e Joseph Essertier, ʻOkakopa 31, 2017
mai ka Heluhelu
"ʻAʻole hiki ke hilinaʻi ke kanaka, ʻaʻole hoʻi he lāhui, a me kahi lāhui kanaka e hana pono i ke kanaka a me ka noʻonoʻo pono ma lalo o ka manaʻo o ka makaʻu nui."
- Bertrand Russell, Nā Kuhi Kuʻuna (1950) [1]
Ke hōʻike nei ka pilikia ʻo North Korea i nā kānaka ma ka hema no ka laulima o nā liberal a me nā mea nui i hoʻohaki ʻia i mua iā mākou. I kēia manawa, ʻoi aku ka mea e pono iā mākou e hoʻokaʻawale i kā mākou mau mea kūlohelohe a me ka hana ʻino ʻana e hoʻopuni ana i ka hihia o nā mea kaua kaua a e nīnau i nā nīnau paʻakikī e koi ana i nā pane maʻalahi. ʻO ka manawa kēia e hoʻihoʻi a noʻonoʻo no ka mea pili i ka lālani ʻo Korea, e hoʻoweliweli ana i ka maluhia o ka honua a hiki i ke ola ʻana o nā ʻano kanaka. Ua hala loa ka manawa i loaʻa iā mākou ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa kūkā e pili ana i ka pilikia o Wakinekona i Korea Kalani a me kāna mīkini koa. Eia kekahi mea ʻai no ka noʻonoʻo e pili ana i nā pilikia e kahe ʻia ana e lalo o ka kalaka ma nā hopena kūkaʻe kūloko - nā ʻōnaehana kūlohelohe no nā hanauna o nā ʻAmelika i mālama ʻia i ka pōʻeleʻele e pili ana i nā ʻike maoli kumu. ʻO nā mea kūkala nui a me nā poʻe he nui ma waho o ka panawai ma nā wahi nūhou a me ka holomua, e hoʻomāliuli i ka hoʻopunipuni a Wakinekona.
ʻO ka mea mua, pono mākou e alo i ka manaʻo i hemahema ʻole ʻo mākou nā ʻAmelika, a me kā mākou aupuni ma luna o ka mea nui, ʻo ia ka pilikia nui. E like me ka hapanui o nā poʻe mai ke Komohana, ʻike pinepine wau i kahi mea e pili ana i ka ʻAmelika North, no laila hiki iaʻu ke ʻōlelo iki no lākou. ʻO nā mea āpau e hiki ai iā mākou ke kamaʻilio e pili ana me ka hilinaʻi ʻo kā Kim Jong-un aupuni. Hoʻopau i ka kūkākūkā ʻana i kēlā, hiki iā mākou ke ʻōlelo ʻia ʻaʻole he kūpono kona hoʻoweliweli ʻia. No ke aha mai? ʻO ke kumu maʻalahi:
Ma muli o ke ʻanoʻokoʻa o ka mana ma waena o ke ʻano koa o ka US, e komo pū ana me nā pūʻali koa kaua āpau, a me North Korea. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa he nui loa ia he ʻokoʻa ke kūkākūkā ʻana, akā eia nā mea nui:
Nā waihona US: Aia ʻo Washington i ka liʻiliʻi o ka pūʻali koa 15 i pālahalaha ma ka ʻaoʻao o South Korea, ka nui o lākou e kokoke i ka palena me Korea ʻĀina. Aia kekahi paona i hoʻolaha ʻia ma Iāpana, mai Okinawa ma ka ʻaoʻao mamao a hiki i Misawa Air Force Base.[2] ʻO nā kumu ma Kina Hema he mau mea kaua me ka hiki ke luku ʻia ma mua o nā mea kaua nukila i mālama ʻia e Wakinekona ma South Korea no 30 mau makahiki mai 1958 a 1991.[3] Aia nā kumukūʻai ma Iapana i ka mokulele ʻo Osprey hiki ke hānai i ka nui o nā kahe o ke kaʻa ʻelua i piha i nā pūʻali koa a me nā mea hana ma Korea i kēlā me kēia huakaʻi.
ʻO nā māka moku lele: ʻAʻole emi iho ma mua o ʻekolu mau mokulele mokulele i loko o nā wai a puni nā Peninsula Korea a me kā lākou pūʻulu kaua o nā mea luku.[4] ʻAʻole ka hapa nui o nā ʻāina i kahi ukana mokulele.
P ʻĀ: Ma ʻApelila o kēia makahiki ua kau aku ʻo Wakinekona i ka ʻōnaehana THAAD ("terminal high area high defense") ʻoiai ka kūʻē kūwaho ʻana mai nā ʻōiwi Hema Hema.[5] Eia wale nō ke kānalua i nā missile balistic nui o Korea i ko lākou iho lalo, akā hopohopo nā luna o Kina i ke kumu ʻo THAAD no ka "track missiles i hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai Kina" mai ʻo kā THAAD he mau mākaʻi loiloi.[6] No laila, hoʻoweliweli ʻo THAAD i ka ʻĀkau o Korea me ka hoʻoweliweli ʻole ʻia.
ʻO ʻAmelika Hema: ʻO kēia kekahi o nā pūʻali koa ākea kūʻokoʻa a puni ka honua, i piha me ka mīkini piha piha piha ʻana a me nā mea kaua i koi ʻia ma mua o ka lawa e hoʻokō ai i ka hoʻoweliweli ʻana mai o ka ʻāpono o Korea.[7] Ka hana a maikaʻi ʻia ka pūʻali koa Korea i ka hana a ka pūʻali koa US no ka mea hana pinepine lākou i ka hana ʻana e like me ka “nui kai lawena, ʻāina a me nā leʻaleʻa ea” i kapa ʻia ʻo "Ulchi Freedom Guardian" e pili ana i ka ʻumi kaukani mau pūʻali koa.[8] ʻAʻole ka hopohopo i kahi manawa e hoʻoweliweli aku ai iā Pyongyang, ua hana ʻia kēia ma ka hopena o ʻAukake 2017 ʻoiai me ka lohi o ke kuhi.
Pūʻali koa Iapana: ʻO ka euphemistically i kapa ʻia ʻo "Forces-Defence Forces" o Iapana ua lako pono me kekahi o nā mea kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, nā hana koa ʻino i ka honua, e like me nā mokulele AWACS a me ʻOspreys.[9] Me ke kumukānāwai maluhia o Iapana, ua "hewa" kēia mau mea kaua i ka manaʻo hoʻokahi o ka ʻōlelo.
ʻO nā māla lau me nā missile nuklea. Loaʻa nā US i nā mokuahi āpau i kokoke i ka Penina Korea ua lako ʻia i nā missile nukali i loaʻa iā ia ke "hoʻoikaika super-target capability" i aloha i kahi "super-fuze" hou e hoʻohana ʻia nei e hoʻomaikaʻi hou i nā kahua thermonuclear kahiko. ʻĀnō ke kau nei ma luna o nā submarines missile ballistic US ʻē aʻe.[10] ʻO ka mākaʻi ʻehā mea paʻakikī ʻoi ʻia e pili ana i kā lākou hiki ke hoʻopau i nā pōkoki paʻakikī e like me ka ICBM Russia (ʻo ia hoʻi, nā pālepila nukila ma lalo). He paʻakikī loa kēia i mua e luku aku. Ke hoʻoweliweli nei kēia ʻeha i ka ʻĀkau o Korea no ka mea ʻo Lūkia kekahi o nā ʻāina i hiki ke kōkua iā lākou i ka hanana ʻana o ka US.
E like me ka ʻōlelo ʻana a ko US Defense Secretary James Mattis, he kaua me ka ʻĀpana ʻAmelika e “pōʻino.”[11] He ʻoiaʻiʻo nō ia - pōpilikia nui no ka poʻe Koreana, ʻĀkau a me ke kūkulu hema, a i ʻole no nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe ma ka ʻāina, ʻaʻole nō naʻe no ʻAmelika Hema a ua koʻo ʻia nō hoʻi "i hāpai ʻia i ka paia," ʻo nā ʻenehana o North Korea e "hakakā," me Ua haʻi aku ʻo Profesor Bruce Cumings, ka mea kākau moʻolelo mua o Korea ma ke Kulanui o Chicago.[12] E luku loa ʻo ʻAmelika i ke aupuni ma ke kaona ʻo Pyongyang ma North Korea a ʻoi paha a pau i North Korea, e like me ka ʻae o ka Pelekikena Pelekane ʻo Trump.[13] E hana ana ʻo North Korea i kekahi pōʻino nui i Seoul, kekahi o nā kūlanakauhale paʻa loa o ka honua, e hoʻopiʻi ana i nā miliona o nā mea i make ma South Korea a me nā ʻumi tausani i Iapana. E like me ka mea a ka mea kākau moʻolelo ʻo Paul Atwood, ʻoiai ua ʻike mākou e "ke aupuni ʻākau ke loaʻa nā mea kaua nukleia e hoʻokū ʻia ma nā waihona ʻAmelika [ma South Korea] a me Iapana, pono mākou e hoʻōho mai nā puʻu uaka e hoʻouka ʻia e kahi hoʻouka kaua ʻAmelika i kēlā mau nukes. hiki paha ma ka ʻaoʻao āpau, a hiki i ka neoneo neʻe i lalo i kahi lā nui o ka helu ʻana no nā ʻano ola holoʻokoʻa. "[14]
ʻAʻole kekahi'āina ma ka honua e hiki ke hoʻoweliweli i ka US. He manawa. Ua kākau ʻo David Stockman, he Luna Kūʻai ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa mai ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, "ʻAʻole ʻoe e ʻae i ka mea, ʻaʻole pololei kekahi ʻoihana ʻenehana nui, ʻo nā ʻāina kiʻekiʻe o ke ao nei e hiki ʻole ai ka hoʻoweliweli i ka ʻāina ʻōiwi ʻAmelika a i ʻole nā manaʻo liʻiliʻi paha e hana ia hana. . "[15] He nīnau ʻo ia, "Ua manaʻo ʻoe e make paha ʻo Putin e hoʻoweliweli i ka US me nā mea kaua nukleia?" ʻO kēlā me kekahi 1,500 "hoʻoili kaua nukleʻa neʻe."
"Siegfried Hecker, ka luna hoʻomalu o ka National Alam Laboratory ʻo Los Alamos a me ka luna ʻike hope loa o ʻAmelika e nānā i nā kahua kaulike o ko Korea ʻĀpana, ua helu ʻia ka nui o ka pā kaua o North Korea i nā ʻoi aku ma mua o ka 20 a i ka 25 pōmaikaʻi."[16] Inā he mea hoʻomāino ʻia no Putin e hoʻomaka i ke kaua me ka US, a laila e truer no Kim Jong-un o North Korea, kahi ʻāina he hapaʻumi o ka lehulehu o US a me ka waiwai liʻiliʻi.
ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mākaukau kaua o ka pūʻali koa e hele i luna a ʻoi aku hoʻi ma mua o ka mea e pono ai e pale aku ai i ko Korea Hema. Ua hoʻoweliweli ʻole ʻia ʻo ʻApika Kalani, Kina a me Rūsia. E like me ka haʻi ʻana o Rev. Martin Luther King, ʻO Jr, ʻo ia ka US ʻo "ka mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe maoli i ka hana ʻino i ka honua." He ʻoiaʻiʻo nō ia i kona mau wā a ua like kēlā me kēia ʻano.
Ma nā wahi o ko Korea ʻĀpana, ʻo ka mea nui o ka manaʻo o kona aupuni i ka hana ʻana i ka hana hoʻomakee e hāʻawi ʻia i ka manaʻo me ka ʻōlelo ʻo "garrison state,"[17]pehea e koho ai iā Cumings. Hoʻomaopopo kēia huaʻōlelo i ka mea hiki ʻole ke hōʻaiʻē ka poʻe o North Korea i kā lākou manawa e hoʻomākaukau ai no ke kaua. ʻAʻole kekahi e kāhea iā North Korea ʻo "ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe hoʻomaʻemaʻe nui loa".
Na wai ka lima i ka pa?
Ua hōʻike koʻikoʻi kahi alakaʻi psychiatrist o Robert Jay Lifton i ka "hiki ʻana iā Donald Trump."[18] Hōʻike ʻo ia 'ʻo Trump' ʻike i ka honua ma kona manaʻo ponoʻī iho, nā mea e pono ai a me kāna manaʻo. A ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke hoʻopunipuni a palu ʻia a paʻakikī paha. "
I kona wā koho balota ʻaʻole i kūʻē ʻo Trump no ka nuclearization o Iapana a me South Korea, akā ua hōʻike ʻia kahi hoihoi weliweli maoli nō i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ia mau mea kaua. ʻO Donald Trump, kahi kāne i manaʻo ʻia he mau mākeke noʻonoʻo, aia nō ia i kāna mea kaua i hiki ke hoʻopau i ka honua i nā manawa he nui wale nō ka hōʻike ʻana i kahi hoʻoweliweli weliweli maoli, ʻo ia hoʻi he hoʻoweliweli kūpono.
Mai kēia hiʻohiʻona, ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "hoʻoweliweli" o North Korea e hele mai e like me ka nui o ke alapine i loko o kahi māacup.
Inā makaʻu ʻoe iā Kim Jong-un, e noʻonoʻo pono e pili ana i ka weliweli ʻĀpana ʻAmelika. Hiki iā Trump ke hoʻokuʻu i kahi ʻano nukle e pani ʻia i waho o ka hue e pono ana e ala i ke kāhea ʻia ʻana i nā poʻe a pau ma nā wahi politika e ala aʻe a hana ma mua o ka wā i hala.
Inā kūhewa ʻole ko mākou makaʻu iā Kim Jong-un iā mākou, a inā he manaʻo ʻole kona manaʻo e noho ana i kahi "misiona pepehi kanaka" i kēia manawa - ʻoiai ʻo ia, kāna mau pūkaua, a me kāna mau luna aupuni ka pōmaikaʻi o ka moʻokūʻauhau nāna e hāʻawi iā lākou ka mana nui a me nā pono - a laila he aha ke kumu o ko mākou hemahema, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka noʻonoʻo pono ʻole o ka poʻe i ka US. He aha nā mea āpau e pili ana? Makemake wau e hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻo kekahi kumu o kēia ʻano noʻonoʻo, ke ʻano o ka noʻonoʻo a mākou e ʻike nei i nā manawa āpau i ka pae home, he lāki maoli nō ia. ʻO kēia ʻano prejudice, e like me nā ʻano propaganda lehulehu, paipai ikaika ʻia e kahi aupuni e kākoʻo ana i kahi kulekele ʻē aʻe i alakaʻi ʻia e ka ʻai nui o ka 1% ma mua o nā pono o 99%.
ka "pani puka"ʻInihi
ʻO ke kumu o kā mākou kulekele ʻē aʻe hiki ke hōʻuluʻulu ʻia me ka huaʻōlelo propaganda keu e kū nei i kapa ʻia ʻo "Open Door Policy," e like me ka wehewehe ʻana a Atwood.[19] Hiki paha iā ʻoe ke hoʻomanaʻo i kēia ʻōlelo kahiko mai kahi papa moʻo kula kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka hōʻike hōʻike pōkole o Atwood i ka mōʻaukala o ka Open Door Policy e hōʻike iā mākou no ke aha e hiki ai iā ia ke lilo i mea wehe maka maoli, e hāʻawi ana i ke kī no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka mea e hana nei i ka wā ma mua o ka pili o North Korea-Washington. Ua kākau ʻo Atwood "ua hele ʻo ʻAmelika a me Iapana i kahi papa hoʻokūkū a ʻo nā 1920 a ʻo 1940, i waena o ke kaumaha honua, ua paʻa ʻia i loko o kahi hakakā o ka mea nui e pōmaikaʻi ana i ka hapa nui mai nā mākeke a me nā kumuwaiwai o Greater China a East East. ”Inā e wehewehe ʻo kekahi i ke kumu o ke kaua nui ʻana o ka Pakipika, e hele ana kekahi ʻōlelo. Ke hoʻomau nei ʻo Atwood, "ʻO ke kumu maoli o ka US e kūʻē nei i ka poʻe Kepani ma Asia ʻaʻole i kūkākūkā ʻia a he kumu paʻa i pāpā ʻia ma ka media hoʻokumu e like me nā kumu maoli o nā kulekele ʻē aʻe o ʻAmelika."
Ua ʻōlelo ʻia i kekahi manawa i ka US paʻa ai i ke komo ʻana o Iapana i nā waiwai ma ʻĀsia Hikina, akā e hōʻike ʻia ana ka pilikia ma ka ʻaoʻao hoʻokahi, e like me kekahi o ka hana aloha Kepani a e noho lanakila i ka hopena o ka hakakā ma mua o ko Wakinekona.
Ua wehewehe ʻo Atwood, "Ka ʻĀpana Nui o ʻĀkia Hema ma Japan e pani nei i ka" Open Door "i ke komo ʻana i ko ʻAmelika a me ke komo ʻana i nā waiwai waiwai o ʻAsia i ka manawa koʻikoʻi. I ka hoʻoilo ʻana o Iapana i East Asia ua neʻe aku ka US i ka Pākīpika Fleet i Hawaii i kahi mamao loa o Iapana, ua kau aku i ka hoʻopaʻi ʻana i ka hoʻokele waiwai, ua hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka kila a me ka aʻa a i ʻAukake 1941 ka hopena i ka hopena hope e haʻalele ai iā Kina a me Vietnam 'a i ʻole. Ke ʻike nei ʻo Iapana i ka hoʻoweliweli, ua ʻōkuhi ʻo Iapana i Tokyo kahi mua i mua o Hawaii. "He aha ka nui o kā mākou e manaʻoʻiʻo ai, ua hele aku ʻo Iapana i kahi ʻeka no ka mea i ka hoʻomalu ʻia e ke aupuni demokratika a me ka koa. ʻoiaʻiʻo ka moʻolelo kahiko o ka hana ʻino ma luna o ka mea nona ia mau kumuwaiwai hope o ka honua.
ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka ʻike o Cumings, ka mea i hoʻohana i ka wā lōʻihi e noiʻi ana i ka mōʻaukala Korea, ʻo ia hoʻi, e pili ana i ka pili o US-Korea, e pili pono ana i nā Atwood: "Mai ka wā i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai nā 'pahu puka puka' ma 1900 ma waena o kahi mākaʻina imperial no. ʻO ka waiwai o Kina, ʻo ka hopena nui loa o Wakinekona i loaʻa ʻole i ka holo pono ʻana ma ka moku ʻĀina o East; makemake no nā aupuni maoli i ikaika e hoʻomau i ke kūʻokoʻa akā ʻaʻole i ikaika nui e hoʻolei i ka mana o ke Komohana. "[20] ʻO ka ʻatikala pōkole akā ikaika a Atwood i hāʻawi i kekahi kiʻi nui o ka Open Door Policy, ʻoiai ma o Cumings 'hana, hiki i kekahi ke aʻo e pili ana i nā kikoʻī o ke kiʻi ʻana i Korea ma ka wā o ko ʻAmelika noho ʻana o ka ʻāina ma hope o ke Kaua Pakipika, ma o ka ʻaʻole ia. -U ʻole i koho balota koho balota mua loa o ke kanikani Korema ʻAmelika mua ʻo Syngman Rhee (1875 – 1965), a me ke kaua koa i Korea ma hope e pili ana. "Loaʻa ʻole ke komo ʻana ma ka ʻĀina Hema Hikina" ka manaʻo o ke komo ʻana i nā mākeke no nā papa pāʻoihana elite ʻAmelika, me ka lanakila o ka manawa o kēlā mau mākeke i hoʻohui ʻia
ʻO ka pilikia ka loaʻa ʻana o nā aupuni anticolonial ma Korea, Vietnam, a me Kina. Ke makemake nei kēia mau aupuni e hoʻohana i ko lākou waiwai no ka hoʻolālā kūʻokoʻa e pono ai e pōmaikaʻi ka lehulehu o ko lākou ʻāina, akā ʻo ka mea, ʻo ia nō hoʻi, he hae ʻulaʻula no ka "bipi" ʻo ia ka hana pūʻali koa ʻAmelika-ʻoihana. Ma muli o kēlā mau neʻe no ke kūʻokoʻa, ua hele ʻo Wakinekona no “ʻelua-ʻelua.” "Ua hana ʻo ʻAmelika i ka lua o ka lua maikaʻi loa i hoʻokaʻawale i ʻAsia no kekahi hanauna."[21] Ua ʻōlelo ʻo kahi kōkua ʻo Pak Hung-sik, "ʻo nā poʻe kipi a me nā nūnūnū" ʻo ia ka pilikia, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka poʻe i manaʻo e pono ka maikaʻi o ka ulu ʻana o Korea i ka nui o nā poʻe Korea, a ua manaʻo hoʻi e hoʻi ana ʻo Korea e lilo i kekahi ʻano o ka hoʻohui holoʻokoʻa (e like me ka mea i loaʻa. no nā liʻiliʻi 1,000 mau makahiki).
Ka "pelekane" pālahalaha
ʻOiai ʻo ka noʻonoʻo kolohe e like me ke kūʻokoʻa "nationalism" i kū mau ʻia e haki ʻia i kēlā me kēia kumukūʻai, pono pono kahi hoʻopukapuka nui i nā kaua kumukūʻai. (ʻO ka lehulehu nā mea hoʻopukapuka a me nā ʻoihana ʻo nā mea mālama waiwai!) ʻO ia ʻano hoʻopukapuka e koi i ka laulima o nā miliona o ʻAmelika. ʻO ia kahi i kūpono ai ka manaʻomanaʻo "Yellow Peril". ʻO ka Yellow Peril kahi manaʻo propaganda mutant i hana lima i ka lima me ka Open Door Policy, i kēlā me kēia ʻano e hōʻike nei iā ia iho.[22] Hōʻike maopopo ʻia nā pilina ma ka hōʻano kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻomau hoʻoneʻe o Yellow Peril mai a puni ka manawa o ka Kaua Sino-Kepani ma mua (1894 – 95) i hoʻopili ʻia me kahi ʻatikala na ka luna ʻōlelo aʻo Peter C. Perdue a me ka Luna Hoʻokele o Ke Kulanui ʻO Kāleka Ellen Sebring ma ka Massachusetts Institute of Technology.[23] E like me kā kā lākou moʻolelo e wehewehe nei, no ka mea, ʻo ka manaʻo nui e hoʻonui i ka mana o ka ʻāina ʻē ke kālai aku nei i Kina i loko o nā mana o ka mana o ka mana o kā lākou manaʻo ʻana. ʻO kēia ʻeke kīʻaha gula, ʻo ia nō kēlā ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe o ka ʻāpana melemele. ”ʻO kekahi kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi he kiʻi stereotypical o kahi kanaka Kina, e noho maoli ana ʻo ia ma luna o nā ʻeke gula ma kēlā ʻaoʻao o ke kai.
ʻO ka racism komohana i ka poʻe Komohana ua hōʻike lōʻihi ia me ka huaʻōlelo racist "gook." ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua make kēlā huaʻōlelo. ʻAʻole mahalo ko Korea i ka mālama ʻia ʻana me nā ʻano laha like me kēia,[24] ʻaʻohe mea ʻē aʻe ma Pilipino a Vietnamese paha.[25] (Ma Vietnam i loaʻa ʻole he mana alana akā ua hoʻopiʻi pinepine ʻia nā mana "wale-gook" a "MGR," i ʻōlelo ʻia he holoholona nui o ka poʻe Vietnam e hiki ai ke pepehi ʻia a hōʻino wale paha ma ka makemake. Ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻano ʻōlelo e pili ai i nā Koreana, ʻelua a ʻehā a me ke kūkulu hema. Ua ʻōlelo mai ʻo Cumings iā mākou ʻo ka "hoʻoponopono pūʻali koa hoʻohanohano" ʻo Hanson Baldwin i ka wā o ke Kaua Korea e hoʻohālikelike ana i ko Koreana i nā ʻūlū, nā barbarians, a me nā pūʻali o Genghis Khan, a ua hoʻohana ʻo ia i nā huaʻōlelo e wehewehe iā lākou e like me "primitive."[26]Ke ʻae aku nei ka ʻatikala o Wakinekona i ka hoʻokauʻē ʻana i ka poʻe Koreana e ulu a hoʻopaʻa wale ʻia kona kānāwai mua e kūʻē i ka ʻōlelo ʻino ma 2016.[27]I kēia manawa, he ʻoki āpau keʻokeʻo ia a he pae mua wale nō.
Ka makaʻu weliweli ʻole o nā manaʻo hoʻomana Karistiano, nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni e pili ana i ka diabolical Fu Manchu,[28] a me ka puʻupuʻu pāwīwīwīwīwīwīwīwīwīwīwīwīwīwīwīwīwīwī ʻana i ke kenekulia 20th ua hana āpau i ka hana ʻana i kahi moʻomeheu i hiki ai iā George W. Bush me ke alo pololei, kuhikuhi ʻana i ka ʻĀkau o Korea i hoʻokahi o nā ʻekolu o "Axis of Evil" ma hope o 9 / 11.[29] ʻAʻole wale a hilinaʻi i ka poʻe nūpepa ma Fox News, akā ua hoʻōla maoli nā ʻoihana pūnaewele hou a me nā pepa i kēia hōʻailona cartoonish, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi "shorthand" no kekahi kulekele US.[30] A pau ka huaʻōlelo ʻo "axis of hate", ma mua o ka hoʻoponopono ʻia ʻana o ka ʻōlelo kumu. Akā ʻo ka manaʻo nui o kēia mau huaʻōlelo he hōʻailona ia i ka mea hoʻowahāwahā i ko mākou "ʻaoʻao", hōʻailona o ka hewa a me ka inaina i loko o kā kākou lāhui.
ʻO nā mea ʻoluʻolu ʻole o Trump i ka poʻe o ka kala he mea akaka ʻole ke koi e palapala ʻōpala.
ʻO ka pilina o ka postwar ma waena o ka ʻelua Koreana a me Japan
Me kēia prejudice ma ke kua i hope — kēia prejudice a ka poʻe o ka US awa i ko Koreans — ʻaʻole ia he mea kupanaha no ka hehi ʻana o kekahi mau ʻAmelika i ko lākou wāwae a me ka ʻuwā ʻana, “ua lawa” e pili ana i ka hana hoʻomāinoino ʻana a Wakinekona iā lākou. ʻO kekahi o nā ala mua a weliweli hoʻi a Wakinekona i hana ʻino ai i nā poʻe Koreana ma hope o ke Kaua Pākīpika i ka wā o ka International Military Tribunal no ka Hikina Hikina i ʻākoakoa ai i ka makahiki 1946: ʻaʻole i hoʻokolokolo ʻia, e hana ana i ka wahine i ka wā kahiko i ke kūkaʻi moekolohe ʻana o kekahi ʻāina, e like me ka US, e ʻoi hou ana paha. E like me kā Gay J. McDougall o ka UN i kākau ai i ka makahiki 1998, "… e hoʻomau ʻia ana ke ola o nā wahine. ʻO ka mea kaumaha, ʻo kēia hoʻokō ʻole ʻana i nā hewa o ke ʻano moekolohe i hana ʻia ma kahi pālākiō i ka wā o ke Kaua Honua Honua i hoʻohui ʻia i ka pae o ka hoʻopaʻi ʻole i hana ʻia ai nā hewa like i kēia lā. "[31] ʻO nā hana ʻinoʻino i nā wahine Korea e nā pūʻali koa US a i kēia lā a i kēia lā ua pili pū kekahi me ka poʻe Kepani o ka makahiki i hala.[32] Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ola o nā wahine ma ka laulā, akā ke ola o nā Korean Ua loiloi ʻia nā wahine i like me nā mea "gooks" —sexism me ka pihi.
Ua hōʻike ʻia i ka hoʻomāinoino ʻana o ka pūʻali koa US i ka hana kolohe i loko o Iapana ma ke ala i ʻae aku ai ʻo Wakinekona i ka moekolohe i ka wahine Kepani, nā mea i hoʻomāoʻi ʻia e ka piliona lawaiʻa a nā Kepani, i kapa ʻia "The Recreation and Amusement Association," i hana ākea ʻia no ka leʻaleʻa o nā pūʻali koa āpau.[33] I ka hihia o Korea, ua ʻike ʻia ma o nā transcript o kā ʻAmelika Hema e hālāwai nei no "ma kahi hoʻololi i 1960, ʻelua mau loio e koi ana i ke aupuni e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i kahi lako o nā wahine hoʻokamakama e hālāwai me ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo nā 'kūlohelohe' maoli 'o nā koa aloha ʻaʻole e ʻae iā lākou mai ka hoʻolimalima kālā kālā ma Iapana ma kahi o South Korea. Ua pane ka luna o ke kuhina home i kēlā manawa, ʻo Lee Sung-woo, ua hana maikaʻi ke aupuni i kekahi mau mea hou i ka 'hoʻolako ʻana o nā wahine hoʻokamakama' a me ke 'ʻōnaehana ʻoluʻolu no nā pūʻali koa ʻAmelika. "[34]
ʻAʻole hoʻi e poina i nā pūʻali koa ʻAmelika i lawehala i nā wahine Korea ma waho o nā brothels. ʻO nā wahine Kepani, e like me nā wahine Korea, ʻo lākou ke kumu o ka hoʻokūkino i ka wā o ka noho ʻana o ka US ma laila a kokoke i ke kahua o ka pūʻali koa US - lawaiʻa wahine a me nā wahine e hele wāwae wale ana i ke alanui.[35] ʻO ka mea i hōʻeha ʻia ma nā ʻāina ʻelua e hōʻeha ʻia nā hōʻeha kino a me ka PTSD — ma muli o ka noho ʻana a me nā waihona kaua. He hewa ia i ko kākou lāhui e lilo nā keiki kāne "nā kamaliʻi" ʻano nui o ka moʻomeheu koa US. He pono e waiho ʻia i loko o ka pua ma ka International Military Tribunal no ka Far East.
Ua hoʻopiʻi ʻo MacArthur i ka hoʻōla ʻia o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana ma Iapana e neʻe i ka neʻeʻana i ka democratization e like me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka ʻāina, nā kuleana o nā limahana, a me ka ʻae ʻana i ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana o nā hui hana ʻana; ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i nā luna aupuni o ultranationalist; a ke aliʻi ʻana i loko o nā Zaibatsu (ʻo ia hoʻi, he mau hoa kaiāulu ʻoihana ʻo Kauaʻi mākaʻi, ka mea i hoʻomaikaʻi mai ke kaua) a hoʻonohonoho i nā ʻatikala hana hewa; ʻO ka mea hope akā ʻaʻole ka mea liʻiliʻi, he kumukanawai kuʻikahi kūʻokoʻa i ka honua me kāna ʻatikala 9 "Ua haʻalele ka poʻe Iapana i ke kaua a he kuleana kīnā ʻole o ka lāhui a me ka hoʻoweliweli a hoʻohana ʻole paha i ka ikaika e like me ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa honua." ʻOiaʻiʻo, ka hapa nui o kēia mau mea hoʻokipa ʻia i ko Koreana, e hoʻokaʻawale aku i nā ultranationalist mai ka mana a me ke kumukānāwai o ka maluhia.
Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻohe maikaʻi o kēlā mau neʻe i nā hui a i ka ʻoihana pūʻali koa paha, no laila ma ka 1947 ua hoʻoholo ʻia e lilo hou ka hana o Iapana i ka "haole o East and Southeast Asia," a e loaʻa iā Japan a me South Korea ke kākoʻo mai ka ʻO Wakinekona no ka ho'ōla ʻana o ka hoʻokele waiwai ma nā laina o ka Mālama Marshall i ʻEulopa.[36] ʻO hoʻokahi ʻōlelo i loko o kahi leka mai ke Kākau Kuhina o George Marshall a me Dean Acheson i Ianuali ʻo 1947 e hōʻuluʻulu i ke kulekele US ma Korea e hoʻomaka ʻia mai kēlā makahiki a hiki i 1965: "hoʻonohonoho i kahi aupuni kūloko o South Korea a hoʻopili i ka [sic] ona i hoʻokele me Iapana. "Ua lanakila ʻo Acheson iā Marshall ma ke Kākaukau o ka mokuʻāina mai 1949 a i 1953. Ua "lilo ʻo ia i poʻokela kūloko kūloko i ka mālama ʻana i ke kūkulu hema o ʻAmelika ma ka wahi o ʻAmelika a me Iapana, a ua kākau ʻia i ka lima o ka ʻAmelika Huipū ʻia i ke Kaua Korea," ma nā ʻōlelo a Cumings.
Ma kahi hopena, ua nalowale nā limahana Kepani i nā kuleana like ʻole a ua emi iho ka mana o ka mana, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka euphemistically "Forces Defense Forces", a me nā ultranationalists e like me ke kuhina nui a Abe Kishi Nobusuke (1896 – 1987) i ʻae ʻia i ke aupuni . ^ E Ha yM. Ke hoʻomau nei ke kala ʻana o Iapana i kēia mau lā, hoʻoweliweli iā Korea a me Kina a me Rusia.
Ua haʻi ʻo John Dower i ka mea i loaʻa iā Pulitzer ka mea i loaʻa i ka hopena i hōʻino ʻia ma hope o nā ʻikahi ʻelua i maluhia no Iapana ua lilo i ka lā i loaʻa ai iā Iapana ke kūmole mau hoalauna kokoke. Ua oki loa ka hana hoʻomalu. "[37] Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻo Wakinekona i nā maluhia ma waena o Iapana a me nā hoanoho ʻelua nona ia i kālai ʻia, ʻo Korea a me Kina, ma ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi "maluhia hoʻokaʻawale" ʻaʻole i ka Korea a me ka People's Republic of China (PRC) mai kā ka hana holoʻokoʻa. Ua hoʻowalewale ʻo Wakinekona i ka lima o Iapana e loaʻa i kā lākou pilina ma ka hoʻoweliweli e hoʻomau i ka noho i hoʻomaka me General Douglas MacArthur (Douglas MacArthur (1880 – 1964). ʻaʻole i kau inoa ʻia ka PRC a hiki i 1965, aia kahi lōʻihi, a laila i ʻōlelo ai ʻo Dower, "Ua waiho ʻia nā hōʻeha a me nā hōʻeha pailua o nā imperialism, komohewa ʻana a me ka hoʻokauwā. līlū ʻia i ka maka o ka huli ʻana ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka Pākīpika i ʻAmelika no ka palekana a ʻoiaʻiʻo hoʻi, no kona ʻike maoli ʻana i aupuni. e noʻonoʻo i kā lākou hana o ka wā i hala, hōʻole, a hana hou i nā pilina pili aloha. maopopo ka poʻe hoʻonaʻauao maikaʻi pū kekahi ʻo Washington nō ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana.
Mai waiho i ka puka kokoke i ʻAsia Hikina
No ka hoʻi ʻana i ka hopena o Atwood e pili ana i ka Open Door Policy, ua hoʻohālike ʻo ia a me ka hoʻopuka pono ʻana i kēia aʻo imperialistic penei: "Pono ke kālā kālā a me nā ʻoihana o ʻAmelika ke kuleana pono i ke komo ʻana i ka mākeke o nā aupuni a me nā ʻāina āpau. ʻO nā huaʻAmelika kekahi, i kekahi manawa diplomatically, pinepine e ka hoʻokūkū kaua. "[38] Ua wehewehe ʻo ia i ke ʻano o kēia ʻano aʻo. Ma hope o ko mākou Kaua Honua (1861-65), ua noho ʻo ka ʻĀpana US me ke alo o "ma ke kai nui o ka Pākīpika akā i Iapana, Kina, Korea a me Vietnam kahi i kipa ai i nā mea kaua he nui." ʻO ka pahuhopu o ka Navy "ʻo ia ka hōʻoia i ke kānāwai a me ka hoʻopiʻi a hōʻoia i ka hōʻoia. ka hoʻokele waiwai ... ʻoiai ke pale ʻana i nā mana o ʻEulopa ... mai ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kuleana ponoʻī e kāpae i nā ʻAmelika. "
E hoʻomaka ana e kani maʻa?
Ua hoʻomaka ka Polokalamu Open Door i kekahi mau kaua o ka wawao ʻana, akā ʻaʻole ʻo ʻAmelika i hoʻomaka e hoʻoikaika ikaika i ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana i nā hana anticolonial ma East Asia, e like me Cumings, a hiki i ka hōʻike 1950 National Security Council 48 / 2, ʻelua mau makahiki i ka. hana ana. Ua kapa ʻia ia, "Position of the United States with Respect to Asia" a ua hoʻokumu hou ʻia kahi hoʻolālā hou e "ʻaʻole i ulu ʻia i ka hopena o ke Kaua Honua II: e hoʻomākaukau e komo i ka pūʻali koa e kūʻē i nā neʻe anticolonial ma East Asia-ʻAia Korea mua. a laila ʻo Vietnam hoʻi, me ka China Revolution as the backdrop backdrop. "[39] Ua hōʻike kēia NSC 48 / 2 i ke kūʻē i ka "hoʻomohala laulā." Ma nā ʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, maikaʻi paha no nā ʻāina ma Asia Hikina e loaʻa nā mākeke niche, akā ʻaʻole mākou makemake iā lākou e hoʻomohala mau i ka ʻoihana ākea e like me ka US. e hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokūkū me mākou i nā kahua i loaʻa iā mākou he "hoʻohālikelike hoʻohui."[40] ʻO ia ka mea i kapa ʻia e NSC 48 / 2 "ka hoʻokiʻekiʻe a me ke aloha kīʻaha" e pale ana i ke ʻano o ka hui ʻana o ka honua.
ʻO ka hana ʻole ʻana o Korea
Ma mua o ka hoʻoili ʻana o Iapana i Korea ma 1910, ʻo ka nui o ko Koreana i ʻalākiʻi he "mau mahiʻai, ʻo ka hapanui o lākou noho ʻāina e hana ana e kekahi o nā lawehala ponoʻī a ka honua," ʻo ia hoʻi ka. yanyangʻaʻā ʻāina.[41] Aia kekahi huaʻōlelo he ʻelua mau Kina, yang manaʻo "ʻelua" a pāpā tikanga "hui." Ua hana ʻia he pūʻali aliʻi aristokrat i mau pūʻulu ʻelua - ʻo nā kānaka koa a me nā luna koa. A ʻaʻole i hoʻopau ʻia ka noho hoʻoluhi ʻana ma Korea a hiki i 1894.[42] ʻO ka noho ʻana o ka US a me ke aupuni hou o South Korea e Syngman Rhee, i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ʻAukake 1948 e hūnā i nā kulekele o ka hoʻokaʻawale a lanakila, aia, ma hope o 1,000 mau makahiki o ka hui ʻana, hoʻokuʻi ʻia i ka Penini Korea i nā hana piha, kaua kaua me ka hoʻoilina i ka papa. nā laina.
No laila heaha ka hewa o ka hapa nui o ko Korea e ʻike ʻia ai lākou? ʻO kā lākou hewa mua loa, ua hānau ʻia lākou i loko o kahi papa hoʻonaʻauao ʻona i kahi ʻāina i hoʻoheleheʻe ʻia ma waena o ʻelua mau ʻāina waiwai a ikaika hoʻi, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo China a me Japan. Ma hope o ka ʻeha nui ʻana ma lalo o nā kolepa Japania i nā makahiki 30, ua ʻoluʻolu lākou i kahi manaʻo hoʻomaha o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i hoʻomaka i ke kauwela o 1945, akā ua koke koke ka US i kahi i haʻalele ai ke aupuni o Iapana. ʻO kā lākou hewa ʻelua, ke kūʻē nei i kēia hana lua ma lalo o ko Wakinekona Wae hoʻi i kākoʻo ʻia ma ke ʻano o ke Kaua Koreana. A ʻo ke kolu, ʻo ka hapa nui o lākou i makemake i ka hoʻoili waiwai ʻana i ka waiwai o ko lākou ʻāina. ʻO kēia mau ʻano ʻelua i haunaele ai e hōʻeha iā lākou me ka Bully Number One, ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma luna nei, i hoʻoholo malu ʻole e ʻae i ka "ʻoihana hoʻomohala holoʻokoʻa" ma kāna NSC 48 / 2, e kūlike me kāna kime geopolitical aoao, e hoʻopaʻi nui ana i nā ʻāina e manaʻo nei. Kū'oko'a o ka hoʻokele waiwai.
Ma muli paha o kekahi ʻokoʻa no ka ʻae i ka hōʻoia i hāʻawi ʻia e ka UN, nāwaliwali, a me nā kā ʻAmelika i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka UN ma ke aupuni o Syngman Rhee, he poʻe liʻiliʻi o ka naʻauao ma ke Komohana i nānā i nā hana i hana ʻia e ka US i ka wā o kona noho ʻana i Korea, a i ʻole i loko o ka kikoʻī nā mea hana ʻino i hui pū me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ke aupuni o Rhee. Ma waena o 100,000 a me 200,000 ka poʻe Koreana i pepehi ʻia e ka South Korea a me nā pūʻali noho o US ma mua o Iune 1950, i ka manawa i hoʻomaka ai ke "kaua hoʻāla", e like me ka noiʻi Cumings, a "paʻa ka poʻe 300,000 a pepehi ʻia a nalo wale ʻia e ka South Korea Hema. aupuni ma loko o nā malama i hala aku nei ma hope iho nā mea maʻamau hoʻomaka ke kaua. "[43] (My italics). No laila ʻo ka hoʻokau ʻana i ka pale o Korea i kona wā mua e hoʻopili ʻia ai ka luku ʻana i kahi hapalua miliona mau kānaka. ʻO kēia wale nō ke hōʻike nei no ka helu nui o ka poʻe Korea ma ke kūkulu hema, ʻaʻole wale nō ka hapa nui o nā Korea i ke kūkulu ʻākau (he miliona o lākou i luku ʻia i ka wā o ke Kaua Korea), ʻaʻole i hoʻokipa me ka lima ākea me ko lākou mau alakaʻi aupuni kākoʻo US.
ʻO ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke "kaua kuʻuna," ma ke ala, i maʻamau ʻia e 25 Iune 1950, i ka manawa i kiki ʻia ai ka poʻe Korea ma ke ʻĀkau a ko lākou ʻāina, akā ua hoʻomaka ʻia ke kaua ma Korea e ka 1949 maʻamau, no laila aia ka hanana ke manaʻo nei ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kaua ma 1950, ua hōʻole ʻo Cumings i kēlā kuhihewa.[44] Ma kekahi kuhi he nui kau kaua e kīwaha nui ma Cheju Island ma 1948-49 kahi i pepehi ʻia ai ma waena o 30,000 a me 80,000 ka poʻe, he lehulehu o 300,000, kekahi o lākou i pepehi koke ʻia e ka poʻe ʻAmelika a he nui o lākou me ka make ʻole o nā poʻe ʻAmelika ma ka manaʻo ʻo Washington i kōkua me ka hana ʻino o ka mokuʻāina ʻo Syngman Rhee.[45] I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, he mea paʻakikī loa ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i ke Kaua ʻo Kauaʻi ma ka Demokraty Republic Republic o Korea (DPRK), akā maʻalahi e hoʻopiʻi iā ia ma Wakinekona a me Syngman Rhee.
Ma hope o nā ʻeha a nā US i hōʻeha iā Koreana, ma ka ʻĀkau a i ka hema, ʻaʻole ia e lilo i pīhoihoi i ka aupuni o North Korea he anticolonial a me nā mea kū'ē i Amerika, a e hui pū kekahi poʻe Koreana ma ka ʻĀkaukau me ke aupuni ʻo Kim Jong-un. ke kōkua ʻana aku i ka ʻĀkau e hoʻomākaukau no ke kaua me ʻAmelika, ʻoiai ke aupuni i ke aupuni kūloko ʻole. (Ma ka liʻiliʻi loa o nā kiʻi e hōʻike ʻia ana iā mākou ma luna o ka TV mainstream, nā pūʻali koa i hele a hōʻike ʻia kekahi pae o ka pilina. Ma nā huaʻōlelo a Cumings, "He wahi maikaʻi ʻole ka DPRK, akā he wahi kūpono ia, he wahi anticolonial a me nā aupuni anti-imperial e ulu ana mai ka hapalua o nā kenekulia kolani a Iapana a me kekahi hapalua o ka manawa mau ka hoʻomau me ka hegemonic ʻO ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me kahi kahua ikaika o South Korea, me nā deformations hiki ʻole ke ʻano (ʻo garrison state, total politika, uku hou ʻia i ka poʻe waho) a me ka nānā nui loa i ka hoʻokō ʻana i kona mau kuleana ma ke ʻano he lāhui. "[46]
He aha kēia manawa?
Ke hōʻike nei ʻo Kim Jong-un i ka hoʻoweliweli wahaheʻe, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke hilinaʻi nui. Ke hoʻoweliweli aku nei ʻo Pelekikena Trump iā ʻAmelika ʻehā, ua weliweli. Hoʻomaka ka kaua kaua i ka Penina Korea "hiki ke hoʻolei i ka nui a me nā lepo e hoʻoweliweli aku ai i ka honua."[47] no laila ʻo ia ke hoʻoweliweli maoli nei i ke ola ʻana o ke kanaka.
Pono wale kekahi e nānā i kā ka "Doomsday Clock" e ʻike i ka wikiwiki o kā mākou hana ʻana i kēia manawa.[48] Ua pio ka hapa nui o ka poʻe ʻike maikaʻi, i ka nui o ka moʻolelo i nā daimonio a pau i Kōlea ʻĀkau. Nānā ʻole i nā manaʻo politika, pono mākou e noʻonoʻo hou a hōʻano hou i ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa o kēia manawa e pili ana i kēia US pilikia, ʻo ka piʻi ʻana o Wakinekona. Pono kēia e ʻike i ke ʻano "hiki ʻole i ke ʻano," ʻaʻole ia he hanana kaawale akā ʻaʻole hoʻi he hopena hiki ʻole ke kahe o ka ʻike kūleʻe o nā mana imperialism a me ka kapitalistia i ka manawa nui, ʻaʻole wale "ʻike" wale nō, akā e hana like me ka hoʻololi maoli ʻana i kā mākou ʻano akea no ka hana hoino.
Noka.
[1] ʻO Bertrand Russell, Nā Kuhi Kuʻuna (Simon And Schuster, 1950)
[2] "ʻO nā pahu koa US US i nā pūʻali koa i Iapana"
[3] ʻO nā ʻumekala, kahi o ko Korea i ka lā: He Mīkini Hou (WW Norton, 1988) p. 477.
Alex Ward,Ke makemake nei ʻo South Korea i ka US e hoʻokūkū i nā mea kaua Nuklear ma ke Aupuni. He ide maikaʻi ʻole. " Vox (5 Kepakemapa 2017).
[4] Alex Lockie, "Hoʻouna ʻo US i kahi mokulele mokulele mokulele i ka Pākīpika i hele nui ka armada ma kahi o North Korea, " Business Insider (5 Iune 2017)
[5] ʻO Bridget Martin, "Moon Jae-In's THAAD Conundrum: ʻO South Korea kahi" Pelekikena Pelekikena "e kū pono ana i ka kūʻē kūʻē o ka Missile Defense, " Hōʻikeʻike ʻĀsia Asia: Kālina ʻo Japan 15: 18: 1 (15 September 2017).
[6] Jane Perlez, "No Kina, he kahua hoʻokūkū o ka missile i South Korea e haʻi ana i ka noho hoʻokolokolo" New York Times (8 Iulai 2016)
[7] ʻO Bruce Klingner, “Ke Keola Hema: Ke hana i nā hana kūpono e pale aku ai i ka hoʻohuli ʻana, "He Heritage Heritage (19 ʻOkakopa 2011)
[8] Oliva Holmes,ʻO ʻAmelika a me South Korea e hana i ka hoʻokūkū pūʻali koa nui e pili ana i ka pilikia o North Korea, " ke Kahu (11 Aukake 2017)
[9] "I Ka Hoʻomaka ʻana a Japan-Airborne Hoʻomaka a me nā Pūnaehana Pūnaewele (AWACS) Hoʻohālikelike Mīkini Hoʻonau Kūleʻa (MCU),"Ka Pūnaehana Hoomalu Pūnaehana Koʻe Hema (26 September 2013)
[10] ʻO Hans M. Kristensen, ʻO Matthew McKinzie, a me Theodore A. Postol, "Pehea e kūleʻa ai ka hoʻomehana ikaika o US Nīkini i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hoʻolālā ʻana: ʻO ka Burst-Height e uku ana i ka Super-Fuze., " Ka Pilapala o nā Atomic Scientists (Malaki 2017)
Ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia kahi submarine i ka ʻāina ma ʻApelila 2017. E nānā iā Barbara Starr, Zachary Cohen a me Brad Lendon, “ʻO Kāleka US Navy i alakaʻi ʻia i ka missile Sub Kāhea i South Korea, "CNN (25 ʻApelila 2017).
Ma nā ʻāpana ʻelua e liʻiliʻi ai ma ka ʻāina. E nānā “Ua haʻi aku ʻo Trump iā ʻelua o ka US nukukui i loko o ka wai o Korea: NYT, ”Reuters (24 Mei 2017)
[11] Dakshayani Shankar, "ʻO Mattis: ʻO ke kaua me nā ʻĀpana ʻAmelika he 'catastrophic',”ABC News (10 Aug 2017)
[12] Bruce Cumings, “Holo ka luna o ke aupuni iā Hermit, " LA Times (17 Iulai 1997)
[13] ʻO David Nakamura lāua ʻo Anne Gearan, "I ka haʻi ʻōlelo a UN, ua hoʻoweliweli ʻo Trump e 'luku loa i ka ʻĀpana Kaleponi' a kāhea iā Kim Jong Un 'Rocket Man, " Hawaii Post (19 Kepakemapa 2017)
[14] Paul Atwood, "ʻĀpana? E ʻike mau ʻia nā Kina !, ” Heluhelu (22 Kepakemapa 2017)
[15] David Stockman, "ʻO The Deep State's Bogus 'Iranian Threat', " ʻO Antiwar.com (14 ʻOkakopa 2017)
[16] ʻO Joby Warrick, Ellen Nakashima, a me Anna Fifield "Ke hana nei ʻo North Korea i nā mea kaua o ka nūnū i hoʻomākaukau ʻia, " Hawaii Post (8 Aukake 2017)
[17] ʻO Bruce Cumings, North Korea: He Aupuni'ē aʻe (The New Press, 2003) p. 1.
[18] Transcript o ka ninaninau, "ʻO Kauka Laumaha ʻO Robert Jay Lifton ma ke kuleana no ka mālama ʻana: ʻO ka pilina o Trump me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo maoli nō ia i kā mākou āpau, "Democracy Now! (13 ʻOkakopa 2017)
[19] Atwood, “Korea? E ʻike mau ana ʻo Kina! ” Heluhelu.
[20] ʻO nā hoʻopaʻaʻana, ʻO ke kaua Korean, Mokuna 8, pauku ʻaukā "He Military-Industrial Complex," ʻ paragraphlelo 7th.
[21] ʻO nā hoʻopaʻaʻana, ʻO ke kaua Korean, Mokuna 8, pauku ʻaukā "He Military-Industrial Complex," ʻ paragraphlelo 7th.
[22] Aaron David Miller lāua ʻo Richard Sokolsky, “Tua 'aneʻi ʻo ia i ka hewa' ua hoʻi, ”CNN (26 ʻApelila 2017) l
[23] "ʻO ka ʻihi pahu pahu pahu: ʻo: ʻO ka hōʻuluʻulu hōʻeuʻeu ma North China (1860-1900), "ʻO MIT Visualizing Cultures, Kānāwai laikini laikini Creative Commons:
[24] ʻO nā hoʻopaʻaʻana, ʻO ke kaua Korean, Mokuna 4, 3rd palakala.
[25] Ua haʻi ʻo Nick Turse i ka mōʻaukala o ka racism ʻino e pili ana i kēia huaʻōlelo ma Pepehi i kekahi mea e neʻe ai: ke kaua maoli ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma Vietnam (Picador, 2013), Mokuna 2.
[26] No ka ʻatikala hoʻoweliweli mua a ʻike ʻia iā Hanson W. Baldwin, "ʻO ke aʻo ʻana o Korea: Kahi a Reds, Kahiʻike no ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka pale e kūʻē i ka hoʻouka koke ʻana mai," New York Times (14 Iulai 1950)
[27] Tomohiro Osaki, "Ua ʻae ʻo Diet i ke kānāwai mua a Iapana e pale aku i ka ʻōlelo ʻino, " Japan Times (24 Mei 2016)
[28] ʻO Julia Lovell, “ʻO ka Peril melemele: ʻo Dr Fu Manchu a me ke ala ʻana o Chinaphobia na Christopher Frayling - loiloi, " ke Kahu (30 ʻOkakopa 2014)
[29] Christine Hong, "ʻO ke kaua ʻana e nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe: Ka lawena o nā ʻAmelika ʻAmelika Hema, " Hōʻikeʻike ʻĀsia Asia: Kālina ʻo Japan 12: 13: 2 (30 Malaki 2014)
[30] Lucas Tomlinson a me ka Associated Press, "'Ola mau ʻo Axis o Evil e like me ʻAmelika ʻAle, ua hoʻohemo ʻo Iran i nā missiles, nā hoʻopaʻi flout, "Fox News (29 Iulai 2017)
Jaime Fuller,ʻO ka 4th mokuʻāina maikaʻi loa o ka Union: 'Axis o ka hewa, ' Hawaii Post (25 Ianuali 2014)
[31] Moli Norma, ʻO ka wahine hoʻomaha i nā wāhine a me ka waiwai wahine Iapana i ka manawaʻo Karsina a me ka Pakipika (Bloomsbury, 2016), hopena, ʻōlelo 4th palakala.
[32] ʻO Tessa Morris-Suzuki, “ʻAʻole ʻoe makemake e ʻike e pili ana i nā kaikamahine? ʻO ka 'Women Women', nā Koa Kauaʻi a me nā Lūkui i hui ʻia ma ke kaua ma Asia-Pakipika, " Hōʻikeʻike ʻĀsia Asia: Kālina ʻo Japan 13: 31: 1 (3 Aukake 2015).
[33] John W. Dower, Hoʻokomo ʻana i ka hoʻopiʻi: Iapani ma ka Wake o ke Kaua Honua II. ^ E Ha yM. (Norton, 1999)
[34] Katharine HS Moon, "Military Prostitution a me nā US Military ma Asia," Hōʻikeʻike ʻĀsia Asia: Kālina ʻo Japan Volume 7: 3: 6 (12 Ianuali 2009)
[35] Norma, ʻO ka wahine hoʻomaha i nā wāhine a me ka waiwai wahine Iapana i ka manawaʻo Karsina a me ka Pakipika, Mokuna 6, ke paukū hope loa o ka pauku i kapa ʻia "Nā mea i hoʻopiʻi mua ʻia a hiki i ka hopena."
[36] ʻO nā hoʻopaʻaʻana, ʻO ke kaua Korean, ʻO ka Mokuna 5, ka helu o ka lua o ka hapa mua o ka ʻāpana mua ma mua o ke "Hema Hema o Korea i ka wā o ke Aupuni Military."
[37] John W. Dower, "ʻO ke ʻōnaehana o San Francisco: ʻO ka manawa, ke manawa nei, ka wā e hiki mai ana ma ka Hoʻohālikelike US-Japan-China, " Hōʻikeʻike ʻĀsia Asia: Kālina ʻo Japan 12: 8: 2 (23 Fepuari 2014)
[38] Atwood, "ʻĀlila? E ʻike mau ʻia ana ʻo Kina!" Maikaʻi.
[39] ʻO nā hoʻopaʻaʻana, ʻO ke kaua Korean, Mokuna 8, pauku ʻaukā "He Military-Industrial Complex," ʻ paragraphlelo 6th.
[40] ʻO nā hoʻopaʻaʻana, ʻO ke kaua Korean, Mokuna 8, pauku ʻaukā "He Military-Industrial Complex," ʻ paragraphlelo 9th.
[41] ʻO nā hoʻopaʻaʻana, ʻO ke kaua Korean, Mokuna 1, ka pauku 3rd.
[42] ʻO nā hoʻopaʻaʻana, Koikoi ʻĀkau: ʻĀina ʻē aʻe Mokuna 4, 2nd palakala.
[43] ʻO Cumings, "He Muaʻi Mokuna o Korea," ʻO London Review of Books 39: 10 (18 Mei 2017).
[44] ʻO nā hoʻopaʻaʻana, ʻO Korea i kahi i ka lā: He Moʻolelo Hou, p. 238.
[45] ʻO nā hoʻopaʻaʻana, ʻO ke kaua Korean, Mokuna 5, "The Cheju Insurgency."
[46] ʻO nā hoʻopaʻaʻana, North Korea: He Aupuni'ē aʻe, Mokuna 2, 'ʻĀpana Nukleu Kālepa ʻAmelika' sectionlelo, ka paukū hope.
[47] ʻO Bruce Cumings, "He Muaʻi Kakauʻi o Korea," ʻO London Review of Books (18 Mei 2017). ʻO kēia kahi Cumings 'kahi pōkole maikaʻi loa akā akā, maopopo, ma ka mōʻaukala o Korea e pili ana i ka pilikia o kēia manawa.
[48] Ka Pilapala o nā Atomic Scientists
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ʻO Joseph Essertier kahi loea pili ma ka Nagoya Institute of Technology ma Iapana.
