Na Peter van den Dungen, World BEYOND War, Ianuali 23, 2022
Nānā Buke: No ke aha ke kaua? na Christopher Coker, Lādana, Hurst, 2021, 256 pp., £20 (Hardback), ISBN 9781787383890
He pane pōkole a ʻoi aku no ke aha ke kaua? i hiki i ka poe heluhelu wahine ke waiho mai 'no ke kane!' ʻO kekahi pane ʻē aʻe paha 'no nā manaʻo i hōʻike ʻia ma nā puke e like me kēia!' 'Ōleloʻo Christopher Coker i 'ka mea pohihihi o ke kaua' (4) a ua ʻōlelo ʻo 'Humans inescapably violent' (7); 'O ke kaua ka mea e hana ai kakou i kanaka' (20); 'Aʻole loa mākou e pakele i ke kaua no ka mea aia nā palena i ka mamao e hiki ai iā mākou ke waiho i ko mākou kumu ma hope o mākou' (43). ʻOiai no ke aha ke kaua? Ke hoʻomanaʻo koke nei ʻo ia i ka palapala like i kapa ʻia ma waena o Albert Einstein a me Sigmund Freud, 1 i paʻi ʻia ma 1933 e ka International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations, ʻaʻole ʻo Coker i kuhikuhi iā ia. ʻAʻohe mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo CEM Joad's Why War? (1939). ʻO ko Joad manaʻo (ʻokoʻa me Coker's) ua ʻōlelo wiwo ʻole ʻia ma ka uhi o kēia 1939 Penguin Special: 'ʻO kaʻu hihia ʻaʻole ia he mea hiki ʻole ke pale aku, akā ʻo ia ka hopena o kekahi mau kūlana kanaka; hiki i ke kanaka ke hoopau ia mau mea, e like me kona hoopau ana i na kulana i ulu mai ai ke ahulau'. ʻO ka puʻupuʻu like ʻole ka ʻike ʻole ʻana i kahi mea maʻamau i ke kumuhana, Kenneth N. Waltz's Man, the State and War ([1959] 2018). Ua hoʻokokoke kēia mea manaʻo koʻikoʻi o nā pilina pili honua i ka nīnau ma ka ʻike ʻana i ʻekolu 'kiʻi' hoʻokūkū o ke kaua, e ʻimi ana i ka pilikia ma nā hiʻohiʻona koʻikoʻi o ke kanaka, ka mokuʻāina, a me ka ʻōnaehana honua. Ua hoʻoholo ʻo Waltz, e like me Rousseau ma mua ona, ke kū nei nā kaua ma waena o nā mokuʻāina no ka mea ʻaʻohe mea e pale aku iā lākou (ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka maluhia pili i loko o nā aupuni-mokuʻāina e hoʻomaikaʻi i ke aupuni waena, me ka manaʻo ʻino i waena o lākou no ka nele o kahi ʻōnaehana. hooponopono honua). Mai ka makahiki 19, ʻo ka ulu ʻana o ka pili aupuni a me ka piʻi ʻana o ka luku ʻana o ke kaua ua hopena i nā hoʻāʻo e hōʻemi i ka hopena o ke kaua ma o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā hale o ka hoʻokele honua, ʻo ia hoʻi ka League of Nations ma hope o ke Kaua Honua Mua a me United Nā lāhui ma hope o ke Kaua Honua II. Ma ʻEulopa, ua hoʻokō ʻia nā hoʻolālā o ke kenekulia e lanakila ai i ke kaua (ma ka liʻiliʻi loa) i ke kaʻina hana i hopena i ka European Union a ua hoʻoikaika i ka puka ʻana o nā hui kūloko ʻē aʻe. Ma kahi o ka pohihihi no kahi polopeka i hoʻomaha loa ʻia o nā pilina pili honua ma ka LSE, ʻo ka wehewehe ʻana o Coker i ke kaua ke nānā ʻole i ke kuleana o ka mokuʻāina a me nā hemahema o ka hoʻokele honua a noʻonoʻo wale i ke kanaka.
Ua ʻike ʻo ia ʻo ka hana a ka ethologist Dutch, ʻo Niko Tinbergen ('ka mea āu i lohe ʻole ai') - 'ʻo ke kanaka nāna i nānā i nā seagulls' (Tinbergen [1953] 1989), ka mea i pīhoihoi i kā lākou hana hoʻomāinoino - hāʻawi i ka ʻO ke ala maikaʻi loa e hāʻawi i kahi pane no ke aha ke kaua? (7). Hōʻike ʻia nā ʻōlelo e pili ana i ke ʻano o nā holoholona like ʻole ma ka puke. Eia naʻe, kākau ʻo Coker ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia ke kaua ma ka honua holoholona a ʻo ka haʻi ʻana iā Thucydides, ʻo ke kaua ke 'mea kanaka'. Ua hahai ka mea kākau iā 'The Tinbergen Method' (Tinbergen 1963) e nīnau ana i ʻehā mau nīnau e pili ana i ka ʻano: he aha kona kumu? He aha nā ʻano hana e hiki ai ke ulu? he aha kona ontogeny (historical evolution)? a he aha kāna hana? (11). Hoʻolaʻa ʻia kahi mokuna i kēlā me kēia laina o ka nīnau me kahi mokuna hoʻopau (ka mea hoihoi loa) e kamaʻilio ana i nā mea e hiki mai ana. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi a me ka hua inā ʻike ʻo Coker i ka hana a ke kaikunāne o Niko ʻo Jan (ʻo ia ka mea i hāʻawi i ka makana Nobel mua ma ka ʻoihana waiwai i ka makahiki 1969; ua hāʻawi ʻo Niko i ka makana ma ka physiology a i ʻole ka lāʻau lapaʻau ma 1973). Inā ua lohe ʻo Coker i kekahi o nā mea hoʻokele waiwai koʻikoʻi o ka honua he kākāʻōlelo no ka League of Nations i nā makahiki 1930 a he kākoʻo ikaika no ke aupuni honua, ʻaʻohe mea i ʻōlelo ʻia. Ua hoʻolaʻa ʻia ka ʻoihana lōʻihi a hanohano a Jan i ke kōkua ʻana i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke kaiāulu, me ka pale ʻana a me ka hoʻopau ʻana i ke kaua. Ma kāna puke i kākau pū ʻia, Warfare and welfare (1987), ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻo Jan Tinbergen i ka hiki ʻole ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia o ka pono a me ka palekana. Ua kapa ʻia ka Network of European Peace Scientists i kāna hālāwai kūkā makahiki ma hope ona (20th edition in 2021). He mea kūpono hoʻi e kuhikuhi ʻo Niko Tinbergen hoa hana, ka ethologist a me ka zoologist kaulana ʻo Robert Hinde, ka mea i lawelawe ma ka RAF i ka wā o ke Kaua Honua II, ʻo ia ka pelekikena o ka British Pugwash Group a me ka Movement for the Abolition of War.
Ua kākau ʻo Coker, 'Aia kahi kumu kikoʻī aʻu i kākau ai i kēia puke. Ma ke ao Komohana, ʻaʻole mākou e hoʻomākaukau i kā mākou mau keiki no ke kaua' (24). He mea kānalua kēia koi, a ʻoiai kekahi e ʻae a hoʻokolokolo i kēia hemahema, e pane mai kekahi, 'e like me - pono mākou e aʻo no ka maluhia, ʻaʻole ke kaua'. Hoʻopuka ʻo ia i ka manaʻo i nā hana moʻomeheu e kōkua i ka hoʻomau ʻana o ke kaua a nīnau, 'ʻAʻole anei mākou i hoʻāʻo e hūnā i ka ʻino o ke kaua. . . a ʻaʻole anei ʻo ia kekahi o nā kumu e hoʻoikaika ai? ʻAʻole anei mākou e hoʻomaʻamaʻa iā mākou iho a hiki i ka make ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā euphemisms e like me "the Fallen"?' (104). ʻOiaʻiʻo, akā ʻaʻole makemake ʻo ia e ʻae ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia kēlā mau mea. ʻAʻole paha i hala ʻole ʻo Coker iā ia iho i kāna ʻōlelo ʻana, 'ʻaʻohe kapu i ke kaua. ʻAʻohe kauoha e ʻike ʻia e kūʻē iā ia i loko o nā kānāwai he ʻumi' (73) - e hōʻike ana ʻaʻole pili ʻoe i ka pepehi kanaka ma ke kaua. No Harry Patch (1898–2009), ke koa Pelekania hope loa o ke Kaua Honua I, 'Ua ho'onohonoho 'ia ke kaua i ka pepehi kanaka, 'a'ohe mea e ae'2; no Leo Tolstoy, 'he poʻe pepehi kanaka nā koa i ka lole lole'. Nui nā ʻōlelo e pili ana i ke Kaua a me ka Maluhia (Tolstoy 1869) akā ʻaʻohe mea i kāna mau palapala hope, ʻokoʻa loa ma ke kumuhana (Tolstoy 1894, 1968).
Ma ka pena kiʻi, kahi ʻano moʻomeheu ʻē aʻe a Coker i manaʻo ai, ʻōlelo ʻo ia: 'O ka hapa nui o nā mea pena . . . ʻaʻole i ʻike i kahi kahua kaua, a no laila ʻaʻole i pena ʻia mai ka ʻike lima mua. . . Ua noho maluhia kā lākou hana me ka ʻole o ka huhū a me ka huhū, a i ʻole ke aloha kumu no ka poʻe i loaʻa i ke kaua. ʻAʻole lākou i koho e ʻōlelo ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka poʻe i noho leo ʻole i nā makahiki '(107). ʻO kēia kekahi kumu ʻē aʻe e hoʻoikaika ai i ke kaua, akā naʻe, hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia a ʻo kona mau manaʻo, ʻaʻole ia e nānā. Eia kekahi, ke nānā aku nei ʻo ia i nā hana a kekahi o nā mea pena kiʻi nui o kēia wā e like me ka Russian Vasily Vereshchagin. Ua hoʻolaha ʻo William T. Sherman, ka luna koa ʻAmelika o nā pūʻali koa Union i ka wā o ke Kaua Kivila ʻAmelika, ʻo ia ka mea pena kiʻi nui loa o nā mea weliweli o ke kaua i ola ʻia. Ua lilo ʻo Vereshchagin i koa i ʻike i ke kaua mai ka ʻike pilikino a ua make ma luna o kahi moku kaua i ka wā o ke Kaua Russo-Iapana. Ma kekahi mau ʻāina, ua pāpā ʻia nā koa e kipa i nā hōʻikeʻike o kāna (anti-) kiʻi kiʻi kaua. Ua papa ʻia kāna puke e pili ana i ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana a Napoleona Lūkini (Verestchagin 1899) ma Farani. Pono e haʻi ʻia ʻo Iri lāua ʻo Toshi Maruki, nā mea pena Kepani o nā panela Hiroshima. Aia kekahi hōʻike ʻoi aku o ka huhū a i ʻole ka huhū ma mua o Picasso's Guernica? Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Coker iā ia akā ʻaʻole ia i haʻi ʻia ʻo ke ʻano tapestry i hōʻike ʻia a hiki i kēia manawa i ka hale UN ma New York ua uhi kaulana ʻia i Pepeluali 2003, i ka wā i hoʻopaʻapaʻa ai ke Kakauolelo o ka Mokuʻāina ʻo US ʻo Colin Powell i ka hihia no ke kaua kūʻē iā Iraq. 3
ʻOiai ua kākau ʻo Coker ʻo ke Kaua Honua I wale nō i pena ai nā mea pena i nā kiʻi 'e pono ke hoʻonāwaliwali i ka mea i manaʻo e hoʻohui i nā kala' (108), ua hāmau ʻo ia i nā ʻano hana like ʻole i hoʻohana ʻia e nā luna mokuʻāina e pale aku i ka hoʻonāwaliwali. Hoʻopili lākou i ka censorship, ka pāpā ʻana a me ka puhi ʻana i ia mau hana - ʻaʻole wale, no ka laʻana, ma Nazi-Kelemānia akā ma US a me UK a hiki i kēia manawa. ʻO ka wahaheʻe, ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana, a me ka hoʻopunipuni ʻana i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ma mua, i ka wā a ma hope o ke kaua, ua kākau maikaʻi ʻia i nā hōʻike kahiko e, e laʻa me Arthur Ponsonby (1928) a me Philip Knightly ([1975] 2004) a, i kēia mau lā, ma The Pentagon Papers ( Vietnam War),4 The Iraq Inquiry (Chilcot) Report,5 and Craig Whitlock's The Afghanistan Papers (Whitlock 2021). Pēlā nō, mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana, ua hoʻopuni ʻia nā mea kaua nuklea e kahi huna, censorship a me ka wahaheʻe, me ka hopena o ka pana ʻana o Hiroshima a me Nagasaki i ʻAukake 1945. ʻAʻole hiki ke hōʻike ʻia nā hōʻike o ia mea ma kāna 50th anniversary ma 1995 i kahi hōʻike nui i hōʻike ʻia. ua hoʻolālā ʻia ma ka Smithsonian ma Wakinekona DC; ua kāpae ʻia a ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka luna hale hōʻikeʻike no ka maikaʻi. ʻO nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni mua o ka luku ʻia ʻana o nā kūlanakauhale ʻelua i kāʻili ʻia a hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ka US (e ʻike, eg Mitchell 2012; e ʻike pū i ka loiloi a Loretz [2020]) ʻoiai ua pāpā ka BBC i ka hōʻike ʻana ma ke kīwī o The War Game, kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni i loaʻa iā ia. kauoha ʻia e pili ana i ka hopena o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i kahi pōkā nuklea ma Lākana. Ua hoʻoholo ʻo ia ʻaʻole e hoʻolaha i ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni no ka makaʻu e hoʻoikaika i ka neʻe ʻana o nā mea kaua nuklea. Ua hoʻopaʻi ʻia a hoʻopaʻi ʻia nā mea hoʻoheheʻe wiwo ʻole e like me Daniel Ellsberg, Edward Snowden a me Julian Assange no ko lākou hōʻike ʻana i ka hoʻopunipuni kūhelu, nā hewa o nā kaua hakakā, a me nā hewa kaua.
I kona wā kamaliʻi, makemake nui ʻo Coker i ka pāʻani ʻana me nā koa pāʻani a ʻoiai ʻo kona wā ʻōpio he mea makemake nui ia i nā pāʻani kaua. Ua hāʻawi manawaleʻa ʻo ia no ka pūʻali cadet kula a ua hauʻoli ʻo ia i ka heluhelu ʻana e pili ana i ke Kaua Trojan a me kona mau koa a ua pumehana i nā moʻolelo o nā pūkaua nui e like me Alexander a me Julius Caesar. ʻO ka hope ʻo ia 'kekahi o ka poʻe hoʻouka kaua nui loa o nā manawa āpau. Ma hope o ka hoʻoikaika ʻana no nā makahiki ʻehiku, hoʻi ʻo ia i Roma me hoʻokahi miliona mau pio i ke kaʻa i kūʻai ʻia i hoʻoluhi, a laila . . . e hoʻolilo iā ia i billionaire i ka pō' (134). I loko o ka mōʻaukala, ua pili ke kaua a me nā koa me ka hoʻokalakupua a me ka hauʻoli, a me ka hanohano a me ka heroism. ʻO nā manaʻo a me nā loina hope i lawe ʻia e ka mokuʻāina, ke kula a me ka hale pule. ʻAʻole ʻōlelo ʻo Coker i ka pono o kahi ʻano hoʻonaʻauao ʻē aʻe, o ka hero a me ka mōʻaukala i hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia ma mua o 500 mau makahiki i hala (i ka wā kahiko o ke kaua a me nā mea kaua i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me kēia lā) e ke alakaʻi ʻana i nā humanists (a me nā mea hoʻohewa o ka mokuʻāina, kula a me ka hale pule). e like me Erasmus lāua ʻo Vives nā mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ka hoʻonaʻauao o kēia wā. Ua pili nui ʻo Vives i ke kākau ʻana a me ke aʻo ʻana i ka mōʻaukala a ua hoʻohewa ʻo ia i kāna mau palaho, me ka ʻōlelo ʻana 'ʻOi aku ka ʻoiaʻiʻo e kapa iā Herodotus (ʻo ia ka mea i ʻōlelo pinepine ʻia e Coker ma ke ʻano he mea haʻi maikaʻi i nā moʻolelo kaua) ka makua kāne o ka wahaheʻe ma mua o ka mōʻaukala. Ua kūʻē ʻo Vives i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana iā Julius Caesar no ka hoʻouna ʻana i nā tausani he nui i ka make ʻino i ke kaua. He mea hoʻohewa koʻikoʻi ʻo Erasmus iā Pope Julius II (kekahi mea mahalo iā Kaisara, ʻo ia ka pope, ua lawe i kona inoa) i ʻōlelo ʻia ua hoʻonui ka manawa ma ke kahua kaua ma mua o ka Vatican.
ʻAʻohe mea i ʻōlelo ʻia no ka nui o nā pono pili i pili, a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana, ke kaua, ʻo ka mea mua loa ka ʻoihana koa, nā mea hana mea kaua a me nā mea kālepa mea kaua (aka 'kālepa o ka make'). Ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa kekahi koa ʻAmelika kaulana a hoʻonani nui ʻia, ʻo Major General Smedley D. Butler, ʻo War is a Racket (1935) kahi e uku ai ka poʻe liʻiliʻi i nā koina. Ma kāna haʻiʻōlelo aloha i ka poʻe ʻAmelika (1961), ua wānana wānana ʻo Pelekikena Dwight Eisenhower, kekahi pūʻali koa US i hoʻonani ʻia i ka pōʻino o ka ulu ʻana o ka pūʻali koa-ʻoihana. ʻO ke ala e komo ai i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ke kaua, a me kāna hana a me ka hōʻike ʻana, ua kākau maikaʻi ʻia (me nā puke i haʻi ʻia ma luna). Nui nā haʻawina hihia e hoʻomālamalama ana i ke kumu a me ke ʻano o nā kaua o kēia wā a hāʻawi i nā pane maopopo a hoʻopilikia i ka nīnau No ke aha ke kaua? ʻO ke ʻano o nā manu kai ʻaʻahu me he mea lā he mea pili ʻole. ʻAʻole ʻo ia mau haʻawina hihia i hoʻokumu ʻia i nā hōʻike hōʻike i ʻāpana o ka hoʻokolokolo a Coker. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia mai ka puke moʻolelo hoihoi nui o ca. ʻO 350 poʻo inoa ka puke naʻauao e pili ana i ka maluhia, ka hoʻoholo hakakā a me ka pale kaua. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia ka huaʻōlelo 'peace' mai ka puke puke; ʻike ʻia kahi ʻōlelo kakaikahi ma ke poʻo inoa o ka puke kaulana a Tolstoy. No laila ua naʻaupō ka mea heluhelu i nā ʻike e pili ana i nā kumu o ke kaua ma muli o ka noiʻi maluhia a me nā noiʻi maluhia i puka mai i ka 1950s ma muli o ka hopohopo i ke kaua i ka makahiki nuklea i hoʻoweliweli i ke ola o ke kanaka. I loko o ka puke idiosyncratic a huikau a Coker, ʻo nā kuhikuhi ʻana i ka laulā o nā palapala a me nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni e hoʻokūkū nei i ka ʻaoʻao; ʻO nā mea ʻokoʻa i hoʻolei ʻia i loko o ka hui ʻana e hana i kahi manaʻo haunaele. No ka laʻana, ʻaʻole i hoʻolauna ʻia ʻo Clausewitz a laila puka mai ʻo Tolkien (99–100); Homer, Nietzsche, Shakespeare a me Virginia Woolf (ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe) e kāhea ʻia ma nā ʻaoʻao e hiki mai ana.
ʻAʻole manaʻo ʻo Coker e loaʻa iā mākou nā kaua no ka mea 'ua paʻa ka honua a ua nele ka maluhia' (ke Kakauolelo Nui o UN Ban Ki-moon). A i ʻole no ka mea e alakaʻi mau ʻia ana mākou e ka dictum kahiko (a i hōʻino ʻia), Si vis pacem, para bellum (Inā makemake ʻoe i ka maluhia, e hoʻomākaukau no ke kaua). Ma muli paha o ka hūnā ʻana o ka ʻōlelo a mākou e hoʻohana ai i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ke kaua a ua uhi ʻia i nā euphemisms: ua lilo nā ʻoihana kaua i mau ʻoihana pale, a i kēia manawa palekana. ʻAʻole ʻo Coker (a i ʻole ma ka hele wale ʻana) e hoʻoponopono i kēia mau pilikia, hiki ke manaʻo ʻia nā mea a pau he mea kōkua i ka hoʻomau ʻana o ke kaua. ʻO ke kaua a me nā koa ka mea i hoʻomalu i nā puke mōʻaukala, nā monuments, nā hale hōʻikeʻike, nā inoa o nā alanui a me nā ʻāpana. ʻO nā hana hou a me nā neʻe ʻana no ka decolonization o ka haʻawina a me ke kahua ākea, a no ka hoʻoponopono lāhui a me ke kāne a me ke kaulike, pono e hoʻonui ʻia i ka demilitarization o ke kaiāulu. Ma kēiaʻano, hiki i kahi moʻomeheu o ka maluhia a me ka hanaʻinoʻole ke hoʻololi mālie i kahi moʻomeheu paʻa loa o ke kaua a me ka hanaʻino.
Ke kūkākūkā nei ʻo ia iā HG Wells a me nā 'manaʻo noʻonoʻo ʻē aʻe o ka wā e hiki mai ana,' kākau ʻo Coker, 'ʻO ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka wā e hiki mai ana, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole ia he manaʻo e hoʻokumu ia' (195–7). Eia naʻe, ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻo IF Clarke (1966) i kekahi manawa nā moʻolelo o ke kaua e hiki mai ana i hāpai i nā manaʻolana e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ai, i ka wā e hiki mai ai ke kaua, e ʻoi aku ka ʻino ma mua o ka hihia. Eia nō hoʻi, ʻo ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i kahi honua me ke kaua ʻole he mea nui (ʻoiai ʻaʻole lawa) no ka lawe ʻana mai. ʻO ke koʻikoʻi o kēia kiʻi i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka wā e hiki mai ana ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia, e laʻa, na E. Boulding lāua ʻo K. Boulding (1994), ʻelua mau paionia noiʻi maluhia i hoʻoikaika ʻia kekahi o kā lākou hana e Fred L. Polak's The Image of the Future (1961). He kiʻi hoʻokahe koko ma ka uhi o Why War? wahi a pau. Ua kākau ʻo Coker, 'O ka heluhelu ʻana he mea ʻokoʻa kākou; ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka nānā ʻana i ke ola. . . ʻO ka heluhelu ʻana i kahi moʻolelo kaua hoʻoikaika e hiki ai iā mākou ke hoʻopaʻa i ka manaʻo o ka maikaʻi o ke kanaka' (186). He ala ʻē kēia e hoʻoulu ai i ka maikaʻi o ke kanaka.
Notes
- No ke aha ke kaua? ʻO Einstein iā Freud, 1932, https://en.unesco.org/courier/may-1985/ why-war-letter-albert-einstein-sigmund-freud Freud iā Einstein, 1932, https:// en.unesco.org /courier/marzo-1993/why-war-letter-freud-einstein
- Patch and Van Emden (2008); Puke leo, ISBN-13: 9781405504683.
- No ka hana hou ʻana i nā hana a nā mea pena i ʻōlelo ʻia, e ʻike iā War and Art i hoʻoponopono ʻia e Joanna Bourke a loiloi ʻia ma kēia puke pai, Vol 37, No.
- Nā pepa Pentagon: https://www.archives.gov/research/pentagon-papers
- ʻO ka Inquiry Iraq (Chilcot): https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20171123122743/http://www.iraqinquiry.org.uk/the-report/
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ʻO Peter van den Dungen
ʻO Bertha Von Suttner Peace Institute, The Hague
petervandendungen1@gmail.com
Ua paʻi hou ʻia kēia ʻatikala me nā hoʻololi liʻiliʻi. ʻAʻole pili kēia mau hoʻololi i ka ʻike haʻawina o ka ʻatikala.
© 2021 Peter van den Dungen
https://doi.org/10.1080/13623699.2021.1982037
