By David Swanson, World BEYOND War, Fabrairu 7, 2022
Na ƙara wani littafi zuwa jerin abubuwan da nake haɓakawa na mahimman karatun kawar da yaƙi, wanda ke a kasan wannan labarin. Na sanya littafin Samari zasu zama Samari a ƙasan jerin sunayen, ba don shi ne mafi ƙanƙanta ba, amma domin shi ne na farko, wanda aka buga shekaru goma kafin kowane ɗayan. Har ila yau, mai yiwuwa littafin ne - watakila tare da wasu tasiri masu yawa - ya yi tasiri mafi girma ya zuwa yanzu, a kan ajanda da muka ga mafi ci gaba. Wasu daga cikin gyare-gyaren al'adu da ta gabatar sun cimma wani mataki - wasu ba su da yawa.
Samari Zasu Zama Maza: Karya Alakar Maza da Tashin Hankali Na Myriam Miedzian (1991) ya fara da sanin cewa tashin hankalin mutum ba ya misaltuwa na maza, tare da fahimtar cewa bayanan masana da masana tarihi na bil'adama gabaɗaya sun ɗauki namiji da ɗan adam a matsayin masu musanyawa. Miedzian ya yi imanin cewa wannan ya sa ya fi sauƙi ga mata su tambayi "sufi na mata" (idan mata suna da lahani, me yasa ba za ku tambayi abin da yake al'ada ba kuma kuyi la'akari da canza shi?) a yi masa hukunci, lalle ba a kan mata ba!). Kuma idan ba za ku iya yin suka a matsayin mazan da suka mamaye wani abu da ke da yawa na maza ba, za ku iya samun wahalar magance matsalar tashin hankali. (Da namiji na hakika yana nufin mazaje na wata al'ada, amma yin sukar al'adun Yammacin Turai ta hanyar kwatanta da sauran al'adu bai taba zama sananne a cikin al'adun Yammacin Turai ba.)
Wannan tsarin tsarin imani yana nufin wani abu daban a cikin shekarun da suka gabata tun daga 1991. Yana nufin cewa za mu iya canzawa daga kallon shiga soja ta hanyar mata a matsayin abin mamaki don kallon shi a matsayin daidaitaccen al'ada, ko da abin sha'awa, ba tare da daidaitawa daya iota kowane tatsuniyoyi ba. tunanin "yanayin mutum." A gaskiya ma, ya kasance (aƙalla ga malaman kimiyyar yaƙi) "yanayin ɗan adam" ba makawa don shiga cikin yaƙi ba tare da la'akari da ko mata sun yi shi ko a'a ba (kuma ko ta yaya ba matsala ce da yawancin maza ba su yi ba). Gaskiyar cewa "yanayin mutum na mace" ana iya tunanin canzawa daga kaurace wa yaki zuwa shiga yaki kawai ba ya haifar da yiwuwar cewa "yanayin namiji" na iya canzawa daga shiga zuwa kauracewa - saboda babu wani abu kamar "mutum namiji". yanayi” - duk abin da wasu mazaje suke yi a halin yanzu “dabi’ar ɗan adam” duk ya ƙunshi.
Amma bari mu yarda, kamar yadda mutane da yawa suka yi a yanzu fiye da shekaru talatin da suka wuce, matakan tashin hankali sun bambanta sosai tsakanin al'ummomin bil'adama, wanda wasu suka yi kuma sun yi kasa da al'ummarmu, wasu sun kasance ba tare da fyade ko kisan kai da yawa ba. ƙasa da yaƙi, cewa a cikin al'ummarmu mafi yawan tashin hankali na maza ne, kuma babban abin da ke cikin wannan shine kusan ƙarfafa al'adu na kallon tashin hankali a matsayin namiji mai ban sha'awa, menene - idan wani abu - wannan ya gaya mana game da yaki, game da 'yan siyasa ko makamai. masu cin riba ko ƙwararrun kafofin watsa labaru waɗanda ke haɓaka yaƙi (matan suna da alama sun fi ko žasa da yaƙi kamar maza a cikin tsarin da ya danganci yaƙi), ko kuma game da matan da ke shiga aikin soja kai tsaye (waɗanda suka haɗa kai suna yin abin da aka gaya musu ko žasa. kamar yadda maza suke yi)?
Da kyau, ba ya gaya mana cewa daukar ma'aikata da zabar mata a cikin al'ummar da aka hana goyon bayan yaki daga namiji mai ban sha'awa zuwa Amurka mai ban sha'awa zai rage karfin soja. Ba zai taba gaya mana haka ba. Ya nuna mana cewa idan mata za su karbi mulki a birnin Washington, DC, dole ne su faranta wa masu kafafen yada labarai dadi, su sayar wa masu cin hancin kamfe guda, su yi aiki da tankokin wari, su kuma yi daidai da tsarin da maza ke yi. Miedzian ta ambata a cikin littafinta wani binciken da ya gano yawancin tsoffin sojojin Vietnam sun ga rayuwa a cikin tunanin John Wayne a matsayin babban dalili, da kuma nazarin manyan maza a Pentagon, Majalisar Dattijai, da Fadar White House wadanda suka yarda cewa lokacin duka Amurka da Amurka. USSR tana da makaman nukiliya don lalata duniyar sau da yawa akanta ba lallai bane wace gwamnati ce ta fi sauran amma wanda kuma ya yarda cewa hakan ya sa su ji daɗin samun ƙari. Wannan jin yana iya fitowa daga yadda aka rene yara maza, abin da masu horar da ƙwallon ƙafa suka ba su, abin da suka ga samfurin Hollywood ya yi musu, da dai sauransu. Amma ba mu daina ƙarfafa ƙarfin soja a cikin yara maza ba, yanzu mun fara kula da shi a matsayin abin sha'awa. ga 'yan mata kuma. Idan ba don aƙidar jima'i da gaske a tsakanin Membobin Majalisar Republican ba, da 'yan Democrat sun riga sun ƙara mata zuwa daftarin rajista na dole.
Don haka, a, imanin ku game da buƙatar tsayawa kan Vladimir Putin ta hanyar yin barazanar yaƙi a kan ƙasa mai nisa mai cike da maza, mata, da yara, yana da babban ra'ayi mai guba na ra'ayin mazan jiya wanda mata suka fi saya a matsayin sabon. mace kuma. Muna bukatar kyakkyawar fahimta. Muna buƙatar ikon yin watsi da oda bisa Doka a matsayin wasa ga yara ƙanana da kuma neman gwamnatin da ta bi dokoki a maimakon haka.
Amma mun sami ɗan ci gaba akan wasu abubuwa. Fist fada yayi kasa. Rikicin daidaikun mutane ba shi da kyau sosai, kuma ba gabaɗaya yana ƙarfafa mata ko maza ba. Kuma sukar "wimp" na rashin isassun 'yan siyasa na soja da ke cikin iska lokacin da Miedzian ke rubutawa shine, ina tsammanin ƙasa. A matsayina na mai fafutukar yaki da yake-yaken Amurka, ba a taba kiran ni da ‘yar iska ko mace ba, da dai sauransu, kawai maciya amana, makiya, ko wawa. Tabbas mun kuma ƙara yawan shekarun Sanatoci da Shugabanni, kuma zarge-zargen da za su iya fuskanta shekaru da yawa baya iya zama mafi dacewa a gare su.
Miedzian yana ba da mafita da yawa. Wasu mun sami ci gaba a fili (ba nasara ta ƙarshe mai ɗaukaka ba, amma ci gaba) aƙalla a wasu sassa na wasu al'ummomi, ciki har da ubanni masu kula da yara, kawar da mummunan tsoro na luwadi, rage cin zarafi, yin tir da cin zarafi da cin zarafi. da koyar da yara maza kula da yara kanana da jarirai. Makarantar da ƴaƴana ke halarta akai-akai tana da manyan azuzuwan suna taimaka wa ƙanana. (Ba zan ba da sunan makarantar don yabe ta ba saboda adawa da yaki har yanzu ba a kusa da karbuwa kamar yadda wasu daga cikin waɗannan abubuwan ba.)
Yawancin abin da Miedzian ya rubuta game da yaki har yanzu yana da dacewa kuma ana iya rubuta shi a yau. Me ya sa, ta yi mamaki, yana da kyau a ba wa yara littattafai da ake kira "Shahararrun Yaƙe-yaƙe na Tarihin Duniya" lokacin da ba za mu taɓa yin irin wannan ba tare da "Shahararrun Mayya Kona Tarihin Duniya" ko "Shahararren Rataye Jama'a"? Me ya sa wani littafin tarihi bai taɓa yin nuni da cewa za a iya batar da samari maimakon jarumtaka wajen yin yunƙurin mutuwa suna kashe mutanen da ba su taɓa gani ba? “Yawancin ’yan Adam,” in ji Miedzian, “suna iya kamun kai na ban mamaki game da ayyukan da ake ganin abin kunya ne da kuma wulakanci. Za mu iya sarrafa ayyukan jikin mu, duk yadda za a iya latsa su, domin za a mutunta mu idan ba mu yi ba. Idan ’yan Adam za su ci gaba da rayuwa a zamanin nukiliya, yin ta’addanci na iya zama abin kunya a ƙarshe kamar yin fitsari ko bayan gida a yau.”
Maɓalli na Miedzian Babi na 8, wanda aka mayar da hankali kan "Dauke Daukaka Daga Yaƙi da Rashin Koyan Kishin Kai," shine abin da har yanzu ake buƙata. Tana so, a wasu surori, don fitar da tashin hankali daga fina-finai da kiɗa da talabijin da wasanni da kayan wasan yara, da kamfanoni masu lalata daga rayuwar yara. Ba zan iya ƙara yarda ba. Amma ina ganin abin da muka koya tsawon shekaru a cikin wannan gwagwarmaya shi ne cewa mafi takamaiman da kai tsaye za mu iya zama mafi kyau. Idan kana son al'ummar da ke kallon yaki a matsayin wanda ba za a yarda da shi ba, kada ka mayar da hankali ga komai a kan banki sau uku wanda ya fara da sake fasalin ikon mallakar talabijin na jama'a. Ta kowane hali yi haka. Amma mayar da hankali kan koyar da mutane ta kowace hanya da za ku iya cewa yaƙin ba shi da karbuwa. Shi ke nan World BEYOND War yana aiki.
Ina da ƙarancin ƙima tare da wannan littafin daga 1991 fiye da yawancin littattafan antiwar da aka buga tun daga 2020, amma ina fata abin jin daɗin Munich bai kasance a wurin ba. Wannan kuskure darasi watakila har yanzu kashe mu duka.
DA WAR ABOLI LITTAFI:
Fahimtar Masana'antar Yaki ta Christian Sorensen, 2020.
Babu Ƙarin War ta Dan Kovalik, 2020.
Tsaron zamantakewa ta Jørgen Johansen da Brian Martin, 2019.
Murder Incorporated: Littafin Na Biyu: Kyautatattun Kyautataccen Amirka by Mumia Abu Jamal da Stephen Vittoria, 2018.
Masu Tafiya don Aminci: Hiroshima da Nagasaki Survivors Magana by Melinda Clarke, 2018.
Tsayar da yaki da inganta zaman lafiya: Jagora ga Ma'aikatan Lafiya Edited by William Wiist da Shelley White, 2017.
Shirin Kasuwancin Zaman Lafiya: Gina Duniya Ba tare da Yaƙi ba by Scilla Elworthy, 2017.
Yakin Ba Yayi Kawai by David Swanson, 2016.
Tsarin Tsaro na Duniya: Wani Gida don Yaƙin by World Beyond War, 2015, 2016, 2017.
Ƙarfin Kariya akan Yakin: Abin da Amurka ta rasa a Tarihin Tarihin Amurka da Abin da Za Mu Yi Yanzu by Kathy Beckwith, 2015.
Yaƙi: Wani Kisa akan Dan Adam by Roberto Vivo, 2014.
Tsarin Katolika da Zubar da Yakin da David Carroll Cochran, 2014.
War da Delusion: A Testing by Laurie Calhoun, 2013.
Shift: Da Farko na Yaƙi, Ƙarshen War by Judith Hand, 2013.
Yaƙi Ba Ƙari: Shari'ar Kashewa by David Swanson, 2013.
Ƙarshen War by John Horgan, 2012.
Tsarin zuwa Salama by Russell Faure-Brac, 2012.
Daga War zuwa Zaman Lafiya: Jagora Ga Shekaru Bayanan Kent Shifferd, 2011.
Yakin Yaqi ne by David Swanson, 2010, 2016.
Ƙarshen War: Halin Dan Adam na Aminci by Douglas Fry, 2009.
Rayuwa Bayan War by Winslow Myers, 2009.
Isasshen Shed na jini: 101 Magani ga Rikici, Ta'addanci, da Yaƙi ta Mary-Wynne Ashford tare da Guy Dauncey, 2006.
Planet Earth: Sabon Makamai na Yaki ta Rosalie Bertell, 2001.
Samari Zasu Zama Maza: Karya Alakar Maza da Tashin hankali ta Myriam Miedzian, 1991.
