā ʻaʻohe kaua. I kou hiki ʻana mai i ʻaneʻi, ua hoʻomaka ke kaua kīwila.
ʻAʻole pūʻiwa ʻo General Stone. ʻO kēia ka ʻōlelo huhū like āna i lohe ai mai nā paʻahao a pau hoʻomaka ʻo ia e nīnauele i nā pio ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi o nā hale paʻahao koa US ma Iraq ma 2007.
Ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻo Lydia Wilson i kāna mea i aʻo ai e pili ana i nā pio ma Kirkuk in he ʻatikala no The Nation: “He mau keiki lakou o ka oihana, he nui me na makuakane nalo i na manawa koʻikoʻi (ma o ka hale paʻahao, make ma ka hoʻopaʻi ʻia a i ʻole ka hakakā ʻana i ka kipi), piha i ka huhū kūʻē iā ʻAmelika a me ko lākou aupuni ponoʻī. ʻAʻole lākou i hoʻoulu ʻia e ka manaʻo o ka Islamic caliphate me nā palena ʻole; akā, ʻo ISIS ka pūʻulu mua mai ka Al Qaeda i haki ʻia e hāʻawi i kēia mau ʻōpio hoʻohaʻahaʻa a huhū i kahi ala e pale aku ai i ko lākou hanohano, ʻohana a me ka ʻohana. ʻAʻole kēia he radicalization i ke ʻano o ke ola ISIS, akā ʻo ka ʻōlelo hoʻohiki i kahi ala i waho o ko lākou ola palekana a me ka hanohano; ʻO ka ʻōlelo hoʻohiki o ka noho haʻaheo e like me Iraqi Sunni Arabs, ʻaʻole ia he ʻano hoʻomana wale nō, akā ʻo ka moʻomeheu, ʻohana a me ka ʻāina.
ʻO ka pepehi ʻia ʻana o ʻehā mau koa US ma Niger i kāhāhā nui i nā ʻAmelika, akā ua loaʻa iā US 6,000 pūʻali koa ma 53 mau ʻāina ma ʻApelika, no laila, ʻaʻole mākou e kāhāhā i nā pahu pahu hae e hoʻi mai ana mai nā ʻāina like ʻole ma laila. Akā ma mua o ka hoʻemi ʻana o kā mākou mau alakaʻi i ka ʻāina holoʻokoʻa i kahi "kaua" hou o US, pono mākou e nānā i kahi hōʻike hou i paʻi ʻia e ka UN Development Program (UNDP), i kapa ʻia. ʻO ka huakaʻi hele i ka Extremism ma ʻApelika: nā mea hoʻokele, nā mea hoʻoikaika a me ka pae kiʻekiʻe no ka hoʻolimalima..
Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia hōʻike ma nā nīnauele 500 me nā pūʻali koa mai ʻApelika. E like me ka manaʻo o kona poʻo, ua nīnau pono nā mea nīnau i ka poʻe koa e pili ana i ka "tipping point" i hoʻoholo i kēlā me kēia o lākou e hui maoli i kahi pūʻali koa e like me Boko Haram, Al-Shabab a i ʻole Al Qaeda. ʻO ka helu nui loa (71 pakeneka) i ʻōlelo ʻo kekahi ʻano "hana aupuni," e like me ka "pepehi ʻana i ka ʻohana a i ʻole ka hoaaloha" a i ʻole ka "hopu ʻia o ka ʻohana a i ʻole ka hoaaloha," ʻo ia ka mauʻu hope loa i hoʻokuke iā lākou ma luna o ka laina ʻulaʻula mai ke ola kīwila i ke kaua guerrilla a / a i ʻole ka hoʻoweliweli. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa, ʻaʻole ʻo ka manaʻo hoʻomana ka mea hoʻoholo i kā lākou hoʻoholo.
Ua hoʻopau ʻia ka hōʻike, "Ua hōʻike ʻia ke ʻano hana palekana o ka mokuʻāina ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻokō koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻolimalima ʻana, ma mua o ka hoʻohuli." Ma kahi ʻāpana ma ka "Policy Implications," ua hoʻohui ka hōʻike, "The Huakai i ka Extremism Hāʻawi ka noiʻi i nā hōʻike hou e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka pane pololei ʻana i ka palekana i ka wā e alakaʻi ʻia ai me ka ʻole.
Ua ʻae kēia mau haʻawina a pau, ma ka hoʻolālā ʻana a i ʻole ka paʻamau, ʻo ke kulekele US ke kumu a me ka hopena e hōʻoia i nā hana pūʻali koa e hoʻohuli ai i nā makaʻāinana i mau hakakā, e hoʻoulu ana i ka pōʻaiapuni e piʻi mau ana o ka hana ʻino a me ka haunaele honua.
ʻO ka ʻōlelo kauoha no ka maluhia ʻo ia ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā "pane hoʻokele palekana counter-productive" e hoʻoulu i kēia pōʻai o ka hana ʻino, a e hoʻomaka i ka hoʻohuli ʻana i nā mea hakakā i nā makaʻāinana, e like me ka hana ʻana o Kolombia ma muli o ka ʻaelike maluhia e hoʻopau ana i nā makahiki 53. kaua. Me nā pilikia a pau e kū nei iā ʻAmelika a me ka honua i ke kenekulia 21, ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke kali lōʻihi e koho i ke ala o ka maluhia a hoʻomaka e hana hou me ka maluhia a me ke kūkulu ʻana me ko mākou mau hoalauna āpau.
{~~~~~~~
ʻO Nicolas JS Davies ka mea kākau o ʻO ke koko ma ko mākou mau lima: ʻO ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o ʻAmelika a me ka luku ʻana iā Iraq
