By David Swanson, Satumba 28, 2020
An cire kuma an gyara daga Barin yakin duniya na Biyu
“Wata rana Shugaba Roosevelt ya gaya mani cewa yana neman a bainar jama’a a kan shawarwari game da abin da ya kamata a kira yakin. Na ce lokaci daya, 'Yakin da Ba a Bukata.' Babu wani yakin da ya fi sauki a dakatar da shi kamar wanda ya lalata abin da ya rage na duniya daga gwagwarmayar da ta gabata. ” —Winston Churchill[i]
Yaƙin Duniya na II ya girma ne daga Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, kuma kusan ba wanda yake ƙoƙari ya yi jayayya cewa Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya mai adalci ne ko ɗaukaka. Ta hanyar yin hankali da hikima, gwamnatoci na iya zaɓar kada su ƙaddamar da Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, ko kuma ba su kawo ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya ba ta hanyar da mutane ke yin annabcin WWII a wurin. Yaƙin da za a iya guje masa kawai yaƙi ne mai gamsarwa idan da gaske kyawawa ne, idan ya fi dacewa da zaman lafiya. Tabbas abin da har yanzu za'a iya kaucewa a cikin 1939 bazai zama daidai da abin da za'a iya kiyaye shi ba a cikin 1919 - batun da, kamar ɗaruruwan batutuwa masu alaƙa, an rufe shi Barin yakin duniya na Biyu.
Ina so in tabo nan sama da shekaru 1918 na ayyukan da ba su zama dole ba, don neman wani abin da ya faru a Philadelphia a cikin shekarar 2. Idan muka dawo da karin wasu shekaru 1899 ga shawarwarin neman zaman lafiya da aka tattauna a Hague a XNUMX amma ba a yi aiki da su ba, batunmu zai zama da yawa karfi.[ii] Ma'anar ba wai yin da'awar cewa rikicin na 1939 bai faru ba, amma don sanin cewa gwamnatoci na iya yin halin rashin kulawa yanzu, kamar yadda za su iya yi a cikin jagorancin WWII.
Jane Addams da abokan aikinta ba kawai suka annabta a cikin 1919 cewa yakin duniya na biyu zai zo ba, har ma ya ba da cikakken bayanin abin da za a buƙaci a canza game da Yarjejeniyar Versailles da Leagueungiyar ofasashen Duniya don guje mata - kuma sun ƙaddamar da ƙungiyar zaman lafiya ta duniya zuwa bayar da shawarwari game da hakan.[iii] Shahararrun maki 14 da Shugaba Woodrow Wilson ya inganta sun ɓace galibi a cikin Yarjejeniyar ta Versailles, an maye gurbinsu da mummunan azaba da ƙasƙanci ga Jamus. Addams yayi gargadin cewa wannan zai haifar da wani yakin.[iv]
Masanin tattalin arzikin Burtaniya John Maynard Keynes ya rubuta a cikin 1919 a cikin Sakamakon Tattalin Arziki na Aminci, "Idan da gangan muke nufin talaucin Yammacin Turai, to, ramuwar gayya, na kuskura na hango, ba za ta yi kasa a gwiwa ba."[v]
Thorstein Veblen, a cikin wani mahimman bayanai game da littafin Keynes, ya kuma yi annabcin Yarjejeniyar Versailles da ke haifar da ƙarin yaƙi, kodayake ya fahimci tushen yarjejeniyar ta zama ƙiyayya ga Tarayyar Soviet, wanda, ya kamata a lura da shi, United Kasashe da kasashen da ke kawance suna fada da yaki a shekarar 1919 wanda ba safai yake bayyana a littattafan tarihin Amurka ba.[vi] Veblen ya yi imanin cewa da sauƙi a karɓi fansa daga masu mallakar kadarorin Jamusawa masu arziki ba tare da sanya wahala a kan dukkanin al'ummar Jamusawa ba, amma manufar farko ta waɗanda ke yin yarjejeniyar ita ce ta kiyaye haƙƙin mallaka da kuma amfani da Jamus a matsayin ƙarfi a kan Soviet Soviet Tarayyar
Woodrow Wilson ya yi alƙawarin “zaman lafiya ba tare da nasara ba,” amma, a tattaunawar yarjejeniyar, da aka ba da fansar Faransa da Birtaniyya ga Jamus. Bayan haka, ya yi hasashen Yaƙin Duniya na II sai dai idan Amurka ta shiga cikin Majalisar Leagueasashen Duniya.
Veblen yana ganin Wilson bai shiga ciki ba kuma ya sasanta a tattaunawar yarjejeniyar, amma ya fifita kiyayya ga Tarayyar Soviet. Ina tsammanin Baturen Ingila yayi haka, amma na Wilson baƙon labari ne.
Wilson ya fara ne da karfi yana jayayya game da hukuncin azabtar da Jamus, amma abin da ake kira mura na Spain ya buge shi, ya yi rauni sosai, ya yi magana kamar yaudara, kuma da sauri ya yarda ya watsar da yawancin abin da ya alkawarta wa duniya.[vii] Cutar Sifen (wanda ake kira saboda, kodayake wataƙila ta fito ne daga sansanonin sojan Amurka zuwa yakin Turai, Spain ta ba wa jaridunsa damar yin rubutu game da labarai marasa daɗi, aikin da aka hana a cikin ƙasashe a yaƙi) ya kamu da Fadar White House.[viii]
Faduwar da ta gabata, a ranar 28 ga Satumba, 1918, Philadelphia ta gudanar da gagarumin fareti na yakin basasa wanda ya hada da dakaru masu dauke da cutar da suka dawo daga yakin. Likitoci sun yi gargadi game da hakan, amma 'yan siyasa sun ba da sanarwar cewa babu abin da zai tafi daidai idan kowa ya kaurace wa tari, atishawa, da tofa albarkacin bakinsu. Ba su yi ba. Mura ta yadu.[ix] Wilson ya samu. Bai yi abin da zai iya yi a Faris ba. Ba abin damuwa bane cewa za'a iya guje wa WWII idan an kauce ma fareti a Philadelphia.
Wannan na iya zama kamar mahaukaci, amma fareti a Philadelphia wauta ce kawai a cikin teku na abubuwan wauta waɗanda ba lallai ne a yi su ba. Babu wanda zai iya yin hasashen Yakin Duniya na II sakamakon wannan fareti, amma irin wannan hasashen ya yiwu kuma a zahiri an yi shi game da wasu abubuwan da ba dole ba da wauta a cikin shekarun tsakanin yaƙe-yaƙe.
Ferdinand Foch, Bafaranshe ne Babban Kwamandan Hadin gwiwa. Yayi matukar takaici da Yarjejeniyar ta Versailles. “Wannan ba zaman lafiya ba ne,” in ji shi da ƙarfi. "Yana da armistice na shekaru 20." Yaƙin Duniya na II ya fara shekaru 20 da kwanaki 65 daga baya. Damuwa da Foch bai yi ba shi ne cewa an hukunta Jamus sosai. Foch ya so iyakar Jamusawa a yamma da Kogin Rhine.[X]
Tare da yarjejeniya mai yaduwa cewa duk gwamnatoci za su ba da makamai kuma su shirya don ƙarin yaƙe-yaƙe, suna hasashen cewa tsananin azaba zai fusata Jamus ko kuma ɗan ƙaramin hukunci zai iya ba Jamus damar ƙaddamar da sabon hari duk tsinkayen amintattu ne. Tare da ra'ayoyin wadata ba tare da makamai ba, bin doka ba tare da tashin hankali ba, da kuma ɗan adam ba tare da kabilanci ba har yanzu yana da iyaka, Hasashen Foch ya yi ma'ana kamar Jane Addams '.
Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, Winston Churchill ya ce, “Lokacin da na ga abin yana zuwa sai na yi kuka da babbar murya ga’ yan uwana da kuma duniya, amma ba wanda ya kula. . . . ”[xi] Churchill yana nufin cewa ƙarin kayan yaƙi, ƙarin nuna ƙarfi, ƙarin barazanar da tsokana na iya hana WWII, kuma hakan zai hana yaƙi da Tarayyar Soviet. Churchill shima ya sanya ta wannan hanyar:
“Shugaba Roosevelt wata rana ya tambaya me za a kira wannan Yaƙin. Amsar ita ce, 'Yakin da Ba a Bukata.' Idan Amurka ta taka rawa a cikin Kungiyar Kasashen Duniya, kuma idan aka shirya League of Nations don amfani da karfi, koda kuwa da karfin Turai ne kawai, don hana sake mallakar Jamus, babu wata bukata don kara zubar da jini. ”[xii]
Churchill ya ci gaba da bayyana ba da kwanciyar hankali duniya mai dunƙulewa ba, a matsayin mai ƙarancin ƙarfi da haɗarin daidaituwa na mulkin mallaka. Babu wata hanyar da za a san cewa ya yi kuskure. Akwai babban adawa ga Naziyanci a cikin Jamus, kuma wasu canje-canje a cikin tarihi - ko ƙarin fahimtar kayan aikin aiwatar da tashin hankali, ko ƙarar da militan tawayen Churchillian, ko kisan kai ko juyin mulki (akwai makircin makirci da yawa) - na iya kasancewa ci shi.
Amma batun a nan ba shine cewa duniya zata iya samun sa'a ba. Maimakon haka, duniya ta yi wauta, ta ƙa'idodin zamani, har ma fiye da ta yau. Tsarin Marshall wanda ya biyo bayan WWII, saboda dukkan kurakuransa masu zurfin gaske, shine ƙoƙari kada a maimaita hanyar wautar da WWI ta ƙare. Mutane sun kasance suna da masaniya kai tsaye bayan WWII na yadda suka ƙirƙira shi bayan WWI.
Yarjejeniyar Versailles abu ɗaya ce kawai tsakanin yawancin waɗanda ba lallai bane su faru. Ba lallai ne mutanen Jamus su ba da izinin haɓakar Naziyanci ba. Al'ummai da 'yan kasuwa a duk duniya basu da kuɗi da ƙarfafa haɓakar Nazism. Masana kimiyya da gwamnatoci ba lallai bane su faɗakar da akidar Nazi. Bai kamata gwamnatoci su fifita kayan yaƙi fiye da bin doka ba, kuma bai zama dole su yi ƙyama ga bacin ran Jamusawa ba yayin da suke ƙarfafa harin Jamusawa kan Tarayyar Soviet. Babban canji ga ɗayan waɗannan abubuwan zai hana WWII a Turai.
A cikin sati daya hanya ta kan layi farawa a kan wannan batun.
[i] Winston Churchill ne Yakin Duniya na Biyu: Guguwar Taro (Boston: Kamfanin Houghton Mifflin, 1948), shafi. iv. Wanda Scott Manning ya ambata, "Me Churchill yake nufi da 'Yakin da Ba Dole Ba'?" 17 ga Yuli, 2008, https://scottmanning.com/content/what-did-churchill-mean-by-unnecessaryary-war
[ii] Lokacin da Czar na Rasha a 1898 ya gayyaci dukkan gwamnatocin duniya zuwa taron zaman lafiya, wanda za a yi a Hague a 1899, wani mai ba da shawara game da zaman lafiya ya rubuta wa wani cewa yanzu, a ƙarshe, “duniya ba za ta yi ihu ba Utopia!” ma'ana cewa a ƙarshe za a ɗauki zaman lafiya da mahimmanci. Abin ba in ciki, ba haka ba ne. Manyan gwamnatocin da ke yin yaki sun yi ihu "Utopia" a saman huhunsu. Kuma an rarraba masu gwagwarmaya masu kyakkyawar manufa tsakanin kokarin dakatar da yaki da kokarin dakatar da wasu munanan dabi'u, ta haka yakin "dan adamtaka". Koyaya, an samar da wata yarjejeniya wacce ke buƙatar ƙasashe suyi ƙoƙari don sasanta rikice-rikice ta hanyar sasantawa, kuma an ƙirƙiri kotu don sasantawa. An sanya mahimman abubuwa don gujewa yaƙe-yaƙe na duniya duka a kan ɗakunan duniya kuma an ba su damar tara ƙura. Duba James Crossland, Yaƙi, Doka, da 'Yan Adam: Gangamin don Gudanar da Yaƙin, 1853-1914 (Makarantar Bloomsbury, 2019). Duba kuma “Yarjejeniyar (I) Game da Yankin Yanke Rarraba Na Tekun Pasifik (Hague I) (29 Yuli 1899)” https://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/hague01.asp
[iii] Internationalungiyar Mata ta Duniya don Zaman Lafiya da 'Yanci, "Yarjejeniyar Versailles: Sake Gina Tsarin Iyaye Bayan WWI," Yuni 28, 2019, https://www.wilpf.org/versaillestreaty
[iv] Manyan Masu Neman Zaman Lafiya, "Jane Addams Biography," https://www.thegreatpeacemakers.com/jane-addams.html
[v] Jeffrey Sparks ya ambata, "Ee, Woodrow Wilson ya annabta Yaƙin Duniya na II - amma haka ma JM Keynes," Disamba 28, 2014, https://sparkscommentary.blogspot.com/2014/12/keynes-wilson-and-wwii.html
[vi] Thorstein Veblen, "Binciken John Maynard Keynes, Sakamakon Tattalin Arziki na Salama," Kimiyyar Siyasa Tsakanin, 35, shafi na 467-472, http://www.adelinotorres.info/economia/THORSTEIN%20VEBLEN-Review%20of% 20John% 20Maynard% 20Keynes.pdf Wanda Guido Giacomo Preparata ya ruwaito, Conjuring Hitler: Ta yaya Biritaniya da Amurka suka yi mulkin na Uku (Pluto Press, 2005), Fasali na 2 "Annabcin Veblenian. Daga majalisa har zuwa Versailles ta hanyar Rasha Fratricide, 1919-20. ”
[vii] Steve Coll, New Yorker, "Shari'ar Woodrow Wilson na Mura, da kuma yadda annoba ta canza Tarihi," Afrilu 17, 2020, https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/woodrow-wilsons-case-of-the-flu-and- yadda-annoba-canji-tarihi
[viii] Michael S. Rosenwald, The Washington Post, “A shekara ta 1918, mura ta Spain ta kamu da Fadar White House. Ko Shugaba Wilson ma ya yi rashin lafiya, ”14 ga Maris, 2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2020/03/14/flu-woodrow-wilson-coronavirus-trump/
[ix] Bob McGovern da John Kopp, Philly Voice, "A cikin 1918, Philadelphia na cikin 'kuncin' wahala da wahala," Satumba 28, 2018, https://www.phillyvoice.com/1918-philadelphia-was-grippe-misery-and-suffering
[X] An ambaci wannan maganar ta Foch sosai, gami da Winston Churchill, kodayake akwai dalilai na shakku cewa ya faɗi hakan ne a ranar da aka ambata, idan ya faɗi hakan kwata-kwata. Koyaya, akwai yarjejeniya mai ƙarfi wacce ta lulluɓe ra'ayinsa a lokacin Yarjejeniyar ta Versailles. Dubi Dr. Beachcombing, "Foch da Shekaru Goma Armistice: Wani Labari?" Yuli 11, 2016, http://www.strangehistory.net/2016/07/11/foch-twenty-year-armistice-myth
[xi] Winston S. Churchill, “Jawabin Labulen ƙarfe,” Maris 5, 1946, https://weknowourhistory.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/iron-curtain-speech.pdf
[xii] Scott Manning, "Me Churchill yake nufi da 'Yakin da ba Dole' ba?" 17 ga Yuli, 2008, https://scottmanning.com/content/what-did-churchill-mean-by-unnecessaryary-war
