by Tom Dispatch, Yuni 17,2021
Kusan kusan shekaru 20, babban kwamandan sojojin Amurka har yanzu ba ya so su bar ƙasar inda suka jujjuya “rukuni” da yawa cikin “ci gaba” na dogon lokaci. Sun bayyana karara ga Shugaba Biden cewa su so don “kiyaye a kalla wata rundunar sojoji ta gari” a Afghanistan. Duk da haka ya ƙi shawararsu, yana ba da umarnin ficewar sojojin Amurka gaba ɗaya. Abin baƙin ciki, tare da nasara don haka (har abada) kusa! Bayan haka, har zuwa ƙarshen shekara ta 2017, Janar John Nicholson, sannan kwamandan sojojin Amurka a can, har yanzu yana ci gaba da cewa Amurka da sojojin Afghanistan da ta goyi bayan a ƙarshe sun “juya kusurwa” kuma suna “kan hanyar samun nasara.” Kamar yadda Foreign Policy ya ruwaito a lokacin, shi ne kwamanda na takwas da ya yi irin wannan da'awar, gami da Janar Stanley McChrystal a 2010 da Janar David Petraeus a cikin 2011. Wanene ya san cewa akwai kusurwa da yawa da za a juya a waccan ƙasar - ko, don wannan, a kamar haka ya mamaye Iraki?
Gaskiya ne cewa, kusan shekaru XNUMX bayan Shugaba George W. Bush ya ba da umarnin mamaye Afghanistan, babban kwamandan Amurka na baya-bayan nan kuma mafi dadewa a can, Janar Austin “Scott” Miller, bai karɓi yabo ba har ma da wani kusurwa ɗaya da ya juya. Duk abin da yake da'awa (ba wataƙila ba mai yiwuwa ba) shi ne cewa sojojin Amurka za su “fita tare da kawunanmu sama.” A cikin ƙananan lokutan da za a kira shi "shan kashi." A halin yanzu, don kada ku yi tunanin babu fata ko kaɗan, CIA ci gaba da bincike don hanyoyin kiyaye yakin Amurkan na tafiya, walau daga jihohin makwabta ko kuma ta jirgi mara matuki daga Tekun Fasha. (Ee, Tekun Fasha, sa'o'i tara ya rage!)
Kuma kuyi la'akari da wannan ƙaramin taƙaitaccen yaƙi, irin salon Amurka, a karni na ashirin da ɗaya. A takaice dai, muna magana ne game da gazawar da ba ta da iyaka - tare da sauran masu zuwa idan Afghanistan ta mara wa Washington baya gwamnati ta ruguje a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba daga ƙungiyar Taliban mai tasowa - cewa babu wanda ke da hannu a ciki da zai taɓa tunanin ɗaukar ƙaramar alhakin.
Laftanar kanar din mai ritaya da kuma TomDispatch yau da kullum William Astore ya ba da tabbacin wannan gaskiyar a yau, yayin da yake tambaya wane ne a cikin wannan ƙasar, a ƙarshe, za a ɗora masa alhakin duk waɗannan kusurwoyin da ba a warware su ba, ba wai a Afghanistan kawai ba amma a cikin karnin nan na Amurka wanda ba ya ƙarewa a kan ta'addanci a duk faɗin mahimmin abu sassan Babban yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya da Afirka. Masanin tarihi kuma marubuci ne na Hindenburg: Alamar Militarism ta Jamusanci, yana tunatar da mu a yau abin da zai iya faruwa yayin da laifin shan kashi a yaƙi ya kasance na kamawa. Tom
Amurka Tana Kame kanta A Baya
Ana Bukatar Gaskiya Mai wuya Game da Yaƙe-yaƙe na Amurka
Amurkawa na iya riga suna kwance kansu daga abin da ya rage na dimokiradiyyarsu.
Babbar karyar da ke hada kan 'yan Republican a yau, tabbas, ita ce, Donald Trump, ba Joe Biden, ya ci zaben shugaban kasa na 2020 ba. Sauran manyan karyace-karyacen da suka gabata sun hada da ra'ayin cewa canjin yanayi ba komai bane face yaudarar kasar Sin, cewa Rasha ce ke da alhakin faduwar zaben Hillary Clinton a 2016, kuma mamaye Iraki a 2003 ya zama dole saboda shugaban kasar, Saddam Hussein, yana da wata alaƙa da harin 9/11 (bai yi ba!) Kuma ya mallaki makaman kare dangi da za a iya amfani da shi akan Amurka, “slam dunk”Gaskiya, a cewar Daraktan CIA na lokacin George Tenet (ba haka bane!).
Waɗannan da sauran ƙaryar, babba da ƙarami, tare da cin hanci da rashawa a Washington shine ainihin dalilin da yasa yawancin Amurkawa suka fidda rai. Ba ƙaramin abin mamaki bane cewa, a cikin 2016, wa] annan wa] annan "wa] annan abubuwan, sun kai ga wa] ansu mutanen da ba na al'adun gargajiyar Beltway na Washington ba. Lokutan wahala suna haifar da mummunan aiki, gami da shafewa a kasa gidan caca kuma cikakkiyar mutum a matsayin mai ceton MAGA mai kwalliyar Amurka. Kamar yadda shugaban 45th, Donald Trump ya kafa rikodin don ƙaryar da wataƙila ta kasance ba za a iya shawo kanta ba a cikin “girmanta” - ko don haka dole ne muyi fata ko yaya.
Abin ba in ciki, Amurkawa sun zama masu jurewa da raɗaɗin ƙaryar ƙarya, galibi suna fifita su ga gaskiyar da ba ta da daɗi. Babu wani wuri da za a iya ganin wannan a sarari kamar a mulkin soja wanda na kasance mafi yawan rayuwata. Rikicin farko na yakin, don haka aka ce, gaskiya ne, kuma tunda wannan kasar ta ci gaba da yaki a lokaci guda, muna ci gaba da azabtar da gaskiya har abada.
Idan yakai ga yaki, anan kadan daga cikin karyarmu ta Amurka duka: cewa wannan kasar tana da jinkirin yin fushi saboda mun fi son zaman lafiya, koda kuwa yaƙe-yaƙe galibi ya zama dole, wanda kuma shine dalilin da yasa Amurka mai son zaman lafiya dole ne ta sami duniya “mafi kyau” kuma da nisa da mafi tsada soja a duniya; cewa kawai irin wannan sojan ma ƙarfi ne na musamman don 'yanci a Duniyar Planet; cewa yana yin faɗa kai tsayedon yantar da wadanda aka zalunta”(Taken sojojin karfi na musamman) amma ba don ciyar da burin sarki ko akasin haka ba.
Ga babban iko wanda ke son jujjuya tsoffin sojansa, irin waɗannan ƙaryar suna da mahimmanci ga tafarkin. Ka yi tunanin su, a gaskiya, kamar yadda batun gwamnati (GI) karya. A matsayina na masanin tarihi wanda ke duban abin da zai faru a gaba, abin da ya fi damuna shi ne karairayi guda biyu na rashin gaskiya wadanda, a farkon shekarun 1930, suka haifar da rugujewar sabuwar dimokiradiyya a Weimar Jamus, karyar da cewa ta hanyarsu ta taimaka wajen saukaka Holocaust da cewa, a ƙarƙashin dama (wato, ba daidai ba) yanayi, na iya zama namu ma. Menene waɗannan ƙaryar biyu?
Karyace Mai Ban Haushi Na Kasar Jamus Bayan Yaƙin Duniya Na ɗaya
A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, sojojin na Jamus sun yi ƙoƙari don fatattakar haɗakar sojojin Burtaniya, Faransa, Rasha, da kuma daga baya Amurka, a tsakanin sauran ƙasashe, yayin da a lokaci guda “aka ɗauraye shi da gawar,” kamar yadda wani Janar ɗin Jamusawa ya bayyana babban abokin kasarsa , Daular Austro-Hungary. A tsakiyar 1916, mulkin mallaka na biyu na Jamusawa wanda Kaiser Wilhelm II ya jagoranta, a zahiri, ya zama mulkin kama karya na soja wanda aka sadaukar domin samun nasara ko ta halin kaka.
Shekaru biyu bayan haka, waccan rundunar ta sami ikon gajiyarwa daga kwamandojinta. Lokacin da take dab da durkushewa, janar-janar din ta sun wanke hannayen su daga aiki kuma suka baiwa 'yan siyasa damar kai karar zaman lafiya. Amma tun kafin bindigogin su yi shiru a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 1918, wasu abubuwan da suka faru a cikin kasar sun riga sun sake maimaita manyan karairayi guda biyu masu nasaba da hakan da zai kawo sauyi na dagutu da kuma fara yakin duniya mafi mawuyacin hali.
Babban ƙaryar farko ita ce, sojojin na Jamusawa, sa'annan a matsayin waɗanda suka fi kyau a duniya (sanannun sanannen abu?), Sun fito ne daga Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya ba tare da an ci nasara a fagen fama ba, dakarunta ƙungiyar mawaƙa ce da aka rufe cikin ɗaukaka. Wannan karyar abin dogaro ce saboda ba a mamaye Jamus da kanta ba a Yaƙin Duniya na ;aya; fada mafi muni ya faru a Faransa, Belgium, da Rasha. Hakanan abin sasantawa ne saboda shugabannin sojojin sun yi wa mutane karya game da ci gaban da ake samu game da “nasara.” (Wannan ya kamata ya sake zama sananne ga kunnuwan Amurka na wannan zamani.) Don haka, lokacin da wadancan manyan shugabannin suka jefa tawul a karshen shekarar 1918, ya zama abin mamaki ga mafi yawan Jamusawa, wadanda aka ci abinci mai ci gaba na "ci gaba," yayin da an dakatar da labarai game da mummunan koma baya a Yammacin Turai.
Babbar ƙarya ta biyu ta biyo baya daga ta farko. Don kuwa idan mutum ya yarda da tatsuniyar "wanda ba a ci nasara a filin ba", kamar yadda yawancin Jamusawa suka yi, to wanene ke da alhakin kayar da mafi ƙarancin sojoji a duniya? Ba janar-janar na Jamus ba, ba shakka. Tabbas, a cikin 1919, wanda Field Marshal ya jagoranta Paul von Hindenburg, wadancan janar-janar din za su yi da'awar da'awar cewa abubuwa marasa aminci a cikin gida - makiyi a ciki - sun hada baki don cin amanar jaruman sojojin kasar. Ta haka aka haife “matsakaicin-a-da-baya”Tatsuniya da ta ɗora laifin a kan mayaudara daga ciki, yayin da ya dace da korar ta daga Kaiser da janar-janar ɗin sa.
Wanene, to, wanene masu goyon bayan Jamus? Wadanda ake zargi da laifi an tattara su: galibi masu ra'ayin gurguzu, masu ra'ayin Markisanci, masu adawa da 'yan tawaye, masu sassaucin ra'ayi, da masu cin nasarar yaki na wani nau'i (amma ba masu kera makamai ba kamar Krupp Family). Ba da daɗewa ba, yahudawan Jamus za su zama masu yatsu tare da mazaunan gutter kamar Adolf Hitler, tunda sun yi zargin sun ƙi aikinsu na yin aiki a cikin sahun. Wannan ma wata karya ce mai sauƙin musantawa, amma duk yawancin Jamusawa, masu tsananin son ragargazawa kuma babu shakka masu girman kai, sun tabbatar da sha'awar gaskata waɗannan ƙaryar.
Wadannan manyan maganganun karya guda biyu sun haifar da rashin cikakken lissafi a cikin Weimar Jamus ga masu gwagwarmaya kamar Hindenburg da Janar Erich Ludendorff wadanda ke da matukar alhakin kayen kasar. Irin waɗannan ƙaryar sun ciyar da fushin da kitse gunaguni na jama'ar Jamusawa, suna samar da kyakkyawar ƙasa don ƙara ƙaryar ƙarairayi. A cikin wani yanayi na tsoro da matsin tattalin arziki wanda ya haifar da Babban Tashin hankali na 1929, wani adadi na baya ya sami muryar sa da masu sauraron sa. Wadannan manyan karyar guda biyu sun ba da karfi ga Hitler kuma, ba abin mamaki ba ne, ya fara inganta farfadowar sojoji da kira ga daukar fansa a kan “masu aikata laifi na watan Nuwamba” wadanda suka ci amanar Jamus. 'Sarya ta Hitler an karɓe ta da sauƙi saboda sun faɗi a kan kunnuwan da suka shirya sosai.
Tabbas, dimokiradiyyar dimokiradiyya kamar Amurka ba zata taba iya samar da shugaba kamar na Hitler ko masarauta mai karfin fada aji ba kan mulkin duniya. Dama?
Babu shakka Amurka ba za ta taba samar da nata Hitler ba, wani yanki ne wanda ba za a iya bayyana shi a matsayin mai hazikan gaske ba, kuma ta hanyar “baiwa” ina nufin irin dabarun da yake da shi na kutsawa cikin mutane da kuma shekarunsa. Amma duk da haka Amurka a 2021 tabbas tana da ƙarfi-ƙarfi, ƙarancin kwanciyar hankali "baiwa" na kanta - kamar yadda duk ƙasashe ke yi a kowane lokaci. Maza ba tare da ka'idoji ko iyakoki ba, suna son maimaita babbar ƙarya bayan babbar ƙarya har sai sun sami cikakken iko. Wani kamar Tsohon Sakataren Gwamnati Mike Pompeo ko Sanata Tom Cotton wataƙila? Ko kuma wataƙila sabon juzu'i na Laftanar-Janar Michael Flynn mai ritaya, mai ba da shawara kan tsaron kasa na Donald Trump, wanda ba da daɗewa ba nuna goyon baya ga juyin mulkin soja don kifar da gwamnati. Ko wataƙila, a cikin 2024, Trump da kansa.
Manyan Qarya Na Amurka
Tabbas, Jamus bayan yakin duniya na XNUMX da wuya ya zama cikakken kwatancen Amurka ga bayan shekaru biyu na mummunan bala'i amma nesa da yaƙi. Kuma tarihi shine, a mafi kyau, mai ba da shawara maimakon kwafi. Duk da haka muna nazarin shi a wani bangare saboda abubuwan da suka gabata suna ba da haske game da makomar gaba. Halaye da al'amuran sun canza, amma yanayin ɗan adam bai ɗaya ba, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa har yanzu jami'an soji ke karanta aikin janar Athenian da masanin tarihi Thucydides da riba, duk da cewa yaƙe-yaƙen sa sun ƙare fiye da shekaru dubu biyu da suka gabata.
Don haka, bari mu koma ga manyan ƙaryar guda biyu waɗanda, a wajan tunani, suka yi sanadiyyar dimokiradiyyar Weimar ta Jamus. Ta yaya za su yi amfani da Amurka a yau? Tun daga 9/11, sojojinmu suka gurfanar da manyan yaƙe-yaƙe biyu a Afghanistan da Iraq, da ƙananan rikice-rikice da yawa a wurare kamar Libya, Syria, da Somalia. Wancan sojoji guda ɗaya ya rasa waɗannan manyan yaƙe-yaƙe, yayin ƙirƙirar ko ƙara haɓaka mai gudana Rikicin jama'a da bala'i a cikin "ƙananan" waɗanda ke faɗin Babban Gabas ta Tsakiya da Afirka.
Amma duk da haka, a cikin “mahaifar” Amurka (kamar yadda aka sani bayan harin 9/11), abin birgewa ne yadda ba safai wani zai lura da irin mummunan tasirin da wannan sojan ya yiwa duk yakin ba. Tabbas, ana yin bikin gaba ɗaya a yawancin ƙasar kuma lallai a Washington kamar yadda mafi kyawun soja a duniya, watakila ma a tarihin duniya. Kudinta ci gaba da tashi kamar dai saboda martani ga cin nasara a ko'ina kuma saboda haka ya cancanci samun zakin zaki na masu biyan haraji. Manyan janar-janar da masu ritaya suna yin bikin kuma ana ba su kyauta fansho lafiya har ma da mafi ƙarancin albashi da fa'idodi idan sun zaɓi (kuma da yawa suna yi) don saurin kofar dake juyawa hakan yana danganta su da kamfanonin yaƙi masu fa'ida sosai kamar Boeing, Lockheed Martin, da Raytheon.
A takaice dai, an sayar da Amurkawa akan ra'ayin cewa "sojojinsu" sun kasance marasa nasara a fagen, ko kuma, idan "kayar da su" a ma'anar wahalar wahala, ba alhakin su ba. Amma idan sojojin Amurka sune mafi kyawu daga cikinmu kuma batattun kwamandojinsu gabaɗaya sun isa su sami lada ta har abada, wanene is Laifin rashin Amurkawa a Iraki? A cikin Afghanistan? Ba su ba ne, a bayyane yake, ba idan kun yi imani da sakamakon zaɓen wanda ya nuna cewa Amurkawa sun fi "amincewa" da sojoji ba fiye da sauran cibiyoyin Amurka (duk da cewa waɗannan alkaluma, har yanzu suna da yawa, sun kasance faduwa kwanan nan).
Idan ba a sanya alhakin kayar ko dai ga sojoji ko kwamandojin sojan ba, kuma idan mu Amurkawa tabbas ba za mu iya tunanin cewa makiyi kamar Taliban na iya kayar da karfinmu ba, wa za a zarga? Maƙiyi a ciki! Wani a cikin mahaifarsa wanda yake soka Amurka jarumai masu daraja a baya. Amma, idan haka ne, wanene daidai?
Manyan shugabanni a sojojin Amurka sune tuni korafi cewa janyewar dakaru Joe Biden daga Afghanistan na iya shuka dattako a wannan kasar (kamar dai kusan shekaru 20 na yin mummunan yaki a can ko ta yaya ne aka tsara matakin nasara). 'Yan Republican, kamar yadda al'adarsu take, ana fitar da wukake a wuyansu. Suna da alama sun kasance shirya don soki 'yan Democrats saboda rauni a kan tsaro da roƙon "masu kama-karya" kamar shugabannin Iran da kuma Sin.
Kuma idan kuna tunanin labarin “maƙiyi a ciki” nan gaba, kar ku manta da wasiƙar kwanan nan sa hannu 124 na janar-janar dinmu da mukaddimai wadanda suka yi ritaya wadanda ke neman dora laifin tabarbarewar dimokuradiyya a wannan kasar ba kan Trump da 'yan amshin shatan sa ba, amma a kan yaduwar gaba, gurguzu, har da Markisanci. Cewa za su iya daukar nauyin komai kan halin da Amurka ta tsinci kanta a yau ba zai taba faruwa ga wannan kamfani na gaggle na masu hasara wadanda suke nuna kansu annabawa ne da kansu ba.
Amma gaskiyar ta fi tsananin rauni fiye da waɗancan masu neman damar mallakar tuta da aka shirya su yarda da su. Yaƙin da ba shi da fa'ida, yaƙin neman zaɓe, da gazawarmu ta fuskantar duka ya kamata a ɗauke su a matsayin abokan gaba a ciki. Kuma wa) annan “abokan gaba” na taimaka wajan kashe dimokiradiyya a Amurka, kamar yadda James Madison, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Da kuma Martin Luther King, Jr.., tare da wasu, sun gargaɗe mu game da shekarun da suka gabata, har ma da ƙarnuka da suka gabata.
Anan ga gaskiyar gaskiyar: Yaƙe-yaƙe da Amurkawa tun 9/11 basu taɓa cin wannan ƙasar ba. Sun kasance rikice-rikice marasa ma'ana na dama, suna cin ribar Pentagon (da kasafin kuɗaɗen haɓaka). Wasu lamuran ramuwar gayya ne suka gurbace su kuma wasu jami'ai masu matsayi daya suka sanya hannu a wasikar. Nuna tunani na gaskiya zai buƙaci gyara kwaskwarima a cikin wannan sojan kuma tabbas ƙin karɓar militaukar soja da yawon buɗa ido na soja. Kuma wannan tabbas babu shakka me yasa da yawa a cikin soja-masana'antu-majalisa hadaddun fi son kwanciyar hankali na manyan karya.
Mun ga nau'ikan wannan a da. Ronald Reagan ya sake fassara yakin basasa a kudu maso gabashin Asiya a matsayin “sanadi mai daraja. ” George HW Bush ya yi ishara da hankali da tunani na rashin yarda da yaƙe-yaƙe na ƙasashen waje da ba a buƙata a matsayin "cutar ta Vietnam," yana mai cewa Amurka ta ƙarshe “harba shi”Tare da nasarar da ta samu a kan Saddam Hussein a cikin yaƙin Guguwar Hamada na 1991. The Rambo labari a cikin al'adun gargajiya sun ƙarfafa ra'ayin cewa mayaƙan Amurkawa sun ci nasara a yaƙin Vietnam, amma sai kawai 'yan siyasa masu lalata da masu zanga-zangar adawa suka soke shi a baya. tofa albarkacin bakinsa dawowar sojojin. (Ba su yi baTare) ire-iren wadannan tatsuniyoyin sun yi aiki don tserar da sojojin Amurka daga sake fasalin tsattsauran ra'ayi, da tabbatar da halin ci gaba na kasuwanci-kamar yadda aka saba a Pentagon har, bayan 9/11, gaskiyar samanufa (un) cika”Shekaru sun zo.
Gaskiyar Gaske Maganin Manyan Qarya
Amurkawa suna buƙatar ranar hisabi da ke nuna babu alamar zuwan su. Bayan duk wannan, muna magana ne game da Majalisa ba zai iya ba yarda da kafa kwamiti na hadin gwiwa don bincikar guguwar Capitol na ranar 6 ga Janairu. Duk da haka, saurayi na iya yin mafarki, ko ba haka ba? Burina na kunshi kafa kwamiti na gaskiya don rike manyan shugabanni, sojoji da farar hula, alhaki ba wai kawai don karyarsu ba game da yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa na Amurka ba amma don yanke shawara don ƙaddamar da su da kuma abubuwan wasan kwaikwayon da suka biyo baya, kamar yadda suka yi mafi kyau marasa kyau. su sauke nauyin da ke kansu.
Bada dama nayi mafarki kuma game da irin wannan motsa jiki na fadin gaskiya da amsar gaskiya zai kunshi:
- Binciken Majalisar Wakilai na Bipartisan game da yaƙe-yaƙe a Iraki da Afghanistan, gami da rantsuwar rantsuwa da shugabannin Bush, Obama, da Trump, da mataimakan shugaban ƙasa Cheney, Biden, da Pence, da waɗanda ba su yi nasara ba a cikin tsofaffin kwamandojin namu.
- Binciken Majalisar Wakilai na Bipartisan game da ƙaryar da sojoji ke yi game da ci gaba a yaƙe-yaƙe, haɗe da binciken laifukan yaƙi kamar yadda ake buƙata.
- Babban ragi a cikin yawan kuɗaɗen soji da Majalisa ta yi don magance halin yanzu da bazuwar soja nan gaba.
- Endarshen bautar soja, kin amincewa da militarism, da sake komawa kan dimokiradiyya da faɗin gaskiya.
- Babu yaƙe-yaƙe na gaba a ƙasashen waje ba tare da sanarwar majalisa iri ɗaya ba, sannan bin takaddun tilastawa wanda zai fara da 'ya'ya maza da daughtersan Majalisar.
Ta hanyar manyan karairayi da yi mata mubaya'a, Amurka a yau na iya bin hanyar da Weimar Jamus ta bi ta da ƙarfi a cikin 1920s da farkon 1930s. Bikin sojoji duk da kayen da suka yi shine girke-girke na yaƙi na har abada da rashin gaskiya. Daidaita karfin demokradiyya a cikin Amurka tare da rarrabuwa da tayar da hankali shine girke-girke ba wai kawai don hargitsi ba amma ga makomar da za ta iya zama mafi muni, da tashin hankali.
Anan tarihi yana koyar da darasi mai tayar da hankali. Abin da ƙarshe ya tilasta wa yawancin Jamusawa fuskantar fushin gaskiya, don ƙin yarda da yaƙin soja da kuma mafarkai na masarautar masarautar duniya, ya kasance mummunan rauni a Yaƙin Duniya na II. Menene, idan wani abu, zai tilasta wa Amurkawa fuskantar gaskiyar irin wannan gaskiyar? Humanan Adam ba za su iya ɗaukar nauyin wani yaƙin duniya ba, ba wanda shugaban ƙasa ke da ikon kwance dubban ƙonawa ta hanyar har abada "sabuntawa”Makaman kare dangi.
Kawai tuna: Manyan ƙarya suna da sakamako.
Hakkin mallakar 2021 William J. Astore
Bi TomDispatch akan Twitter kuma ku shiga mu Facebook. Duba sabon Littattafan Bayarwa, John Feffer sabon littafin dystopian, Wakokin ƙasa (na karshe a jerin Splinterlands), littafin Beverly Gologorsky Kowane Jiki Yana da Labari, da Tom Engelhardt's Nationasar da Ba a Yakin Ba, da na Alfred McCoy's A cikin Shafin ƙarni na Amurka: Tashi da Rage ikon Duniya na Amurka da John Dower's Ƙasar Amirka ta Mugunta: War da Terror Tun yakin duniya na biyu.
