Ma hope o ʻelua mau makahiki o ke kaua, ʻōlelo ka poʻe Congolese ua lawa

Na Tanupriya Singh, Ka Manaʻo Kūlana, Kepakemapa 20, 2022

M23 a me ka hana kaua ma Congo.

Ua kamaʻilio ʻo Peoples Dispatch i ka mea hana a me ka mea noiʻi Congolese ʻo Kambale Musavuli e pili ana i ka hōʻeha hou loa o ka hui kipi M23 ma ka ʻaoʻao hikina o ka DRC a me ka moʻolelo ākea o ke kaua proxy ma ka ʻāina.

Ma ka Pōʻakahi, Dekemaba 12, ua mālama ʻia kahi hālāwai ma waena o ka hui kipi M23, ka pūʻali koa Congolese (FARDC), ka luna o ka hui hui East African Community (EAC), ka Joint Expanded Verification Mechanism (JMWE), ka Ad-Hoc Mechanism hōʻoia, a me ka UN peacekeeping pūʻali, MONUSCO, ma Kibumba ma ka ʻāina ʻo Nyiragongo ma ka moku ʻĀkau Kivu aia ma ka ʻaoʻao hikina o ka DRC.

Ua mālama ʻia ka hālāwai ma hope o hoike o ka hakakā ma waena o M23 a me ka FARDC, he mau lā wale nō ma hope o ka hoʻohiki ʻana o ka hui kipi e "mālama i kahi hoʻomaha" ma ka ʻāina waiwai nui. Ua ʻike nui ʻia ʻo M23 he mana koho o Rwanda e pili ana.

Ma ka Poalua, Dekemaba 6, ua hoʻolaha ʻo M23 ua mākaukau ʻo ia e "hoʻomaka i ka haʻalele ʻana a haʻalele" mai ka ʻāina i noho ʻia, a ua kākoʻo ʻo ia i "nā hana kūloko e lawe mai i ka maluhia mau loa i ka DRC." Ua hoʻopuka ʻia ka ʻōlelo ma hope o ka hopena o ka Kūkākūkā Inter-Congolese ʻekolu ma lalo o ka aegis o ka East African Community (EAC) bloc i mālama ʻia ma Nairobi, a ua hoʻokō ʻia e ka Pelekikena Kenyan mua ʻo Uhuru Kenyatta.

Ma kahi o 50 mau pūʻali koa i hōʻike ʻia ma ka hālāwai ma Nairobi, ʻaʻole me M23. Ua hui ʻia ke kamaʻilio ʻana ma Nowemapa 28, me nā alakaʻi mai Kenya, Burundi, Congo, Rwanda, a me Uganda pū kekahi. Ua hahai ia i kahi kaʻina kūkākūkā kaʻawale i mālama ʻia ma Angola ma mua o Nowemapa, kahi i hāʻawi ʻia ai kahi ʻaelike hoʻomaha e hoʻokō ʻia mai Nowemapa 25. E ukali ʻia kēia me ka haʻalele ʻana o M23 mai nā wahi āna i hopu ai-me Bunagana, Kiwanja, a me Rutshuru.

ʻOiai ʻaʻole ʻo M23 i ʻāpana o nā kamaʻilio, ua ʻōlelo ka hui e ʻae ʻo ia i ka pau ʻana i ka wā e mālama ana i "ke kuleana piha e pale aku iā ia iho." Ua kāhea ʻo ia i kahi "kamaʻilio pololei" me ke aupuni o ka DRC, i ʻōlelo hou ʻia i kāna ʻōlelo 6 Dekemaba. Ua hōʻole ke aupuni DRC i kēia koi, e helu ana i ka pūʻali kipi he "hui hoʻoweliweli."

ʻO Lieutenant-Colonel Guillaume Njike Kaiko, he waha ʻōlelo pūʻali koa no ka panalāʻau. i ʻōlelo ʻia ma hope ua noi ia e na kipi ka halawai ma ka la 12 o Dekemaba, e imi i na olelo hooiaio aole e hoouka ia lakou e ka FARDC ke haalele lakou i na wahi i nohoia.

Eia naʻe, ʻo Lutenant-General Constant Ndima Kongba, ke kiaʻāina o North Kivu, i hoʻokūpaʻaʻia ʻaʻole he kūkākūkā ka hālāwai, akā ua mālama ʻia e hōʻoia i ka maikaʻi o nā ʻōlelo hoʻoholo ma lalo o nā kaʻina hana maluhia Angola a me Nairobi.

Ma ka lā 1 o Dekemaba, ua hoʻopiʻi ka pūʻali koa Congolese i ka M23 a me nā hui pili i ka pepehi kanaka 50 i ka lā 29 Nowemapa ma Kishishe, aia ma Rutshuru Territory, 70 mau kilomita ma ka ʻākau o ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Goma. Ma Dekemaba 5, ua hoʻonui ke aupuni i ka nui o ka make i 300, me ka liʻiliʻi o 17 mau keiki. Ua hōʻole ʻo M23 i kēia mau ʻōlelo hoʻopiʻi, me ka ʻōlelo ʻana he ʻewalu wale nō ka poʻe i pepehi ʻia e nā "pōkole hewa."

Eia naʻe, ua hoʻokūpaʻa ʻia nā pepehi kanaka e MONUSCO, a me ka Joint Human Rights Office (UNJHRO) ma Dekemaba 7. Ma muli o kahi noiʻi mua, ua hōʻike ka hōʻike he 131 mau kānaka kīwila i pepehi ʻia ma nā kauhale o Kishishe a me Bambo ma waena o Nowemapa 29 a 30.

"Ua pepehi ʻia ka poʻe i pepehi ʻia me nā pōkā a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea kaua," heluhelu i ka palapala. Ua hoʻohui ʻia he 22 mau wahine a me ʻelima mau kaikamahine i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, a ua "hana ʻia ka hana ʻino ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka pepehi kanaka, ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa, ka ʻaihue a me ka hao wale ʻana i ʻelua mau kauhale ma ka Teritori ʻo Rutshuru no ka hoʻopaʻi ʻana no nā hakakā ma waena o M23 a me ka ʻO ka Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR-FOCA), a me nā pūʻali koa Mai-Mai Mazembe, a me Nyatura Coalition of Movements for Change.

Ua hoʻohui ʻia ka hōʻike ua kanu pū nā pūʻali M23 i nā kino o ka poʻe i pepehi ʻia ma "he mea paha e hoʻāʻo e luku i nā hōʻike."

ʻO nā pepehi kanaka ma Rutshuru, ʻaʻole ia he mau hanana kaʻawale, akā, ʻo ia ka mea hou loa i loko o kahi lōʻihi o nā hana ʻino i hana ʻia ma DRC no kahi kokoke i 30 mau makahiki, i manaʻo ʻia ua pepehi ʻia ʻo 6 miliona mau kānaka Congolese. ʻOiai ua kaulana ʻo M23 ma hope o kona hopu ʻia ʻana iā Goma i ka makahiki 2012, a me ka hoʻomaka hou ʻana o kāna hana ʻino hou loa i Malaki, hiki ke ʻimi i ke ala o ka hui i nā makahiki i hala aku nei, a me ia, nā manaʻo imperialist mau e hoʻoulu nei i ka hana ʻino i loko o ke aupuni. Konokō.

He ʻumi makahiki o ke kaua kūwaho

"Ua hoʻouka ʻia ka DRC e kona mau hoalauna, ʻo Rwanda a me Uganda, ma 1996 a me 1998. ʻOiai ua haʻalele ʻia nā ʻāina ʻelua mai ka ʻāina ma hope o ke kau inoa ʻana i nā kuʻikahi bilateral ma 2002, ua hoʻomau lākou i ke kākoʻo ʻana i nā pūʻulu militia kipi," i wehewehe ʻo Kambale Musavuli, he ʻO ka mea noiʻi Congolese a me ka mea hana, ma kahi hālāwai ninaninau me Hoʻouna i ka lāhui.

ʻO M23 kahi acronym o ka "March 23 Movement" i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā koa i loko o ka pūʻali koa Congolese he mau lālā o kahi hui kipi mua, ka National Congress for the Defense of the People (CNDP). Ua hoʻopiʻi lākou i ke aupuni no ka hōʻole ʻana i ka hoʻohanohano ʻana i kahi kuʻikahi maluhia i kaulima ʻia ma Malaki 23, 2009, kahi i alakaʻi ai i ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka CNDP i ka FARDC. I ka makahiki 2012, ua kipi kēia mau koa CNDP mua i ke aupuni, a hoʻokumu i M23.

Eia naʻe, ua kuhikuhi ʻo Musavuli he wahaheʻe nā ʻōlelo e pili ana i ka ʻaelike maluhia: "ʻO ke kumu i haʻalele ai lākou ʻo ia kekahi o kā lākou mau luna, ʻo Bosco Ntaganda, i hoʻoweliweli ʻia e hopu ʻia." Ua hoʻopuka ka International Criminal Court elua palapala kauoha no kona hopu ʻia ʻana, ma 2006 a me 2012, ma nā hoʻopiʻi o nā hewa kaua a me nā hewa kūʻē i ke kanaka. Ma lalo o kāna kauoha i pepehi ʻia e nā pūʻali CNDP he 150 mau kānaka ma ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Kiwanja ma North Kivu i ka makahiki 2008.

Ma hope o ke koho pelekikena ma 2011, ua koi ʻia ke aupuni Congolese e hoʻohuli iā Ntaganda, ua hoʻohui ʻo Musavuli. Ua hāʻawi hope ʻo ia i ka makahiki 2013, a ua hoʻopaʻi ʻia a hoʻopaʻi ʻia e ka ICC ma 2019.

Ma hope o kekahi mau mahina ma hope o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana, ua hopu ka hui kipi M23 iā Goma i Nowemapa, 2012. Akā naʻe, ua pōkole ka noho ʻana, a hiki i Dekemaba ua haʻalele ka hui. Ma kahi o 750,000 poʻe Congolese i hoʻoneʻe ʻia e ka hakakā ʻana i kēlā makahiki.

"I kēlā manawa, ua maopopo i ke kaiāulu honua ke kākoʻo nei ʻo Rwanda i kahi pūʻali kipi ma Congo. Ua loaʻa iā ʻoe ka US a me nā ʻāina ʻEulopa e hoʻokau i ke koʻikoʻi iā Rwanda, a ma hope o ka hōʻemi ʻana i kāna kākoʻo. Ua kākoʻo pū ʻia nā pūʻali Congolese e nā pūʻali mai nā ʻāina o ka Southern African Development Community (SADC) - ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo ʻApelika Hema a me Tanzania, e hana pū ana me nā pūʻali UN.

ʻOiai e puka hou ana ka M23 he ʻumi makahiki ma hope mai, ʻaʻole i kaupalena ʻia kona mōʻaukala i ka CNDP. "ʻO ka mea mua o ka CNDP ʻo ia ka Congolese Rally for Democracy (RCD), he hui kipi i kākoʻo ʻia e Rwanda i hoʻouka kaua i Kongo ma waena o 1998 a hiki i 2002, i ka wā i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai kahi kuʻikahi maluhia, ma hope o ka hui ʻana o ka RCD i ka pūʻali koa Congolese," Musavuli wahi a.

"ʻO ka RCD pono'ī i mua o ka AFDL (ka Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo-Zaire), he pūʻali kākoʻo Rwandan i hoʻouka i ka DRC i ka makahiki 1996 e hoʻokahuli i ke aupuni o Mobuto Sese Seko." Ma hope mai, ua lawe ʻia ke alakaʻi o AFDL ʻo Laurent Désiré Kabila i ka mana. Eia naʻe, hoʻohui ʻo Musavuli, ua ulu koke nā kuʻikahi ma waena o ka AFDL a me ke aupuni Congolese hou e pili ana i nā pilikia e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe a me nā laina sub-political.

Hoʻokahi makahiki i ka mana, ua kauoha ʻo Kabila e hoʻoneʻe i nā pūʻali koa haole mai ka ʻāina. "I loko o nā mahina e hiki mai ana, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka RCD," wahi a Musavli.

ʻO ka mea i ʻike nui ʻia i loko o kēia mōʻaukala ʻo ia ka hoʻāʻo pinepine ʻana, ma o nā ʻaelike maluhia, e hoʻohui i kēia mau pūʻali kipi i loko o ka pūʻali koa Congolese.

"ʻAʻole kēia ka makemake o ka poʻe Congolese, ua hoʻokau ʻia," wehewehe ʻo Musavuli. "Mai ka 1996, ua nui nā kaʻina kūkākūkā maluhia e alakaʻi pinepine ʻia e nā ʻāina Komohana. Ma hope o ka ʻaelike maluhia 2002, ua loaʻa iā mākou eha hope peresidena a hookahi peresidena. ʻO kēia ma muli o ke kaiāulu honua, ʻo ia hoʻi ka ʻelele mua o ʻAmelika ʻo William Swing.

"I ka wā i hele ai ka Congolese no ke kūkākūkā maluhia i ʻApelika Hema, ua hoʻoikaika nā hui kīwila ʻaʻole lākou makemake i nā kipi kahiko e loaʻa kahi kūlana i ke aupuni i ka wā hoʻololi. Ua hoʻohuli ʻo Swing i ke kūkākūkā, ʻoiai ua hoʻoikaika mau ʻo ʻAmelika i nā kūkākūkā maluhia o ka DRC, a ua hele mai me kahi ʻano i ʻike ʻia ʻehā mau aliʻi kaua ma ke ʻano he pelekikena hope o ka ʻāina.

Ua kūpaʻa ka pāremata Congolese i kēia manawa ma ka haʻi ʻana iā M23 he 'hui hoʻoweliweli' a pāpā i kona hoʻohui ʻana i ka FARDC.

ʻAihue a me ka ʻaihue waiwai

Ua ʻike ʻia ke keakea ʻana o ʻAmelika i ka DRC mai kona kūʻokoʻa ʻana, ua hoʻohui ʻo Musavuli-i ka pepehi ʻana iā Patrice Lumumba, kākoʻo i hāʻawi ʻia i ke aupuni hoʻomāinoino o Mobuto Sese Seko, nā hoʻouka kaua o nā makahiki 1990 a me nā kamaʻilio maluhia ma hope, a me nā hoʻololi i ke kumukānāwai o ka ʻāina. ma 2006 e ʻae iā Joseph Kabila e hoʻokūkū i ke koho balota. "I ka makahiki 2011, ʻo ʻAmelika kekahi o nā ʻāina mua i ʻike i nā hopena o nā koho balota. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka loiloi i ka manawa i ka hana ʻana, ke koho nei ʻo US i ka kūpaʻa ma mua o ka demokala, "wahi a Musavuli.

ʻEkolu mahina ma hope mai, ua hoʻomaka ke kipi ʻana o M23. "ʻO ia ka pūʻali kipi hoʻokahi i nā makahiki he iwakālua, me nā koa hoʻokahi a me nā luna hoʻokahi, e lawelawe i ka pono o Rwanda, ʻo ia hoʻi kahi hoa ikaika US i ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo War on Terror. A he aha nā makemake o Rwanda ma Congo- kona ʻāina a me kāna mau waiwai, "i hoʻohui ai ʻo ia.

No laila, "ʻaʻole pono e ʻike ʻia ka hakakā ma DRC e hakakā ana ma waena o kahi hui kipi a me ke aupuni Congolese." ʻO kēia ho'ākāka houʻia e ka mea hana a me ka mea kākau ʻo Claude Gatebuke, “ʻAʻole kēia he kipi maʻamau. He hoʻouka kaua ʻia ʻo Kongo e Rwanda a me Uganda".

ʻOiai ua hōʻole pinepine ʻo Kigali i ke kākoʻo ʻana iā M23, ua hōʻike pinepine ʻia nā hōʻike e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana, i kēia manawa ma he hōʻike a kahi pūʻulu o ka UN i ʻAukake. Hōʻike ka hōʻike e kākoʻo ana ka Rwandan Defense Force (RDF) i ka M23 mai Nowemapa 2021, a ke komo nei i "nā hana kaua e kūʻē i nā pūʻali koa Congolese a me nā kūlana FARDC," unilaterally a me M23. I ka mahina o Mei, ua hoʻopio pū ka pūʻali koa Congolese i ʻelua mau koa Rwandan ma kona ʻāina.

Ua ʻōlelo hou ʻo Musavuli ua ʻike ʻia kēia ʻano kākoʻo haole ma ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ua hiki i ka M23 ke komo i nā mea kaua a me nā mea hana.

Ua ʻoi aku ka maopopo o kēia loulou i ka pōʻaiapili o nā kūkākūkā hoʻomaha. "I mea e ʻae ai ʻo M23 i ka pau ʻana, ua kāhea mua ʻo Uhuru Kenyatta i ka Pelekikena Rwandan ʻo Paul Kagame. ʻAʻole ʻo ia wale nō, ma ka lā 5 o Dekemaba, ua hoʻopuka ka US State Department i kahi kaomi communique e ʻōlelo ana ua kamaʻilio ke Kakauolelo o ka Mokuʻāina ʻo Antony Blinken i ka Pelekikena Kagame, e noi ana iā Rwanda e hoʻōki i ke komo ʻana i ka DRC. He aha ka hana i kekahi lā aʻe? Ua hoʻopuka ka M23 i kahi ʻōlelo e ʻōlelo nei ʻaʻole lākou e hakakā hou, "i ʻōlelo ʻia ai ʻo Musavuli.

Ua hōʻoia ʻo Rwanda i kona hoʻouka kaua ʻana i ka DRC ma lalo o ke ʻano o ka hakakā ʻana i ka Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR), he hui kipi Hutu i ka DRC i hoʻopiʻi ʻia no ka hana ʻana i ka pepehi kanaka ma Rwanda i ka makahiki 1994. "Akā ʻaʻole ʻo Rwanda e hahai i ka FDLR, ke hele nei ma hope o nā mines. Pehea ka loaʻa ʻana o nā minerala o Congo i Kigali?

Pēlā nō, ua ʻōlelo ʻo Musavuli, ua hana ʻo Uganda i kahi kumu e hoʻouka ai i ka Kongo a hoʻohana i kāna mau kumuwaiwai - ka Allied Democratic Forces (ADF). "Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Uganda he "jihadists" ka ADF e ʻimi nei e hoʻokahuli i ke aupuni. ʻO ka mea a mākou e ʻike ai ʻo ka ADF he Ugandans e hakakā nei i ke aupuni Museveni mai 1986.

"Ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi pilina hoʻopunipuni ma waena o ka ADF a me ISIS e lawe mai i mua o ʻAmelika ... ua hana ia i mea hoʻopunipuni e loaʻa i nā koa US ma Kongo ma ka inoa o ka hakakā ʻana me "Islamic fundamentalism" a me "jihadists".

Ke hoʻomau nei ka hana ʻino, ua hana pū ka poʻe o Kongo i nā kūʻē nui i ka makahiki 2022, a ʻike pū kekahi i nā hōʻike o ka manaʻo kūʻē i ka US, me ke ʻano o nā mea kūʻē e lawe ana i ka hae Lūkini. "Ua ʻike nā Congolese ua hoʻomau ʻia ʻo Rwanda i ke kākoʻo mai ka US e like me ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka pepehi a me ke kākoʻo ʻana i nā hui kipi ma DRC.", Ua hoʻohui ʻo Musavuli.

"Ma hope o ʻelua mau makahiki o ke kaua, ua ʻōlelo ka poʻe Congolese ua lawa."