Ka Lāina Hoʻoili o China ma Pre-WWII, kaʻIseraʻela Lobby Pre-WWIII

Na David Swanson

Hoʻomaka ka mōʻaukala kaua hoʻomakei a me ka poʻokela i hiki ke hoʻomanaʻo ʻana iā ʻAmelika i nā lā hoʻomanaʻo o ka hoʻomanaʻo iā Day 1 a ma mua, hoʻomaka ʻia me ka pepehi ʻana o ka poʻe kamaʻāina o ka ʻāina, nā kolo ʻana mai o Canada, a pēlā aku. he nui loa kēia mau mea i pakele e papa inoa.

Akā hoʻokahi ala e lilo ai ke aupuni US i loko o nā crusades nui o ka luku nui ʻana ma ka hoʻolohe ʻana i ka mea e makemake ai e hoʻolohe. Hele ʻo ia i ka nui o ka ʻae ʻana i nā luna aupuni o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, i kekahi manawa e puka pōkole ana ka puka o ka "lawelawe" lehulehu, e hana i ka uku a me ka lawelawe ʻana o nā lāhui ʻē e hoʻokau nei i nā hoʻolaha kaua ma ka lehulehu o US.

Kāhea ʻia kā James Bradley puke hou ʻO ka China Mirage: ʻO ka Mīkini huna o ʻAmelika Huipū ʻia ma Kina. Maikaʻi ke heluhelu ʻia. No nā makahiki ma mua o ke Kaua Honua II, ua hoʻohuli ka China Lobby ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka lehulehu o ka US, a me nā luna nui o ka US, ua makemake ka poʻe Kina e lilo i Kristiano, ʻo Chaing Kai-shek ko lākou alakaʻi kemokalaka aloha ma mua o ka falist fascist ʻo ia, ʻo Mao Zedong kahi mea nui ʻole i hele i kahi ʻē, hiki i ka United States ke uku kālā iā Chaing Kai-shek a hoʻohana ʻo ia i ke kālā e hakakā ai i ka poʻe Kepanī, i kūʻē i ka hoʻohana ʻana iā ia e hakakā me Mao, a ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. hiki ke hoʻokau i kahi embargo crippling ma Iapana me ka pane ʻole o ka pūʻali koa Iapana.

No nā makahiki e neʻe ana i ka lihi o ke Kaua Honua III, ua hoʻohuli ka Israel Lobby i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ko ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa he aupuni kemokalaka ʻo Israel ma mua o kahi mokuʻāina Apartheid me nā kuleana e pili ana i ka ʻike hoʻomana. ʻO ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ka mea i hoʻopau wale i nā hoʻolālā ma United Nations no kahi mea kaua-o-ka-luku-luku-ʻole ka Hikina Waena, a hana ʻia pēlā ma ke kauoha a nukelea Israel, e ukali ana i ke alakaʻi pōʻino a ka ʻIseraʻela ma Iraq, Syria, Iran, a me ke koena o ka ʻāina, ke alualu nei i ke aniani o ka ʻIseraʻela noho kānāwai demokalaka ka mea ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻole ma mua o kā Kina ʻAmelika-ʻAmelika e ʻike nei i ka mokupuni ʻo Taiwan ʻo "Kina maoli."

ʻO nā mirage i kōkua i ka "Puʻuloa ʻo Momi Hou" o 911, i nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa loa ia ke aniani i kōkua iā Pearl Harbor iho. Ke manaʻo nei ka US iā Kina ma ke ʻano he hoʻonui o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ʻike iki e pili ana iā Kina a pāpā maoli i kekahi poʻe Kina mai ke komo ʻana i ka ʻāina, ua hana ʻoi aku ka pōʻino i ka honua ma mua o ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka ʻIseraʻela e like me ka 51st mokuʻāina i hoʻokō ʻia. Hāʻawi i ka manawa.

ʻO kā Bradley puke hou, i nā ʻāpana mua, uhi koke i kekahi o ka honua like me kāna mea kupaianaha ʻO ka holo moana Imperial, pono nō i ka heluhelu - me ka US militarization o Iapana a me Theodore Roosevelt paipai i ka Kepani imperialism. Uhi ka puke hou, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o kaʻu i ʻike ai ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe, ka mōʻaukala o ka nui o nā kānaka waiwai loa a me nā hui o East Coast United States i ka 19 kenekulia i loaʻa kā lākou kālā - e like me ke kālā a ke kupuna kāne o Franklin Delano Roosevelt - ma ke kūʻai hewa ʻana i ka opiuma. i Kina. ʻO ke kalepa opiuma i alakaʻi i nā kaua opium a i ka Pelekane a me US i hoʻouka ʻia a me ka noho ʻana o nā ʻāpana o Kina, e hoʻohana nei i nā mana mua o ka mea a ka US e kāhea nei i ka hapa nui o nā lāhui ma ka honua nei "Ke Kūlana o nā Kuʻikahi Paha."

Ua hoʻopiha ka US iā Kina me nā mea kūʻai lāʻau, nā mea kālepa o nā huahana ʻē aʻe, a me nā mikionali Kalikiano, ʻo ka mea i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka holomua ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe, e hoʻohuli liʻiliʻi ana i ka poʻe. Ua ʻae kahi mikionali alakaʻi i loko o 10 mau makahiki ua hoʻohuli ʻo ia i 10 mau Kina i Kalikiano. Me ka maka i ke kālepa Kina a me ka Hikina Hema o ʻAmelika, kūkulu ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka Canal o Panama a lilo i ka ʻāina ʻo Pilipine, Guam, Hawaii, Cuba, a me Puerto Rico. Me ka maka i ka mālama ʻana iā Rūsia mai ke kālepa Kalikimaka maikaʻi, ua kākoʻo ʻo Pelekikena Theodore Roosevelt i ka hoʻonui ʻana o Iāpana i Kōlea a me Kina, a ua kūkākūkā ʻia me ka "maluhia" ma waena o Iapana a me Lūkia ʻoiai ke kūkākūkā malū nei me Iāpana i kēlā me kēia ala o ke ala. (ʻO kekahi ʻē aʻe o ko Palestinian "kaʻina hana maluhia" kahi ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka US ma ka ʻaoʻao a me ka "kūlike ʻole.") Ua hāʻawi ʻia ʻo TR i kahi Nobel Peace Prize no ka hana, e pili ana i kēlā makana ʻaʻole paha i kūkā ʻia kekahi kanaka Kōlea a Kina paha. I ka hōʻole ʻana o Woodrow Wilson i ka hui pū ʻana me Hoh Chi Minh keʻokeʻo ma Palisa, ua komo pū ʻo ia i ka hāʻawi ʻana iā Iapana i nā kolone i koi ʻia e Kelemania ma Kina, e huhū ana i ka poʻe Kina, ʻo Mao pū kekahi. Liʻiliʻi nā ʻanoʻano o nā kaua e hiki mai ana akā ʻike maopopo ʻia.

E neʻe koke ke aupuni US mai Iapana a Kina. ʻO ke kiʻi o ka mahiʻai Kina hanohano a Karistiano i kipaku ʻia e nā poʻe e like me ke Trinity (ma hope ʻo Duke) a me Vanderbilt i aʻo iā Charlie Soong, kāna mau kaikamahine ʻo Ailing, Chingling, a me Mayling, a me kāna keiki ʻo Tse-ven (TV), a ʻo ke kāne a Mayling ʻo Chaing ʻO Kai-shek, ʻO Henry Luce nāna i hoʻomaka manawa makasina ma hope o ka hānau ʻana ma kahi kolana misionari ma Kina, a ʻo Pearl Buck nāna i kākau Ea honua maikai ma hope o ke ʻano like o ke wā ʻōpiopio. Ua hoʻolimalima ʻo TV Soong i ka luna o ka US Army Air Corps kolonela John Jouett a ma 1932 ka ʻike a pau i nā loea o ka ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa US a ua loaʻa iā ia ʻei mau kumu aʻo, kahi loea lele, ʻehā mau loea, a me kahi kākau ʻōlelo, ua aʻo ʻia nā US Air Corps āpau akā hana i kēia manawa e hana nei. no Soong i Kina. ʻO ka hoʻomaka wale nō o ka kōkua ʻana o nā pūʻali koa US i Kina i hoʻolōʻihi i nā moʻolelo ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma mua o Iapana.

I ka makahiki 1938, me ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o Iapana i nā kūlanakauhale Kina, a me ka hakakā kaua ʻole ʻana o Chaing, ua kauoha ʻo Chaing i kāna luna hoʻolaha ʻo Hollington Tong, he haumāna puke nūhou o ke Kulanui ʻo Columbia, e hoʻouna i nā ʻākena i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa e kiʻi i nā mikionali US a hāʻawi iā lākou i ka hōʻike o ka hana hoʻomāinoino a nā Kepanī, iā hoʻolimalima iā Frank Price (mikionali punahele a Mayling), a e hōʻuluʻulu i nā mea nūhou a me nā mea kākau o US e kākau i nā ʻatikala a me nā puke maikaʻi. Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Frank Price a me kona kaikaina ʻo Harry Price ma Kina, me ka hālāwai ʻole ʻana me Kina o nā Kina. Ua kūkulu kahi mau hoahānau kumukūʻai i ka hale kūʻai ma New York City, kahi i manaʻo iki ai lākou e hana nei no ka hui ʻo Soong-Chaing. Ua hāʻawi ʻo Mayling lāua ʻo Tong iā lāua e hoʻohuli i ka poʻe ʻAmelika ʻo ke kī i ka maluhia ma Kina kahi embargo ma Iapana. Ua hana lākou i ke Kōmike ʻAmelika no ke komo ʻole i ka hoʻokūkū Kepanī. "ʻAʻole maopopo ka lehulehu," i kākau ʻo Bradley, "ua hana ikaika nā mikionali Manhattan ma ke alanui East Fortieth e hoʻopakele i ka poʻe hanohano Noble e uku ʻia nā ʻĀina Lobby e hana i nā hana kolohe a kipi paha."

Lawe wau i kā Bradley manaʻo ʻaʻole na ka poʻe mahiʻai Kina i kūpono hanohano, ʻaʻole no ka hewa ʻole o Iapana no ka huhū, akā ʻo ka hoʻolaha propaganda i hoʻohuli i ka hapa nui o ko ʻAmelika ʻaʻole e hoʻouka kaua ʻo Iāpana i ka United States inā ʻokiʻoki ka United States i ka aila a metala i Iāpana - he wahaheʻe ia i ka ʻike o nā mea nānā ʻike a e hōʻoia ʻia he wahaheʻe i ka wā o nā hanana.

Ua lilo ke kākau ʻōlelo o mua o ke Aupuni a me ke kākau ʻōlelo o ke kaua ʻo Henry Stimson i luna no ke kōmike, a ua hoʻohui koke ʻia nā poʻo mua o Harvard, Union Theological Seminary, ka Church Peace Union, ka World Alliance no International Friendship, ka Federal Council of Chlies of Christ in America. , nā Papa Hoʻohui o nā Kulanui Karistiano ma Kina, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Ua uku ʻia ʻo Stimson a me nā kēpau e Kina e koi aku ʻaʻole ʻo Japan e hoʻouka kaua iā ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa inā pale ʻia - kahi hoʻopiʻi i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e ka poʻe i ʻike i ka ʻOihana Mokuʻāina a me White House, akā he kuleana hana ʻia i kahi manawa a ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i aneane ʻaʻohe kamaʻilio maoli me Iāpana.

ʻO ka makemake o ka lehulehu e hoʻōki i ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana i kā Iapana mau hoʻouka kaua ma Kina, he mea mahalo ia iaʻu a ua kani pū me koʻu makemake e hoʻōki ka US i ka hoʻokūkū kaua ʻana o Saudi Arabia iā Yemen, e lawe i hoʻokahi laʻana o nā ʻumi. Akā hiki ke kamaʻilio i mua o kahi embargo. ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā kānana racist a me nā haipule e ʻike ai i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ma ka honua ma Kina e kōkua. ʻO ke kāpae ʻana i nā neʻe hoʻoweliweli o ka US Navy, hiki ke kōkua i ka neʻe ʻana i nā moku i Hawaii a me ke kūkulu ʻana i nā airstrips ma nā ʻAilana Pākīpika. Ua ʻoi aku ka ākea o nā koho anti-war ma mua o ka antagonization hoʻokele waiwai o Iapana a me nā hōʻino pili ʻole i ka hanohano Iapana.

Akā ma Pepeluali 1940, ua kākau ʻo Bradley, 75% o ko ʻAmelika i kākoʻo i ka hoʻokalakupua ʻana iā Iapana. A ʻo ka hapa nui o ʻAmelika, ʻaʻohe makemake i ke kaua. Ua kūʻai lākou i ka hoʻolaha a Kina Lobby.

Ua hoʻonohonoho ʻo FDR a me kāna kākau ʻōlelo o ka Waihona ʻO Henry Morgenthau i nā ʻoihana mua a me nā hōʻaiʻē iā Chaing, e hele ana ma hope o ke kākau ʻōlelo o ka mokuʻāina ʻo Cordell Hull. ʻO FDR, me he mea lā, ʻaʻole wale ia e mālama i ka China Lobby akā ua hilinaʻi maoli i kāna moʻolelo - ma ka liʻiliʻi a i kahi kiko. ʻO kona makuahine ponoʻī, ka mea i noho ma kahi wahi liʻiliʻi o Kina ma ke ʻano kamaliʻi me kona makuakāne pahu-opium, he wahine hanohano ʻo ia no ka ʻĀpana Kōkua Kōkua Kina a me ke Kōmike ʻAmelika no nā keiki makua kāne makua ʻole o Kina. He wahine hanohano ka wahine a FDR na ke Kōmike Kōkua Pilikino Kina ʻo Pearl Buck. ʻElua kaukani mau US uniona hana i kākoʻo i kahi embargo ma Iapana. ʻO ka ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo mua o ka pelekikena US, ʻo Lauchlin Currie, i hana no ka FDR a me ka Bank of China i ka manawa like. ʻO ka mea kākau moʻolelo Syndicated a me ka ʻohana Roosevelt ʻo Joe Alsop i hāʻawi kālā mai iā TV Soong ma ke ʻano he "aʻoaʻo aʻoaʻo" ʻoiai e lawelawe ana i kāna lawelawe ma ke ʻano he "mea kākau moʻolelo hoʻokō." "ʻAʻohe Pelekane Pelekane, Lūkia, Palani, a Kepanī paha," i kākau ʻo Bradley, "i manaʻoʻiʻo hiki iā Chaing ke lilo i liber New Deal." Akā ua manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo FDR iā ia. Ua kamaʻilio malū ʻo ia me Chaing a me Mayling, ke hele nei a puni kāna Keʻena Mokuʻāina ponoʻī.

Akā ua manaʻo ʻo FDR inā i embargo, e hoʻouka kaua ʻo Iapana i nā Hōlani Hikina Hema (Indonesia) me ka hopena o ke kaua ākea ākea. ʻO Morgenthau, i kā Bradley haʻi ʻana, ua hoʻāʻo pinepine e heʻe i loko o kahi embargo o ka ʻaila ʻaila i Iapana, ʻoiai kūʻē ʻo FDR. Ua neʻe ʻo FDR i nāʻauwaʻa i Pearl Harbor, hoʻokau i kahi embargo ʻāpana ma ka fuel-fuel a me ka scrap, a me ke kālā hōʻaiʻē iā Chaing. Ua hana pū ka sindikō ʻo Soong-Chaing me ka FDR White House e hana i kahi pūʻali koa i kākoʻo ʻia e US, US-a, a me nā limahana limahana US no Kina e hoʻohana i ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana i nā kūlanakauhale Kepanī. I ka manawa i noi aku ai ʻo FDR i kāna kākāʻōlelo ʻo Tommy Corcoran e nānā i ke alakaʻi o kēia pūʻali koa ea hou, ke kāpena ʻo US Air Corps ʻo Claire Chennault, ua ʻike ʻole paha ʻo ia e noi aku nei i kekahi i ka uku o TV Soong e ʻōlelo aʻo aku iā ia no haʻi ma ka uku o TV Soong.

Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Bradley, ua mālama ʻo FDR i kāna moʻokāki hoʻāmi kaua o ʻAmelika mai ka lehulehu o US. Eia nō naʻe, ma Mei 24, 1941, ka New York Times ua hōʻike e pili ana i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana o ka US i ka pūʻali ea Kina, a me ka hoʻolako ʻana i nā "mokulele hakakā a me nā pōkā he nui" i Kina e ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. "Kuhi ʻia ka poma ʻana o nā kūlanakauhale Kepanī," e heluhelu ana i ka subheadline. Ua "hūnā ʻia paha" kēia ma ke ʻano o ka huna ʻana o kā Obama papa inoa pepehi ʻoiai e hōʻike ʻia ana i ka New York Times. ʻAʻole kūkā kamaʻilio ʻole ʻia no ka mea ʻaʻole kūpono ia i nā moʻolelo liʻiliʻi hauʻoli. ʻO ka "draft mua o ka mōʻaukala" i koho mau ʻia i loko o nā puke moʻolelo i ola i loko o nā makahiki he kanahā.

Akā pololei ʻo Bradley ʻaʻole ia he mea hūnā mai Iāpana mai. A hoʻokomo ʻo ia i kahi mea aʻu e hoʻomanaʻo ʻole ai i ka ʻike ma mua, ʻo ia ʻo Chennault i ʻae i ka haʻalele ʻana o kahi moku e lawe ana i kāna mau pailaka iā Kapalakiko no ʻAsia i Iulai 1941, ua lohe kona mau kānaka i kahi lekiō Kepani e hoʻolaha aku nei, "ʻAʻole e hiki aku kēlā moku i Kina. E poho ana ia. ” A i Iulai hoʻi, ua ʻae ʻo FDR i kahi papahana Lend-Lease no Kina: he 269 mau koa hou a he 66 mau pōkā pahū, a hoʻokahuli i nā waiwai Kepanī. ʻO kēia mau mea āpau he ʻāpana o nā loina lōʻihi a ākea a Bradley i hiki ai ke hoʻomohala piha. Akā hāʻawi ʻo ia i kekahi mau kikoʻī hoihoi a me ka unuhi hoihoi o ia mau mea, i ka hoʻoholo ʻana ua kipi ke Kuhina Nui o ka Mokuʻāina ʻo Dean Acheson i ka United States i ke Kaua Honua II ma o ka hoʻokele ʻana e hōʻole i kahi aila US i Iapana no hoʻokahi mahina, e hoʻomaka ana ʻo FDR e kipi nei me Winston. ʻO Churchill ma luna o kahi moku a hana i ka mea e kapa ʻia ʻo ka Atlantic Charter.

Ma kā Bradley moʻokāki a Hull e aʻo ai no ka embargo, hoʻokahi mahina ma, ma Kepakemapa 4, 1941, a hōʻike iā FDR i kēlā lā. Akā ua koho lākou e waiho me ka loli ʻole e like me ka wehe ʻana i kahi mea e ʻike ʻia e like me ka ʻae ʻana iā Iapana e kiʻi i ka aila "ʻoi aku" ma mua. ʻO kēia embargo e kēia wahi he nūhou ākea i Iapana no hoʻokahi mahina. Ua hiki i ka FDR ke komo i nā hōʻike ma nā nūpepa Kepanī, a me ka decoded kamaʻilio malū o ke aupuni Kepanī, me ka ʻōlelo ʻole ua hui ʻo ia me ka ʻelele o Iapana i kēia manawa. ʻAʻole paha i holomua nā kamaʻilio ma 1941 ma mua o ka mea i hala a lōʻihi loa ʻo Texas e aʻo ua pau ka kauā?

I kekahi hihia, i ka ʻike ʻana o Iapana i ka neʻe mau loa, ʻaʻole nō ia i neʻe i ke aupuni demokala e like me ka China Lobby i ʻōlelo mau ai e haʻi ʻia ana. Ma kahi ʻoi e lilo i aupuni kīlohelohe. I ka manawa manawa ke manaʻo nei ka nūnū i ka lehulehu e kaua ka US a me Pelekane ma ka ʻaoʻao o Kina e hoʻokūkū i ka poʻe Kina e hoʻohuli i ka hoʻomana Karistiano. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa i loko o ka ʻIseraʻela Lobby ʻo ia hoʻi he mau panatikani Kristiano e manaʻoʻiʻo nei, ke alakaʻi nei ʻo ʻIseraʻela i ke ala i kekahi mau wānana e wānana mai ana i ka pōʻino.

ʻO ka haʻiʻōlelo a Mayling Soong i ka US Congress i Pepeluali 1943 i kūʻē iā Bibi Netanyahu's o 2015 no ka hoʻohanohano nui, hoʻopunipuni, a me ka hoʻolaʻa ʻana i ka mana haole hoʻopunipuni. E hoʻomau ka delusion i nā hanauna he nui. E komo i loko o ka pāʻani ka Lobby Katolika Vietnam. ʻAʻole ʻike ka US iā Mao's China a hiki i kona wā e hoʻoliʻiliʻi ai i lilo ʻo Richard Nixon i pelekikena. No ka waihona piha, paipai wau i kā Bradley puke.

Eia naʻe manaʻo wau he mau hemahema kā ka puke. ʻAʻole ia e ʻimi e hoʻopā aku i ka makemake o FDR no ke kaua ma Kelemania, ʻaʻole hoʻi i ka waiwai iā ia a me kāna hoʻokele ʻana i kahi hoʻouka kaua Kepani ma ke ʻano he kī i komo i loko o nā kaua ʻAkelanika a me ka Pākīpika. He aha ka mea i kākau ai e pili ana ma mua.

He aha ka pāʻani a FDR?

Ma Kēkēmapa 7, 1941, ua huki ʻo FDR i kahi hoʻolaha kaua ma luna o Iapana a me Kelemania, akā ua hoʻoholo ʻaʻole e holo a hele pū me Iapana wale nō. ʻO Kelemania, e like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia, hoʻolaha koke i ke kaua ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.

Ua ho'āʻoʻo FDR i ka wahaʻana i nā poʻeʻAmelika e pili ana i nā moku US me nā ʻO Greer a me ka Kerny, i ka mea e kōkua nei i nā pana Beritania e hoʻokūkū i nā mokulele Siamani, akāʻo Roosevelt i hoʻohālike i ka hoʻokūkūʻoleʻia.

Ua wahaheʻe hoʻiʻo Roosevelt i loko o kona wahi he kiʻi Nazi huna e hoʻolālā ana i ka hoʻouluʻana iʻAmelika Hema, a me kahi hoʻolālā Nazi hūnā no ka hoʻololiʻana i nā hoʻomana a pau me ka Nazism.

I ka lāʻo Dekemaba 6, 1941,ʻewalu haneli ka nui o ka poʻe US i kū'ē i ke komoʻana i ke kaua. Akā, ua hoʻokumuʻo Roosevelt i ke kime, ua hoʻoikaikaʻia ka Guard Guard, a ua hanaʻo ia i kahi Moana nui ma nā moanaʻelua, nā mea i luku muaʻia iʻEnelani no ka hoʻolimalimaʻiaʻana o nā kahua i ka Caribbean a me Bermuda, a ua hūnā malū i ka hanaʻana i kahi papa inoa o kēlā me kēia Kanaka Kepanī a IapaniʻAmelika iʻAmelika Hui PūʻIa.

Ma ʻApelila 28, 1941, ua kākau ʻo Churchill i kahi ʻōlelo huna i kāna keʻena kaua: "E like paha me ka maopopo loa o ke komo ʻana o Iāpana i ke kaua e ukali ʻia e ka komo koke ʻana o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma kā mākou ʻaoʻao."

MaʻAukake 18, 1941, huiʻo Churchill me kāna keʻena ma 10 Downing Street. Ua like ka hālāwai me ka Hōkū 23, 2002 i ka lā Iulai 1941, ma kahi kūlana hoʻokahi, uaʻikeʻia nā minuke i kapaʻiaʻo Downing Street Minutes. Hōʻike nā hālāwaiʻelua i nā manaʻo hilahila o US e hele i ke kaua. Ma ka hālāwai XNUMX, ua haʻiʻo Churchill i kona kuhina, e like me nā minuke: "Ua'ōlelo ka Peresidena e kauaʻo ia,ʻaʻole naʻe e haʻi." Eia hou, "Pono e hana i nā mea e hana ai."

Mai ka waena waena o 1930s US activists Peace - ʻo kēlā poʻe kānaka me ka huhū loa e pili ana i nā kaua US hou loa - e hele kūʻē ana i ka US antagonization o Iapana a me US Navy nā hoʻolālā no ke kaua ma Iapana - ka Malaki 8, 1939, kahi mana i wehewehe ʻia "kahi kaua hōʻeha o ka lōʻihi lōʻihi "e luku i ka pūʻali koa a hoʻopau i ke ola hoʻokele o Iapana.

I Ianuali 1941, ka ʻO Japanese Advertiser Ua hōʻike i kona huhū ma luna o Pearl Harbor i kahi hoʻoponopono, a ua kākau ka ʻelele o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i loko o kāna puke pai: "He nui nā kamaʻilio e pili ana i ke kaona e pili ana i ka hopena o ka hoʻomaha ʻana me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. e hele i waho i kahi hoʻouka kaua nui ma Pearl Harbor. ʻOiaʻiʻo ua haʻi wau i koʻu aupuni. "

Ma ka lāʻo Pepeluali 5, 1941, ua kākauʻo Rear Admiral Richmond Kelly Turner i ke kākau'ōlelo o ka war Henry Stimson e haʻi aku i ka hiki o ka hōʻeha ma Pearl Harbor.

E like me ka mea i hōʻike mua ʻia, ma 1932 ke kamaʻilio ʻana ʻo kaʻAmelika me Kina e pili ana i ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā mokulele, nā piloto, a me ke aʻo ʻana no kāna kaua me Iapana. I Nowemapa 1940, ua hōʻaiʻē ʻo Roosevelt iā Kina i hoʻokahi haneli miliona kālā no ke kaua me Iapana, a ma hope iho o ka kūkākūkā ʻana me nā Pelekane, ʻĀina Pelekikena Koa ʻAmelika ʻo Henry Morgenthau i hoʻolālā e hoʻouna i nā pūlima China me nā pūʻali US e hoʻohana i ka pōʻai ʻana i Tokyo a me nā kūlanakauhale ʻo Iapana.

Ma Kēkēmapa 21, 1940, ke Kuhina Waiwai o Kina TV Soong a me Kolonela Claire Chennault, ka pūʻali koa US pūʻali koa i haʻalele no ka hana ʻana no ka poʻe Kina a ke koi aku nei iā lākou e hoʻohana i nā pailaka ʻAmelika e hoʻopahu iā Tokyo ma kahi o 1937, i hui ʻia ma ka ʻaina a Henry Morgenthau lumi e hoʻolālā ai i ke ahi ahi o Iapana. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Morgenthau hiki iā ia ke hoʻokuʻu i nā kāne mai ka hana i ka US Army Air Corps inā hiki i nā Kina ke uku iā lākou i $ 1,000 no kēlā me kēia mahina. ʻAe ʻo Soong.

Ma Iulai, ua ʻae ka Joint Army-Navy Board i kahi hoʻolālā i kapa ʻia JB 355 e hoʻā ahi. E kūʻai aku kahi hui mua i nā mokulele ʻAmelika e lele ʻia e nā mea manawaleʻa ʻAmelika i hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia e Chennault a uku ʻia e kekahi hui mua. Ua ʻae ʻo Roosevelt, a me kāna loea Kina ʻo Lauchlin Currie, i nā huaʻōlelo a Nicholson Baker, "ua kiʻi aku ʻo Madame Chaing Kai-Shek lāua ʻo Claire Chennault i kahi leka i noi ʻiʻini ʻia e nā kiu Kepani." Inā paha ʻaʻole ʻo ia ke kiko holoʻokoʻa, eia ka leka: "Nui koʻu hauʻoli i ka hiki iaʻu ke hōʻike i kēia lā ua kauoha ka Pelekikena e loaʻa i kanaono kumamaono mau pōkā pahū i Kina i kēia makahiki me iwakāluakūmāhā e hāʻawi koke ʻia. Ua ʻae ʻo ia i kahi papahana hoʻomaʻamaʻa pailaka Kina ma aneʻi. Nā kikoʻī ma o nā kaha maʻamau. Aloha pumehana. ”

ʻO ka 1st American Volunteer Group (AVG) o ka mokulele mokulele Kina, ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo ka Flying Tigers (inoa ma hope i hoʻolālā ʻia e Walt Disney, e like me kā Bradley moʻolelo), neʻe i mua me ka hoʻokipa a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa koke a hāʻawi ʻia akula iā Kina ma mua o Pearl Harbour.

Ma ka lā Mei 31, 1941, ma ka Keep America Out of War Congress, ua hāʻawi ʻo William Henry Chamberlin i kahi ʻōlelo hōʻeuʻeu: "ʻO kahi boycott hoʻokele waiwai nui o Iapana, ʻo ka paʻa ʻana o nā lawe aila e laʻa ana, e hoʻokuʻi iā Iapana i nā lima o ka Axis. ʻO ke kaua hoʻokele waiwai ka mea mua i ke kaua moku kaua a me ka pūʻali koa. "

Ma Iulai 24, 1941, ua ʻōlelo ʻo Pelekikena Roosevelt, "Inā mākou e ʻoki i ka aila, ua iho paha [ka Iapana] i nā Hōlani Hikina Hema i hoʻokahi makahiki i hala, a he kaua nō kāu. He mea nui ia mai ko mākou manaʻo ponoʻī o ka pale ʻana e pale ai i ke kaua mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana ma ka Pākīpika Hema. No laila ke hoʻāʻo nei kā mākou kulekele ʻē aʻe e hōʻoki i kahi kaua mai ka haki ʻana ma laila. ” Ua ʻike nā mea hōʻike ua ʻōlelo ʻo Roosevelt "he" ʻaʻole ma mua o "ʻo". I ka lā aʻe, ua hoʻopuka ʻo Roosevelt i kahi kauoha hoʻokō no ka paʻa ʻana i nā waiwai Iapana. Ua ʻoki ʻo ʻAmelike Hui Pū ʻIa a me Pelekane i ka ʻaila a me nā mea wili i Iapana, inā paha i ʻalo ʻo Acheson i kēia Roosevelt i hala. ʻO Radhabinod Pal, he loio i ʻInidia nāna i lawelawe ma ka ʻaha kūkā kalaima kaua ma hope o ke kaua, ua kapa ʻia nā embargoes he "hoʻoweliweli maopopo a ikaika hoʻi i ko Iāpana noho maoli ʻana," a hoʻopau ʻo ka United States i hoʻonāukiuki iā Iapana.

MaʻAukake 7, 1941, ka Ka Pepa hoʻolahaʻo Japan i kākauʻia: "ʻO ka mua,ʻo ka hanaʻana o kahi kūpaʻa ma Singapore, ua hoʻokūpaʻa ikaikaʻia e ka poʻe kaua Pelekāne a me'Emela. Mai kēia hub ua hoʻonuiʻia kekahi hāla nui a ua hui pū me nā kumuhanaʻAmelika e hoʻokomo i ke apo mama ma kekahiʻaoʻao nui ma ka hema a me ke komohana mai nā Philippines mai Malaya a me Burma, me ka hāʻule wale o ka loulou i loko o ka peninsula o Thailand. I kēia manawa, ua manaʻoʻia e hoʻokomo i nā mīkini i ka pōʻai a hiki i Rangoon. "

Ma ka mahina o Sepatemapa, ua hoʻonāukiukiʻia ka pāpāho o Iapana e hoʻomaka anaʻoʻAmelika Huipūʻia e hoʻokuʻu i kaʻaila ma mua o Iapana e hiki ai i Russia Ke'ōlelo neiʻo ia i nā'ōlelo nūpepa,ʻo ia ka mea e make ana i ka make pinepine mai ka "hōkele waiwai."

I ka pauʻana oʻOkakopa, ua hanaʻo Edgar Mower iā Edgar Mower i kahi hana no Colonel William Donovan iʻike iā Roosevelt. Ua kamaʻilioʻo Mower me kekahi kanaka ma Manila i kapaʻiaʻo Ernest Johnson, he lālā o ka Commission Maritime, nāna i'ōlelo ua manaʻoʻo ia "E lawe ka Japs i Manila ma mua o koʻu pukaʻana i waho." I ka manawa i pane aku aiʻo Mower i ka paneha, paneʻo Johnson "ʻAʻole aneiʻoe iʻike i ka Jap ua neʻe nā'auwaʻa i ka hikina,ʻo ia paha e hōʻea i nā'auwaʻa ma Pearl Harbor? "

Ma Nowemapa 3, 1941, ua hoʻouna ka ʻelele US i telegram lōʻihi loa i ka Mokuʻāina Mokuʻāina e hōʻike ana e hoʻokau paha ka hoʻopaʻi hoʻokele waiwai iā Iapana e hana i "hara-kiri lāhui." Ua kākau ʻo ia: "ʻO ka hakakā kaua me ka United States hiki mai paha me ka weliweli a weliweli hoʻi."

Ma Nowemapa 15th, ua haʻi haʻi ʻia ke poʻokela o nā limahana o ka pūʻali koa ʻo George Marshall i ka pāpāho no kekahi mea a mākou e hoʻomanaʻo ʻole ai ma ke ʻano he "Plan Marshall." I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole mākou e hoʻomanaʻo ia. "Ke hoʻomākaukau nei mākou i kahi kaua hōʻeha kūʻē iā Iāpana," wahi a Marshall, e noi ana i ka poʻe nūpepa e hūnā iā ia, a ma kaʻu ʻike he hana pono lākou.

He ʻumi mau lā ma hope ua kākau ke kākau ʻōlelo o War Stimson i kāna diary e hui ana ʻo ia ma ka Oval Office me Marshall, Pelekikena Roosevelt, kākau ʻōlelo o ka Navy ʻo Frank Knox, Admiral Harold Stark, a me ke kākau ʻōlelo o ka moku ʻo Cordell Hull. Ua haʻi aku ʻo Roosevelt iā lākou e hoʻouka kaua paha ka Kepani ma mua koke paha, ma ka Pōʻakahi paha.

Ua hōʻike maikaʻi ʻia ua haki ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i nā code a ko Iapana a ua hiki iā Roosevelt ke komo iā lākou. Ma o ka keakea ʻia ʻana o kahi leka uila i kapa ʻia ʻo Purple ua ʻike ʻo Roosevelt i kā Kelemania mau manaʻo e hoʻouka kaua iā Rūsia. ʻO Hull ka mea nāna i hoʻopuka aku i kahi Kepani keʻakeʻa i ka nūpepa, a ua hopena i ka Nowemapa 30, 1941, ke poʻo inoa "ʻO Iapana Mei ke kuʻi i ka hopena pule."

ʻO ka Pōʻakahi aʻe ka lā 1 o Kēkēmapa, ʻeono mau lā ma mua o ka hoʻouka maoli ʻana. "ʻO ka nīnau," i kākau ʻo Stimson, "pehea mākou e hoʻokele ai iā lākou i ke kūlana o ke kī ʻana i ka pū mua me ka ʻae ʻole i ka makaʻu iā mākou iho. He ʻōlelo paʻakikī ia. ”

I ka lā ma hope o ka hoʻouka kaua, ua koho ʻo Congress i ke kaua. Ua kū hoʻokahi ʻo Congresswoman Jeannette Rankin (R., Mont.) Ma ke koho balota ʻole. Hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope o ke koho balota, ma Kēkēmapa 8, 1942, ua hoʻopuka ʻo Rankin i nā ʻōlelo i loko o ka ʻAha Kuhina Nui e wehewehe ana i kāna kūʻē. Ua kuhikuhi ʻo ia i ka hana a kahi mea hoʻolaha Pelekane i hoʻopaʻapaʻa i 1938 no ka hoʻohana ʻana iā Iapana e lawe i ka United States i loko o ke kaua. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia i kā Henry Luce ʻōlelo ma loko ola ka puke ma Iulai 20, 1942, i "ka Kina no ka mea i hāʻawi aku ka US i ka mea hope loa i laweʻia ma Pearl Harbor." Ua hōʻikeʻo ia i ka hōʻike i kaʻAkelanika maʻAukake 12, 1941, ua hōʻoiaʻo Roosevelt iā Churchill e lawe maiʻoʻAmelika Huipūʻia ka pilikia o ka hoʻokele waiwai e hoʻokūkū iā Iapana. "I kākauʻia e" Rankin i hope aku, "ʻo ka Bulletin Bulletin o Dekemaba 20, 1941, nāna i hōʻike e hōʻea ana i ka lā Sepatemaba 3 kahi lekaʻana i Iapana e noi ana e'āpono i ka manaʻo o ka'anauwai o ke kūlana status ma ka Pākīpika, "no ka mea e koi aku ana i nā hōʻailona o ka waiwaiʻole o nā mana keʻokeʻo ma ka hikina."

Uaʻikeʻo Rankin ua loaʻa i ka Board Defense Economic ka hoʻoponopono waiwai ma lalo o hoʻokahi pule ma hope o kaʻaha'Anelanika. I ka lāʻo Dekemaba 2, 1941, ka New York Times ʻoiai, uaʻokiʻiaʻo "75 pakeneka o kāna hana maʻamau e ka pilikino Allied." Ua kākauʻo Rankin i ka'ōlelo a Lieutenant Clarence E. Dickinson, USN, ma ka Ka Poʻo Pōʻalima Loa ʻOʻOkakopa 10, 1942, ma ka lāʻo Novemaba 28, 1941,ʻeiwa mau lā ma mua o ka hoʻouka kauaʻana, ua hāʻawi akuʻo Adimalima William F. Halsey, Jr., (ʻo iaʻo "Kill Japs! Kill Japs!"). ʻo kekahi poʻe'ē aʻe e "pana i nā mea a pau iʻikeʻia e ka lewa, a popo i nā mea a pau a mākou iʻike ai ma ke kai."

Ua haʻi nuiʻo George George i ka'aha'ōlelo i ka 1945: ua haki nā code, a ua hoʻokumuʻoʻAmelika Huipūʻia i nāʻaelike Anglo-Dutch-American no ka hoʻohui likeʻana iā Iapana a hoʻokōʻia i mua o Pearl Harbor, a uaʻikeʻoʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia ia nā luna o kona pūʻali koa i Kina no ka hana kaua ma mua o Pearl Harbor.

ʻO ka mea hoʻomanaʻo ʻo ʻOkakopa 1940 na Lutanela Kauʻāina Arthur H. McCollum i hana ʻia e Pelekikena Roosevelt a me kāna mau luna nui. Ua kāhea ʻia i ʻewalu mau hana a McCollum i wānana ai e alakaʻi aku ai i ka poʻe Kepanī e hoʻouka kaua, e like me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kahua Pelekania ma Singapore a no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kahua Hōlani i kēia manawa ʻo Indonesia, e kōkua ana i ke aupuni Kina, e hoʻouna ana i kahi mahele o kahi lōʻihi nā mea holoholo kaumaha i Filipaina a i ʻole Singapore, e hoʻouna ana i ʻelua mahele o nā moku lawaiʻa i "ka Hikina," e mālama ana i ka ikaika nui o nāʻauwaʻa ma Hawaii, e koi ana e hōʻole ka Dutch i kaʻaila Iapana, a hoʻokuʻu i nā kālepa me Iapana i ka hana pūʻana me ka Emepaea Beritania. .

I ka lā ma hope o kā memo a McCollum, ua haʻi aku ka Mokuʻāina Mokuʻāina iā ʻAmelika e haʻalele i nā lāhui hikina loa, a ua kauoha ʻo Roosevelt i ka ʻauwaʻa i mālama ʻia ma Hawaii no ka nui o ke kūʻē a Admiral James O. Richardson nāna i ʻōlelo i ka Pelekikena e ʻōlelo ana "Ma hope a ma hope paha e hana ai ka Kepanī i hana kūʻē i ka United States a makemake ka lāhui e komo i ke kaua. "

ʻO ka leka a ka Adimarala Harold Stark i hoʻouna aku ai iā Admiral Husband Kimmel ma Nowemapa 28, 1941, i heluhelu ʻia, "Inā ʻaʻole hiki i nā home wahine ke hana hou aku, ʻaʻole hiki ke pale ʻia i nā aupuni i makemake ʻia ʻo Iapana e hana i ka hana mua loa."

ʻO Joseph Rochefort, ka mea i hoʻokumu i ka ʻaoʻao ʻike naʻau o ka Navy, ka mea i kōkua nui i ka haʻi ʻole aku iā Pearl Harbor i nā mea e hiki mai ana, e ʻōlelo ana ma hope: "He kumu kūʻai kumukūʻai maikaʻi loa ia no ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka ʻāina."

ʻO ka pō ma hope o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana, ua loaʻa iā Pelekikena Roosevelt ka CBS News ʻo Edward R. Murrow a me Roosevelt Coordinator of Information ʻo William Donovan no ka ʻaina awakea ma ka White House, a ua makemake ka Pelekikena āpau e ʻike inā e ʻae ka poʻe ʻAmelika i ke kaua. Ua hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo Donovan lāua ʻo Murrow iā ia e ʻae maoli ka poʻe kaua i kēia manawa. Ma hope ua haʻi aku ʻo Donovan i kāna mea kōkua ʻaʻole kā Roosevelt pūʻiwa no ka poʻe ʻē aʻe a puni ona, a ʻo ia, ʻo Roosevelt, i hoʻokipa maikaʻi i ka hoʻouka kaua. ʻAʻole hiki iā Murrow ke hiamoe i kēlā pō a ua hoʻopilikia ʻia no ke koena o kona ola e ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "ka moʻolelo nui loa o koʻu ola" āna i haʻi ʻole ai.