Mai ke Kaua Honua II i Vietnam a me Suria,ʻo nā lāʻau lapaʻau pinepine he nui ia o ka hakakā e like me nā pōpilikia a me nā pōkā.
Na Barbara McCarthy, Al Jazeera
He junkie ʻo Adolf Hitler a hāʻawi ka lāʻau narcotics Nazis i kahi manaʻo hou i ka huaʻōlelo 'kaua i nā lāʻau'. Akā ʻaʻole lākou wale nō. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hoʻolaha hou e pili ana ka narcotics i ka ʻāpana o ka hakakā e like me nā pōkā; ka wehewehe pinepine ʻana i nā kaua ma mua o ka noho anecdotally ma ka ʻaoʻao o lākou.
I loko o kona puke Hoʻopāʻia,ʻO ka mea Kelemāniaʻo Norman Ohler e wehewehe ana i ka hoʻohanaʻia o ke Keʻenaʻekolu i nā lāʻau lapaʻau, e like me ka cocaine, ka heroin a me ka meliʻeleʻele nui, i hoʻohanaʻia e nā mea koa a pau i nā wāhine wahine a me nā paʻahana halehanahana.
Paʻi muaʻia ma ka'ōlelo Pelekānia Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo (Rush Rush), hoʻopuka ka puke i nā moʻolelo e hoʻopilikiaʻia e Adolf Hitler a me kona mau hoa a hoʻokuʻu i nā mea i kākauʻia ma mua i pili e pili ana iā Dr. Theodor Morell, ke kauka lapaʻau e lawelawe ana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau i ke alakaʻi o Kelemānia a me ka luna hoʻokūkū o Italia Benito Mussolini.
"He Fuhrer ʻo Hitler i kāna lāʻau ʻona pū kekahi. He mea kūpono ia, hāʻawi ʻia i kona ʻano koʻikoʻi, "wahi a Ohler, e kamaʻilio ana mai kona home ma Berlin.
Ma hope o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ka puke a Ohler ma Kelemania i ka makahiki i hala, ua hōʻike ʻia kahi ʻatikala ma ka nūpepa ʻo Frankfurter Allgemeine ninau: "E ʻike maʻalahi paha ka huhū o Hitler ke nānā ʻoe iā ia ma ke ʻano he junkie?"
"ʻAe a ʻaʻole," pane ʻo Ohler.
ʻO Hitler, nona ka olakino noʻonoʻo a me ke kino i kumu o ka nui o ka manaʻo, hilinaʻi i nā lā o ka lāʻau kamahaʻo "E Wonderol" lāʻau, nāna e hoʻokau i ka mea hoʻohana i kahi euphoria. i hoʻomaka ʻo ia e lawe mau mai 1941 a hiki i ka hakakā ʻana i nā maʻi e like me ka spasms ʻōpū mau, ke koko kiʻekiʻe a me kahi pahu pepeiao pepeiao.
"Akā ʻike mākou āpau ua hana ʻo ia i nā mea kānalua i nā mea ma mua o kēlā, no laila ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke hōʻino i nā lāʻau no nā mea āpau," e noʻonoʻo ana ʻo Ohler. "ʻO ia ka mea, he mea nui lākou i kona make ʻana."
I loko o kāna puke, ʻO Ohler nā kikoʻī pehea, i ka hopena o ke kaua, "ua mālama ka lāʻau i ka luna kiʻekiʻe i paʻa i kāna kuhihewa".
"Ua hiki i ke ao nei ke komo i loko o nā ʻōpala a me ka lehu a puni iā ia, a ua lilo kāna mau hana i miliona mau kānaka i ko lākou ola, akā ua manaʻo ʻoi aku ka pono o ka Fuhrer i ka wā i hoʻokumu ʻia ai kāna euphoria ʻimi," kākau ʻo ia.
Akāʻo nā mea i piʻi aʻe e iho mai a i ka holoʻana o nā lako i ka hopena o ke kaua, ua hoʻomanawanuiʻo Hitler,ʻo kekahi mau mea'ē aʻe,ʻo ka serotonin nui a me ka weheʻana o dopamine, ka paranoia, ka psychosis, nā niho pīpī, ka haʻalulu nui, ka hana kīkini a me ka pīhoihoi,'ōleloʻo Ohler.
ʻO kona maʻi noʻonoʻo a me ke kino i kāna mau pule hope i ka Fuhrerbunker, a subterranean puʻuhonua no nā lālā o ka pāʻina Nazi, hiki, i ʻōlelo ʻo Ohler, no ka haʻalele ʻana iā Eukodol ma mua o Parkinson e like me ka mea i manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia ma mua.
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World War II
ʻO keʻano o ka hoʻohenehene,ʻoiaiʻo ka Nazis ka mea i hoʻokiʻekiʻe i kahi maikaʻi o ka nohoʻana maʻemaʻe o Aryan,ʻo ia wale nō ka mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe iā lākou iho.
I loko o ka Repubalika Weimar, ua loaʻa koke nā lāʻau lapaʻau ma ke poʻokela o Siamani, Pelelina. Akā, ma hope o ka hopuʻana i ka mana ma 1933, hoʻopiʻi ka poʻe Nazis iā lākou.
I laila, ma ka 1937, ua hoʻokae lākou i ka lāʻau lapaʻau methamphetamine Pervitin- kahi mea hoʻonāukiuki i hiki ke mālama i ka poʻe ala a hoʻomaikaʻi i kā lākou hana, ʻoiai e hoʻomaopopo iā lākou i ka euphoric. Ua hana lākou i kahi mana o nā kokoleka, Hildebrand, i loaʻa i ka 13mg o ka lāʻau lapaʻau - ʻoi aku ma mua o ka paukū 3mg maʻamau.
I ka lāʻo Iulai 1940,ʻoi aku 35 miliona Ua hoʻounaʻia nā hanana 3mg o ka Pervitin mai ka hale hana Temmler ma Berlin i ka pūʻali koa German a me Luftwaffe i ka manawa o ka hoʻouka kauaʻana iā Farani.
"E ala ana nā koa no kekahi mau lā, ke hele nei me ka kū ʻole, ʻaʻole ia e hana inā ʻaʻole no ka meth aniani no laila ʻae, i kēia hihia, ua hoʻohuli ka lāʻau i ka mōʻaukala," wahi a Ohler.
Hoʻohanohano ʻo ia i ka lanakila Nazi ma ke kaua o Palani i ka lāʻau. “ʻAʻole mākaukau ʻo Hitler no ke kaua a kūʻē kāna kua i ka paia. ʻAʻole ikaika ka Wehrmacht e like me ka Allies, ʻilihune kā lākou lako pono a ʻekolu wale nō miliona mau koa i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻehā miliona o nā Allies. "
Akā me ka paʻi pūʻana me Pervitin, ua hele ka poʻe Helema ma kahi o ka'āina paʻakikī, me ka moeʻole no ka 36 a hiki i nā hola 50.
Ma mua o ka hopena o ke kaua, i ka wā i nale aku ai ko Germans, ka mea hoʻomōhala Gerhard ʻO Orzechowski ua hanaʻo ia i kahi kāhili cocaine e hiki ai i nā pailota o kekahi kanaka U-moku e noho maka no nā lā ma hope. Ua nui ka poʻe i hōʻeha i ka hoʻohaunaele i ka hopena o ka laweʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau ma kahi o kahi kaʻawale no kahi lōʻihi.
Akā i ka wā e hana ana ka hale hana Temmler iā Pervitin lāua ʻo Eukodol pāpāʻia e nā mea kōkua i ka makahiki 1945, ua hōʻailona ia i ka hopena o ka Nazis '- a me kā Hitler - hoʻohana ʻana i ka lāʻau.
ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole ʻo ka Nazis wale nō ka poʻe i lawe i nā lāʻau. Hāʻawi ʻia nā pailaka poma allied i nā amphetamines e kiaʻi ai a kiaʻi i ka wā o nā lele lōʻihi, a he mau lāʻau ponoʻī kā ka Allies - ʻO Benzedrine.
ʻO ka Hale Moʻolelo Moʻolelo Laurier ma Hilo, Kanada, nā moʻolelo e hōʻike ana i nā koa e hoʻohana i ka 5mg i ka 20mg o Benzedrine sulphate i kēlā me kēia meʻelima a me ka holaʻeono, a ua manaʻoʻia ua pau nā papaʻahu amphetamineʻo 72 miliona i ka pau i ka wā o ke Kaua Honua II. Ua'ōleloʻia ka poʻe hoʻopiʻi'ōlelo i ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka pae'āina D-Day, akāʻo ka hilinaʻiʻana o nā mokuʻo Marina i ka hopena o Tarawa ma 1943.
No ke aha i kākau waleʻia ai nā mea kākau moʻolelo e pili ana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau a hiki i kēia manawa?
"Manaʻo wau ʻaʻole maopopo ka hapa nui o ka poʻe i ka ikaika o nā lāʻau," i ʻike ai ʻo Ohler. "E loli paha kēlā i kēia manawa. ʻAʻole wau ka mea mua e kākau e pili ana iā lākou, akā manaʻo wau ʻo ka kūleʻa o ka puke ʻo ia… [nā] puke a me nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni e like Ke hāʻule e uku paha i ka hoʻolohe hou ʻana i ka hana hoʻomāinoino ʻana a Hitler. "
ʻO ka mea kākau moʻolelo olakino Kelemania ʻo Peter Peter Steinkamp, nāna i aʻo ma ke kula nui ʻo Ulm, i Kelemania, ua manaʻoʻiʻo ia e hele mai ana i mua i kēia manawa no ka mea "ua make ka hapa nui o nā mea i pili."
"I ka manawa i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ai ʻo Das Boot, ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni Kelemania U-boat mai ka makahiki 1981, ua hōʻike ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona o nā kāpena U-boat i ʻona loa. Ua hoʻonāukiuki ia i waena o nā koa koa he nui i makemake e hōʻike ʻia me he maʻemaʻe lā, "i ʻōlelo ʻo ia. "Akā i kēia manawa ʻo ka hapa nui o ka poʻe i kaua i ke Kaua Honua II ʻaʻole me mākou, ʻike paha mākou i nā moʻolelo hou aku e pili ana i ka hōʻino ʻana i nā lāʻau, ʻaʻole wale mai ke Kaua Honua II, akā ʻo Iraq a me Vietnam pū kekahi."
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ʻO keʻano,ʻo ka hoʻohanaʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau ma mua loa o ke Kaua Honua II.
Ma ka 1200BC, ua hāʻawi nā kāhuna Pre-Incaʻo Chavin i Peru i ko lākou mau kanaka i nā lāʻau lapaʻau no ka loaʻamana ma luna o lākou,ʻoiai nā Roma e mahi opium, kahi a ka Emepera Marcus Aurelius i kaulana ai hoʻopauʻia.
ʻO Viking "berserkers", i kapa ʻia ma hope o "nā kapa komo"Ma Old Norse, ua hakakā kaulana ʻia ma kahi ʻano moemoeā, like paha me ka hopena o ka lawe ʻana i nā ʻalalā" magic "agaric a me myrtle bog. Ua wehewehe ka mea kākau moʻolelo a me ka haku mele ʻo Icelandic ʻo Snorri Stuluson (AD1179 a 1241) iā lākou "me he mau ʻīlio lā a ʻīlio hihiu, nahu i ko lākou mau pale kaua, a ikaika hoʻi e like me nā bea a me nā bipi hihiu".
ʻO ka moʻoleloʻo Dr Feelgood:ʻO ka moʻolelo o ke kauka nāna i hoʻopili i ka moʻolelo ma o ka hanaʻana a me ka hōʻailonaʻana i nā mea nui e pili ana me Pelekikena Kennedy, Marilyn Monroe a me Elvis Presley, na Richard Lertzman lāuaʻo William Birnes, ʻO ka hoʻohana lāʻau lāʻau a Pelekikena John F Kennedy kokoke i ke Kaua Honua III i ka manawa ka lāʻelua lāme ke alakaʻi Sovietʻo Nikita Krushcher ma 1961.
ʻO ke kaua Vietnam
I loko o kāna puke, Shooting up, ka mea kākau Polani ʻo Lukasz Kamienski e wehewehe nei pehea ka pūʻali koa US i noi aku ai i kāna poʻe lawelawe me ka wikiwiki, nā steroid, a me nā painkillers e "kōkua iā lākou e lawelawe i nā hakakā lōʻihi" i ke Kaua Vietnam.
ʻO kahi hōʻike a ka Committee Select Committee no Crime ma 1971 i loaʻa i waena o 1966 a me 1969, nā pūʻali koa i hoʻohanaʻia 225 miliona nā hua liʻiliʻi.
"ʻO ka hoʻokele o nā stimulants e ka pūʻali koa i hāʻawi i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā ʻano lāʻau a i kekahi manawa he mau hopena weliweli, no ka mea, ka amphetamine, e like me ka ʻōlelo a nā koa kūpuna, hoʻonui i ka huhū a me ka makaʻala hoʻi. Ua hoʻomanaʻo kekahi i ka hala ʻana o ka hopena o ka wikiwiki, huhū loa lākou a manaʻo lākou e kī ʻana i nā 'keiki ma nā alanui', ”kākau ʻo Kamienski ma The Atlantic ma ʻApelila 2016.
Hiki paha i kēia ke wehewehe no ke aha i pale ai ka nui o nā poʻe koa o kēlā kaua i ka maʻi hōʻeuʻeu. ʻO ka hoʻoponopono hou o nā Vietnam Veterans like i paʻiʻia ma 1990 e hōʻike ana i ka 15.2 ka nui o nā koa kāne a me ka 8.5 ka nui o nā wāhine iʻike i ka hakakā ma ka Hikina Hemaʻo Asia i loaʻa i ka PTSD.
Wahi a kahi i aʻoʻia e Kāleka JAMA, no ka puke pai honua i paipaiʻia no nā kākamai, nā haumāna, a me nā kānakaʻepekema noiʻi noiʻi i ka psychiatry, ka noʻonoʻo a me kaʻike, a me nāʻoihana pilikino,ʻo 200,000 ka poʻe i loaʻa i ka PTSD kokoke i ka 50 makahiki ma hope o ka kaua Vietnam.
ʻO kekahi o kēia poʻeʻo John Danielski. Aiaʻo ia ma ka Marine Corp a lilo i nā mahina 13 ma Vietnam ma waena o 1968 a me 1970. IʻOkakopa, ua hoʻokuʻuʻo ia i kahi puke alakaʻi pilikino no nā maʻi i kapaʻiaʻo Johnny Come Crumbling Home: me ka PTSD.
"Ua hoʻi mai au mai Vietnam mai i ka makahiki 1970, akā he PTSD wau e like me ka nui o nā poʻe ʻē aʻe - ʻaʻole loa ia e hala. I koʻu wā ma Vietnam i 1968 i ka ululāʻau, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā kāne aʻu i launa pū ai me ka nāhelehele puhi paka a lawe i nā opiates. Ua inu pū mākou i ka wikiwiki o nā ʻōmole ʻeleʻele, "i ʻōlelo ʻo ia, e kamaʻilio ana me ke kelepona mai kona home ma West Virginia.
"Ke loaʻa nei nā pūʻali koa i nā stimulant a me nā ʻano pila like ʻole ma Saigon a me Hanoi, akā ma hea mākou, ua inu wale mākou i ka wikiwiki. Ua hele mai i loko o kahi ʻōmole pala. Maopopo iaʻu ua hoʻonāukiuki ka poʻe a kū lākou i luna no nā lā. ”
"ʻOiai, ua hana kekahi o nā kāne i kekahi mea pupule i waho. He mea pili i nā lāʻau. Ua paʻakikī loa ka wikiwiki i ka wā e hoʻi mai ana nā kāne mai Vietnam e loaʻa nei i nā puʻuwai puʻuwai ma ka mokulele a make. E like lākou me ka huki ʻana - e like ka lele ʻana me 13 mau hola me ka ʻole o nā lāʻau. E noʻonoʻo e hakakā ana ma Vietnam a laila e hoʻi i ka home a make i ke ala home, "wahi a Danielski.
"Hoʻonui ka amphetamine i kou puʻuwai a pahū kou puʻuwai," wehewehe ʻo ia.
I loko o kāna ʻatikala ʻAkelanika, ua kākau ʻo Kamienski: "Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Vietnam ke kaua pharmacological mua, no laila ua kāhea ʻia no ka mea ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻai o nā mea psychoactive e nā limahana koa i ka mōʻaukala ʻAmelika."
"I ko mākou hoʻi ʻana ʻaʻohe kākoʻo no mākou," wehewehe ʻo Danielski. “Ua inaina nā kānaka āpau iā mākou. Ua hoʻopiʻi ka poʻe iā mākou no ka pepehi kanaka pēpē. He shambles nā lawelawe kūpuna. ʻAʻohe ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo ʻino. ʻO ia ke kumu i pepehi ai nā kānaka he nui iā lākou iho i ko lākou hoʻi ʻana mai. Ma 70,000 Ua pepehi ka poʻe kahiko iā lākou iho mai Vietnam mai, a 58,000 make i ke kaua. ʻAʻohe paia hoʻomanaʻo no lākou. ”
"Aia kekahi pilina ma waena o nā lāʻau a me PTSD?" Nīnau ʻo ia. "He ʻoiaʻiʻo, akā iaʻu ka ʻāpana paʻakikī ka hoʻokaʻawale aʻu i ʻike ai i koʻu hoʻi ʻana mai. ʻAʻohe mea nāna e mālama. Ua lilo wau i mea addict heroin a me nā mea ʻona, a hele wale i ka hoʻōla i ka makahiki 1998. Ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia nā lawelawe i kēia manawa, akā ke luku nei nā kāne o ka pūʻali koa i lawelawe i Iraq a me Afghanistan - ua ʻoi aku ka nui o kā lākou helu i ka pepehi kanaka. "
ʻO ke kaua ma Suria
I kēia mau lā aku nei, ua ʻike nā hakakā hakakā o ka Hikina Waena i ka piʻi ʻana o Captagon, kahi amphetamine e ʻōlelo ʻia e hoʻoulu nei i ke kaua kūloko o Suria. I Nowemapa i hala, ua hopu ʻia he 11 miliona mau pila e nā luna Tureke ma ka palena o Suria-Tureke, ʻoiai kēia ʻApelila 1.5 miliona i hopu ʻia ma Kuwait. I loko o kahi pepa hōʻike BBC i kapa ʻia ʻo Syria's War Uluwehi O mai Kepakemapa 2015, ua ʻōlelo ʻia kahi mea hoʻohana e ʻōlelo ana: "ʻAʻohe makaʻu hou i ka wā aʻu i lawe ai iā Captagon. ʻAʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke hiamoe a papani paha i kou mau maka, poina iā ia. ”
ʻO Ramzi Haddad kahi psychiatrist Lebanona a me kahi mea paʻa o kahi kikowaena hōʻona i kapa ʻia ʻo Skoun. Ua wehewehe ʻo ia ʻo Captagon, "i hana ʻia ma Suria", ma kahi o "kahi manawa lōʻihi - ma kahi o 40 mau makahiki".
"Ua ʻike wau i ka hopena o ka lāʻau i ka poʻe. Eia ke lilo nei i mea kaulana i nā wahi hoʻomoana o nā puʻuhonua i hoʻopiha ʻia me nā mea pakele o Suria. Hiki i ka poʻe ke kūʻai aku iā ia mai nā mea kūʻai lāʻau lapaʻau no ʻelua mau dālā, no laila, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka cocaine a i ʻole ecstasy, "wahi a Haddad. "I ka wā pōkole e manaʻo ka poʻe i ka euphoric a me ka makaʻu ʻole a hiamoe iki lākou - maikaʻi loa no ka hakakā kaua, akā i ka wā lōʻihi e lawe mai i ka psychosis, paranoia a me nā hopena maʻi puʻuwai."
ʻO Calvin James, he Irishman ka mea i hana ma keʻano he lāʻau lapaʻau no Suria no tʻo ia ʻo Kurdish Red Crescent, ʻōlelo ʻoiai ʻaʻole ʻo ia i hālāwai me ka lāʻau, ua lohe ʻo ia he mea kaulana ia i waena o nā mea hakakā me ka Islamic State of Iraq a me nā mea hakakā pūʻulu Levant, i kapa ʻia ʻo ISIL a i ʻole ISIS.
"Hiki iā ʻoe ke haʻi mai i ke ʻano o ka poʻe. I kekahi manawa ua ʻike mākou i kekahi lālā o ISIS i loko o kahi halihali kanaka me ʻelima mau keiki a ua ʻeha nui ʻo ia. ʻAʻole ʻo ia i nānā iki a noi mai iaʻu i wai, ua pīhoihoi ʻo ia, "wahi a James. "Ua hoʻāʻo kekahi kāne e puhi iā ia iho, akā ʻaʻole holo ia a ke ola nei nō ia. Eia hou, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i ʻike nui i ka ʻeha. Ua mālama ʻia ʻo ia i ka haukapila me nā mea ʻē aʻe āpau. ”
ʻAʻole kahaha ʻo Gerry Hickey, kahi ʻaha kūkā kolohe a me psychotherapist i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ʻIlani, e nā mea hou i ʻike ʻia.
"ʻO Delusion kahi ʻāpana o ka papa a ʻo nā opiates ka mea hoʻomake loa no ka mea hoʻonāukiuki lākou i ka poʻe a hāʻawi iā lākou i kahi ʻano palekana wahaheʻe. No laila, ʻoiaʻiʻo, kūpono kūpono lākou i nā koa wāwae, nā kāpena moku a me nā mea hoʻoweliweli hou loa, "i ʻōlelo ʻo ia.
"Makemake nā kāpena e hoʻomoe i ko lākou pūʻali koa i ka wā o ka wā kaua i mea e maʻalahi ai ka ʻoihana pepehi kanaka, ʻoiai lākou e lawe i nā lāʻau i mea e mālama ai i kā lākou narcissism, megalomania a me ka hoʻopunipuni."
"ʻAʻole ia he mea e kahaha ai iaʻu inā e puhi ʻia nā pōkā pepehi kanaka a hiki i ke kahakaha," i hoʻohui ʻia.
"ʻO ka mea e pili ana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau, ʻaʻole lilo ka noʻonoʻo o ka poʻe ma hope o kekahi manawa, akā ua hōʻino hoʻi ko lākou olakino kino ma hope o ka hoʻohana wā lōʻihi, keu hoʻi ke paʻi nā addicts i kā lākou 40."
Inā i loko o kahi mokuʻāina ʻo Hitler e haʻalele ana i kēlā mau pule hope o ke kaua, ʻaʻole ia he mea ʻē ke luliluli a anuanu hoʻi ʻo ia. "Hele ka poʻe i ka huki ʻana i kahi haʻalulu nui a make pinepine. Pono lākou i nā lāʻau ʻē aʻe i kēlā manawa. ʻEkolu mau pule e hoʻoponopono ai. ”
"Hoʻomaʻamaʻa iki wau i ka wā e nīnau ai ka poʻe, 'Mahalo wau i hea lākou e loaʻa ai ka ikehu," "Hōʻike ʻo ia. "ʻAe mai nānā hou."
Loaʻa ʻo Aritcle ma Al Jazeera: http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/feature/2016/10/history-war-drugs-vikings-nazis-161005101505317.html
