By David Swanson, World BEYOND War, Satumba 16, 2020
"Zan yi wata dabara ta sihiri ta hanyar karanta zuciyar ku," Ina gaya wa ajin ɗaliban ko babban ɗakin taro ko kiran bidiyo cike da mutane. Na rubuta wani abu. "Sunan yakin da ya cancanta," in ce. Wani ya ce "yakin duniya na biyu." Ina nuna musu abin da na rubuta: “WWII.” Sihiri![i]
Idan na nace kan ƙarin amsoshi, to kusan kullun suna yaƙe-yaƙe har ma a baya fiye da WWII.[ii] Idan na tambaya me yasa WWII ta kasance amsar, amsar kusan a koyaushe “Hitler” ce ko “Holocaust” ko kalmomi ga wannan tasirin.
Wannan musayar da ake iya hangowa, wacce zan nuna kamar ina da karfin sihiri, wani bangare ne na lacca ko bita da yawanci nake farawa da neman a nuna min hannu saboda amsa wasu tambayoyi:
"Wane ne ya yi tunanin yaƙi ba shi da gaskiya?"
da kuma
"Wane ne yake tunanin wasu bangarorin wasu yaƙe-yaƙe wani lokaci suna da hujja, cewa shiga yaƙi wani lokaci shine abin da ya dace a yi?"
Yawanci, wannan tambayar ta biyu tana samun yawancin hannun.
Sannan zamuyi magana na tsawon awa daya ko makamancin haka.
Sannan na sake yin tambayoyi iri ɗaya a ƙarshen. A wancan lokacin, tambaya ta farko (“Wane ne yake zaton yaƙi ba zai taɓa tabbata ba?”) Yana samun mafi yawan hannuwan.[iii]
Ko wannan canjin matsayin da wasu mahalarta suke yi ya kai gobe ko shekara ko rayuwa ban sani ba.
Dole ne in aiwatar da dabarun sihiri na WWII da wuri a farkon laccar, saboda idan ban yi ba, idan na yi dogon magana game da kare karfin soja da saka jari a cikin zaman lafiya, to mutane da yawa sun riga sun katse ni da tambayoyi kamar “Me game da Hitler ? " ko "WWII fa?" Ba ya kasawa. Ina magana ne game da rashin dacewar yaki, ko kuma son kawar da duniya daga yake-yake da kasafin kudi na yaki, kuma wani ya kawo WWII a matsayin takaddama.
Menene WWII ya yi da kashe sojoji? A cikin tunanin mutane da yawa yana nuna abubuwan da suka gabata da kuma buƙatar buƙatun soja don biyan bashin yaƙe-yaƙe waɗanda suka dace da kuma dacewa kamar WWII.
Zan tattauna wannan tambayar a cikin wani sabon littafi, amma bari in zana shi a takaice anan. Fiye da rabin kasafin kuɗin Amurka na zaɓi - kuɗin da Majalisar ke yanke shawara game da abin da za a yi da kowace shekara, wanda ya keɓe wasu manyan kuɗaɗen kuɗi don ritaya da kiwon lafiya - ya tafi yaƙi da shirye-shiryen yaƙi.[iv] Ra'ayoyin jama'a sun nuna cewa yawancin mutane ba su san da wannan ba.[v]
Gwamnatin (asar Amirka na kashe ku) a) e fiye da kowace) asa a kan harkar soja, kamar yadda sauran manyan sojojin suka ha) a hannu[vi] - kuma mafi yawan wadanda gwamnatin Amurka ke tursasa musu su sayi karin makaman Amurka[vii]. Duk da yake mafi yawan mutane basu san wannan ba, yawancinsu suna tunanin cewa aƙalla wasu kuɗi ya kamata a motsa daga militarism zuwa abubuwa kamar kiwon lafiya, ilimi, da kare muhalli.
A watan Yulin 2020, wani ƙuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a ta sami mafi rinjaye na masu jefa ƙuri'ar Amurka don nuna goyon baya ga matsar da 10% na kasafin kuɗin Pentagon zuwa bukatun ɗan adam na gaggawa.[viii] Sannan majalisun biyu na Majalisar Dokokin Amurka sun kada kuri'ar amincewa da wannan shawarar ta manyan masu karfi.[ix]
Wannan gazawar ta wakilcin bai kamata ta ba mu mamaki ba. Gwamnatin Amurka da wuya ta taba yin gaba da karfi, bukatun masu kudi saboda kawai masu rinjaye sun fi son wani abu a sakamakon zabe.[X] Yana da mahimmanci ga zaɓaɓɓun jami'ai suyi alfahari da watsi da zaɓe don bin ƙa'idodin su.
Don zaburar da Majalisar don sauya fifikon kasafin kudinta, ko kuma zaburar da manyan kamfanonin yada labarai su fada wa mutane game da su, zai bukaci fiye da ba da amsar da ta dace ga mai jefa kuri'a. Canja 10% daga cikin Pentagon zai buƙaci adadi mai yawa na mutane masu buƙata da zanga-zanga don sauyawa mafi girma fiye da haka. 10% dole ne ya zama mai sulhu, kashi da aka jefa zuwa ga taron jama'a nacewa akan 30% ko 60% ko fiye.
Amma akwai babbar matsala a kan hanyar gina irin wannan motsi. Lokacin da kuka fara magana game da babban sauyawa zuwa masana'antun zaman lafiya, ko kawar da makaman nukiliya, ko kuma kawar da mayaƙan soja, kuna fara zuwa kan batun ban mamaki wanda ba shi da alaƙa da duniyar da kuke zaune a ciki yanzu: WWII.
Ba matsala ba ce. Kullum yana nan, amma yawancin masu tunani, a cikin gogewa, ana iya motsa su zuwa wani mataki a cikin ƙasa da awa ɗaya. Ina so in matsar da hankali kuma in tabbatar da cewa sabon fahimta ya tsaya. Nan ne littafina ya shigo, kazalika da sabon kan layi dangane da littafin.
Sabon littafin ya gabatar da karar dalilin da yasa ra'ayoyi game da Yaƙin Duniya na II da kuma dacewarsa a yau bai kamata su tsara kasafin kuɗin jama'a ba. Lokacin da ƙasa da 3% na yawan kuɗin sojan Amurka na iya kawo ƙarshen yunwa a duniya[xi], lokacin da zaɓin inda za a sanya albarkatu ke haifar da rayuka da mace-mace fiye da yaƙe-yaƙe[xii], yana da mahimmanci mu sami wannan dama.
Ya kamata ya zama mai yiwuwa a ba da shawarar dawo da kashe sojoji zuwa matakin shekaru 20 da suka gabata[xiii], ba tare da wani yaƙi ba daga shekaru 75 da suka gabata ya zama abin tattaunawar. Akwai maganganu masu kyau da damuwa waɗanda mutum zai iya gabatarwa fiye da "WWII fa?"
Shin sabon Hitler yana zuwa? Shin fargabar sakewar wani abu mai kama da WWII wataƙila ko zai yiwu? Amsar kowane ɗayan tambayoyin ita ce a'a. Don fahimtar dalilin, yana iya taimakawa wajen haɓaka fahimtar abin da Yaƙin Duniya na II ya kasance, da kuma bincika yadda duniya ta canza tun lokacin Yakin Duniya na II.
Abin sha'awa a Yaƙin Duniya na II ba ya motsawa da yaƙi ko makami ko tarihi. Abinda nake so shine na tattauna batun lalata ƙasa ba tare da jin labarin Hitler akai-akai ba. Idan da Hitler ba irin wannan mutumin ba ne da har yanzu ina cikin rashin lafiya da gajiya da jin labarinsa.
Sabon littafi na hujja ce ta ɗabi'a, ba aikin bincike na tarihi ba. Ban sami nasarar bin kowace ƙa'idar Dokar 'Yancin Ba da Bayani ba, gano kowane rubutu, ko fasa kowace lambobi. Ina tattauna babban tarihi. Wasu daga ciki kadan ne sanannu. Wasu daga ciki suna cin karo da rikice-rikicen da ba a san su ba sosai - don haka na riga na karɓi imel marasa kyau daga mutanen da ba su karanta littafin ba tukuna.
Amma kusan babu ɗayan sa wanda aka yi jayayya da gaske ko rikici a tsakanin masana tarihi. Na nemi kar in hada da komai ba tare da wata muhimmiyar takarda ba, kuma a inda na san wata takaddama kan kowane bayani, na yi taka tsantsan wajen lura da shi. Ba na tsammanin shari'ar da aka yi a kan WWII a matsayin dalili na ƙarin tallafin yaƙi yana buƙatar komai fiye da gaskiyar da za mu iya yarda da ita duka. Ina tsammanin wa) annan hujjojin za su kai ga ga irin yadda za a yanke hukunci.
[i] Anan PowerPoint Na yi amfani dashi don wannan gabatarwar: https://worldbeyondwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/endwar.pptx
[ii] A Amurka, a cikin gogewa na, manyan masu fafatawa sune WWII, kuma a nesa ta biyu da ta uku, Yakin Basasa na Amurka da Juyin Juya Halin Amurka. Howard Zinn ya tattauna waɗannan ne a cikin gabatarwarsa "Yaƙe-yaƙe Mai Tsarki Uku," https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6i39UdpR1F8 Kwarewar da na samu yayi daidai da zaben da aka yi a 2019 ta YouGov, wanda ya sami kashi 66% na Amurkawa da aka jefa kuri'a suna cewa WWII ta yi daidai ko kuma ta dace (duk abin da hakan ke nufi), idan aka kwatanta da 62% na Juyin Juya Halin Amurka, 54% na Yaƙin basasar Amurka, 52% na WWI, 37% don Yaƙin Koriya, 36% na Farkon Tekun Fasha, 35% don ci gaba da yaƙi a Afghanistan, da 22% don Yaƙin Vietnam. Duba: Linley Sanders, YouGov, “Amurka da kawayenta sun yi nasarar D-Day. Shin za su iya sake yi? ” Yuni 3, 2019 https://today.yougov.com/topics/politics/articles-reports/2019/06/03/american-wars-dday
[iii] Na kuma yi muhawara tare da farfesa a West Point kan ko yaki na iya zama mai adalci, tare da jefa kuri'a na masu sauraro suna canzawa sosai game da ra'ayin cewa yaƙi na iya zama mai adalci tun kafin muhawarar zuwa bayan. Duba https://youtu.be/o88ZnGSRRw0 A taron da kungiyar ta gudanar World BEYOND War, muna amfani da waɗannan nau'ikan don bincika mutane akan canjin su a ra'ayi: https://worldbeyondwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/PeacePledge_101118_EventVersion1.pdf
[iv] Ayyukan Fifiko na Nationalasa, “Kasafin Kuɗi na Militarized 2020,” https://www.nationalpriorities.org/analysis/2020/militarized-budget-2020 Don bayani game da tsarin ikon zabi da abin da baya ciki, duba https://www.nationalpriorities.org/budget-basics/federal-budget-101/spending
[v] Lokuttukan jefa kuri'a lokaci-lokaci sun tambayi abin da mutane suka yi tunanin kasafin kuɗin soja, kuma amsar da aka bayar ba ta kasance da sauri ba. Wani zaɓen watan Fabrairun 2017 ya sami rinjaye suna gaskanta kashe kuɗin soja bai kai yadda yake ba. Duba Charles Koch Institute, "Sabon Zabe: Amurkawa Crystal Sunny: Matsayin Siyasa na Kasashen waje Baya Aiki," Fabrairu 7, 2017, https://www.charleskochinstitute.org/news/americans-clear-foreign-policy-status-quo-not-working Hakanan yana yiwuwa a kwatanta binciken da aka nunawa mutane kasafin kudin tarayya kuma aka tambaye su yadda zasu canza shi (mafi yawanci suna son samun babban canjin kudi daga soja) tare da jefa kuri'a wanda kawai ke tambaya ko yakamata a rage ko a ƙara yawan kuɗin soja (tallafi don cuts ya fi ƙasa). Misali na tsohon, duba Ruy Texeira, Cibiyar Ci Gaban Amurka, Nuwamba 7, 2007, https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/democracy/reports/2007/11/07/3634/what-the-public-really-wants-on-budget-priorities Misali na karshen, duba Frank Newport, Gallup Polling, "Amurkawa Sun Rarraba Kan Kudaden Tsaro," 15 ga Fabrairu, 2011, https://news.gallup.com/poll/146114/americans-remain-divided-defense-spending.aspx
[vi] Kasashe masu kashe kudaden sojoji an nuna su a taswirar duniya a https://worldbeyondwar.org/militarism-mapped Bayanai sun fito ne daga Cibiyar Nazarin Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya ta Stockholm (SIPRI), https://sipri.org Kudaden da sojojin Amurka suka kashe kamar na shekarar 2018 ya kai $ 718,689, wanda a sarari yake ba da yawan kudin da sojojin Amurka ke kashewa, wanda aka yada a sassa da hukumomi da dama. Don ƙarin cikakkun jimlar dala tiriliyan 1.25 a cikin ciyarwar shekara-shekara, duba William Hartung da Mandy Smithberger, TomDispatch, "Tomgram: Hartung da Smithberger, Zagayen Dala-da-Dala na Tsaron Kasa," Mayu 7, 2019, https://www.tomdispatch.com/blog/176561
[vii] Kasashen da ke shigo da makaman Amurka an nuna su a taswirar duniya a https://worldbeyondwar.org/militarism-mapped Bayanai sun fito ne daga Cibiyar Nazarin Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya ta Stockholm (SIPRI), http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/values.php
[viii] Bayanai don Cigaba, "Mutanen Amurka Sun Amince: Yanke Budget ɗin Pentagon," Yuli 20, 2020, https://www.dataforprogress.org/blog/2020/7/20/cut-the-pentagons-budget Ta hanyar 56% zuwa 27% Masu jefa kuri'a na Amurka sun fi son motsa 10% na kasafin kuɗin soja zuwa bukatun ɗan adam. Idan aka gaya musu cewa wasu daga cikin kudin za su je Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka, taimakon jama'a ya kasance 57% zuwa 25%.
[ix] A cikin majalisar, kuri'ar da aka jefa a kan Pocan na Wisconsin Kwaskwarima Mai Lamba 9, Kira Kira 148 a ranar 21 ga Yulin, 2020, ya kasance Yeas 93, Kwanan 324, 13 Ba Zabe, http://clerk.house.gov/cgi-bin/vote.asp?year=2020&rollnumber=148 A majalisar dattijai, kuri'ar kan Sanders Kwaskwarimar 1788 a ranar 22 ga Yuli, 2020, ta kasance Yeas 23, Nays 77, https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=116&session=2&vote=00135
[X] Martin Gillens da Benjamin I. Page, "Ka'idodin Gwajin Siyasar Amurka: Elites, Interestungiyoyin Sha'awa, da Matsakaicin ensan ƙasa," Satumba 2014, https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/perspectives-on-politics/article/testing-theories-of-american-politics-elites-interest-groups-and-average-citizens/62327F513959D0A304D4893B382B992B An ambata a cikin BBC, "Nazarin: Amurka Mulkin Oligarchy ne, Ba Demokradiyya ba," Afrilu 17, 2014, https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-echochambers-27074746
[xi] A shekarar 2008, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ce dala biliyan 30 a kowace shekara na iya kawo karshen yunwa a duniya. Duba Kungiyar Abinci da Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, "Duniya tana bukatar dala biliyan 30 ne kawai a shekara don kawar da matsalar yunwa," Yuni 3, 2008, http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/ 2008/1000853 / index.html An ruwaito wannan a cikin New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/04/news/04iht-04food.13446176.html and Los Angeles Times, http://articles.latimes.com/2008/jun/23/opinion/ed-food23 da sauran kantuna da yawa. Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta gaya mani cewa har yanzu adadin na kan zamani. Tun daga 2019, kasafin kudin shekara-shekara na Pentagon, tare da kasafin kudin yaƙi, da makaman nukiliya a Sashin Makamashi, da Sashen Tsaron Cikin Gida, da sauran kashe kuɗaɗen soja sun kai sama da dala tiriliyan 1, a zahiri dala biliyan 1.25. Duba William D. Hartung da Mandy Smithberger, TomDispatch, “Boondoggle, Inc.,” Mayu 7, 2019, https://www.tomdispatch.com/blog/176561 Kashi uku na tiriliyan biliyan 30 ne. Onari akan wannan a https://worldbeyondwar.org/explained
[xii] A cewar UNICEF, yara miliyan 291 ‘yan kasa da shekaru 15 suka mutu daga sanadiyyar rigakafin tsakanin shekarar 1990 zuwa 2018. Duba https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/starts-with-u/health-for-children
[xiii] A cewar Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiya ta Duniya ta Stockholm (SIPRI), kashe sojojin Amurka, a cikin dala 2018 na dindindin, ya kai $ 718,690 a 2019 da $ 449,369 a 1999. Duba https://sipri.org/databases/milex
