Daga Lawrence S. Wittner, Satumba 18, 2017
Kishin kasa ya mamaye zukata da tunanin mutanen duniya?
Tabbas da alama ya zama mai ƙarfi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Suna yin kakkausar suka ga fifikon kasa da kiyayya ga baki. jam'iyyun siyasa na hannun dama sun sami babban ci gaban siyasa tun a shekarun 1930. Bayan nasara mai ban mamaki na hannun dama, a cikin watan Yunin 2016, wajen samun yawancin masu jefa ƙuri'a na Birtaniyya don amincewa da Brexit - Ficewar Birtaniyya daga Tarayyar Turai (EU) - har ma da manyan jam'iyyun masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun fara ɗaukar tsarin son zuciya. Yin amfani da taronta na Jam'iyyar Conservative don nuna goyon baya ga ficewa daga EU, Birtaniya Firayim Minista Theresa May ta bayyana cikin raini: "Idan kun yi imani cewa kai ɗan duniya ne, kai ɗan ƙasa ne na babu inda."
Hankalin nuna kishin kasa ya bayyana musamman a Amurka, inda Donald Trump - a cikin rera taken "Amurka, Amurka" daga manyan magoya bayansa - ya yi alkawarin "sake Amurka mai girma" ta hanyar gina katanga don toshe 'yan Mexico, tare da hana shigowa. na musulmi zuwa Amurka, da kuma fadada karfin sojojin Amurka. Bayan nasarar da ya samu a zabukan da ya yi ba zato ba tsammani. Trump ya fadawa wani gangami a cikin Disamba 2016: “Babu waƙar duniya. Babu kudin duniya. Babu takardar shaidar zama ɗan ƙasa ta duniya. Mun yi mubaya'a ga tuta daya kuma tutar ita ce tutar Amurka." Bayan sun yi murna daga taron, ya kara da cewa: “Daga yanzu zai kasance: Amurka Farko. Lafiya? Amurka ta farko. Za mu sanya kanmu a gaba.”
Amma 'yan kishin kasa sun fuskanci wasu manyan koma baya a cikin 2017. A zaben da aka yi a watan Maris a Netherlands, jam'iyyar kyamar baki ta 'yanci, ko da yake masana harkokin siyasa sun ba da dama ga nasara, sun sha kashi sosai. Haka abin ya faru a Faransa, inda a watan Mayu, sabon shiga siyasa, Emmanuel Macron,. An kashe Marine Le Pen, dan takarar jam'iyyar National Front, a zaben shugaban kasa da kuri'u 2-da-1. Bayan wata daya, in 'yan majalisar dokoki, Sabuwar jam'iyyar Macron da kawayenta sun samu kujeru 350 a majalisar dokokin kasar mai wakilai 577, yayin da jam'iyyar National Front ta samu 9 kawai. A Burtaniya. Theresa May, tana da kwarin gwiwar cewa sabon layinta mai tsauri kan Brexit da rarrabuwar kawuna a jam'iyyar adawa ta Labour za ta samar da gagarumar nasara ga jam'iyyarta ta Conservative, ta yi kira da a gudanar da zaben fidda gwani a watan Yuni. Amma, ga mamakin masu sa ido, Tories sun rasa kujeru, da kuma rinjayen majalisarsu. A halin da ake ciki, a Amurka, manufofin Trump sun haifar da turjiya mai yawa na jama'a, nasa yardar yabo a kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a ta yi kasa a gwiwa, wanda ba a taba ganin irinsa ba na sabon Shugaban kasa, kuma ya kasance tilastawa ya wanke Steve Bannon- babban mai kishin kasa a yakin neman zabensa da kuma gwamnatinsa - daga fadar White House.
Ko da yake abubuwa daban-daban sun haifar da shan kashi na kishin kasa, ra'ayoyin masu kishin kasa da kasa sun taka rawa. A lokacin yakin neman zaben shugaban kasar Macron, ya sha kai hari ga masu ra'ayin kishin kasa na National Front, a maimakon haka. hangen nesa na duniya na Tarayyar Turai tare da bude kan iyakoki. A Biritaniya, goyon bayan May ga Brexit sabuwa tsakanin jama'a, musamman matasa masu tunanin duniya.
Lallai, a cikin ƙarni da yawa dabi'u na duniya sun zama ƙaƙƙarfan halin yanzu a ra'ayin jama'a. Yawancin lokaci ana bin su Diogenes, wani masanin falsafa na Greek Classical, wanda, ya tambayi inda ya fito, ya amsa: “Ni ɗan duniya ne.” Tunanin ya sami karuwar kuɗi tare da yaduwar tunanin wayewa. Tom Paine, wanda aka ɗauka ɗaya daga cikin Ubannin Kafa na Amurka, ya ɗauki taken biyayya ga dukan bil'adama a cikin sa. Hakkin Dan Adam (1791), yana shelar: "Ƙasata ita ce duniya." An bayyana irin wannan ra'ayi a cikin shekaru masu zuwa ta William Lloyd Garrison ("Ƙasata ita ce duniya; ƴan ƙasata duka mutane ne"). Albert Einstein, da ɗimbin sauran masu tunani na duniya. Bayan yakin duniya na biyu ya kawo tsarin mulkin kasa zuwa ga rugujewa, a m zamantakewa motsi wanda aka haɓaka a cikin ra'ayin "Duniya ɗaya," tare da yakin neman zama ɗan ƙasa na duniya da ƙungiyoyin tarayya na duniya waɗanda suka sami babban shahara a duniya. Ko da yake motsi ya ragu da farkon yakin cacar baka, ainihin tunaninsa na fifikon al'ummar duniya ya ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da yakin neman zaman lafiya, 'yancin ɗan adam, da kare muhalli.
Sakamakon haka, duk da cewa hatsaniya ta kishin kasa ta kunno kai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, binciken ra'ayi ya bayar da rahoton wani gagarumin goyon baya ga adawarsa: zama dan kasa a duniya. Zaɓe fiye da mutane 20,000 a kasashe 18, wanda GlobeScan ta gudanar da Sashen Duniya na BBC daga Disamba 2015 zuwa Afrilu 2016, ya gano cewa kashi 51 cikin 2001 na wadanda suka amsa sun fi ganin kansu a matsayin ’yan kasa a duniya fiye da ’yan kasashensu. Wannan shi ne karo na farko tun lokacin da aka fara sa ido a cikin XNUMX da yawancin suka ji haka.
Hatta a Amurka, inda kadan fiye da rabin wadanda suka amsa suka bayyana kansu a matsayin ’yan kasa a duniya, yakin neman zaben Trump na nuna kishin kasa ya jawo hankalin kawai. 46 kashi na kuri'un da aka kada na Shugaban kasa, ta haka ne ya ba shi kuri'u kusan miliyan uku fiye da wanda abokin hamayyarsa na jam'iyyar Democrat ya samu. Bugu da kari, ra'ayoyin ra'ayoyin kafin da kuma tun lokacin zaben ya bayyana cewa galibin Amurkawa na adawa da shirin “America First” da aka fi sani da Trump - gina katangar kan iyaka tsakanin Amurka da Mexico. Idan aka zo batun shige da fice, a Binciken Jami'ar Quinnipiac An gudanar da shi a farkon watan Fabrairun 2017, ya gano cewa kashi 51 cikin 60 na masu kada kuri’a na Amurka sun nuna adawa da umarnin zartarwar Trump na dakatar da tafiye-tafiye zuwa Amurka daga kasashe bakwai da galibinsu Musulmi ne, kashi 70 cikin XNUMX na adawa da dakatar da duk wasu shirye-shiryen ‘yan gudun hijira, kashi XNUMX kuma na adawa da hana ‘yan gudun hijirar Syria shiga Amurka har abada. .
Gabaɗaya, to, yawancin mutane a duniya - gami da yawancin mutane a Amurka - ba masu kishin ƙasa ba ne. A haƙiƙa, suna nuna babban matakin goyon baya don ƙaura fiye da ƙasa-ƙasa zuwa zama ɗan ƙasa na duniya.
Dokta Lawrence Wittner, wanda aka sanya ta hanyar PeaceVoice, shine Farfesa na Tarihi ya fito a SUNY / Albany da marubucin Ganawa Bom (Jami'ar Stanford University Press).
