Source Photo: Zarateman – CC0
Daga Daniel Falcone da Stephen Zunes, Counterpunch, Satumba 1, 2022
Stephen Zunes kwararre ne kan dangantakar kasa da kasa, mai fafutuka, kuma farfesa a fannin siyasa a Jami'ar San Francisco. Zunes, marubucin litattafai da labarai da yawa, gami da na baya-bayansa, Yammacin Sahara: Yaƙi, Ƙarƙashin Ƙasa, da Rikicin Rikici (Jami'ar Syracuse Press, sake dubawa da fadada bugu na biyu, 2021) ƙwararren masani ne da ake karantawa kuma mai sukar manufofin ketare na Amurka.
A cikin wannan babbar hira, Zunes ya rushe tarihin (1973-2022) na rashin zaman lafiya a yankin. Zunes kuma ya bibiyi shugabannin George W. Bush (2000-2008) zuwa Joseph Biden (2020-Present) yayin da yake ba da haske game da tarihin diflomasiyyar Amurka, yanayin ƙasa, da mutanen wannan ƙasa mai tarihi. Ya bayyana yadda 'yan jarida ba su kasance "mafi yawa ba" akan lamarin.
Zunes ya yi magana game da yadda wannan manufofin ketare da batun kare hakkin bil'adama za su kasance tun bayan zaben Biden yayin da yake kara bayyana alakar yammacin Sahara da Moroko da Amurka dangane da maudu'i na bangarorin biyu. Ya karye MINURSO (The Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kuri'ar ta yamma a Yammacin Sahara) kuma tana ba da mai karatu da baya, makasudin da aka gabatar, ko kuma tattaunawa, ko tattaunawa.
Zunes da Falcone suna sha'awar daidaici na tarihi. Suna kuma nazarin yadda da kuma dalilin da yasa tsare-tsare na cin gashin kai suke da shi fadi a takaice ga Yammacin Sahara da abin da ya zama daidaito tsakanin abin da masana ilimi suka gano da kuma abin da jama'a ke bayarwa, game da nazarin makomar zaman lafiya a yankin. Tasirin kin amincewar da Maroko ke ci gaba da yi na samar da zaman lafiya da ci gaba, da kuma yadda kafafen yada labarai suka kasa bayar da rahotanni kai tsaye, ya samo asali ne daga manufofin Amurka.
Daniel Falcone: A cikin 2018 sanannen ilimi Damien Kingsbury, edita Yammacin Sahara: Dokokin Duniya, Adalci, da Albarkatun Kasa. Ko za ku iya ba ni taƙaitaccen tarihin Yammacin Sahara da ke cikin wannan asusun?
Stephen Zunes: Yammacin Sahara yanki ne da ba shi da yawan jama'a kamar girman Colorado, yana bakin tekun Atlantika a arewa maso yammacin Afirka, kudu da Maroko. Ta fuskar tarihi, yare, tsarin dangi, da al'adu, al'umma ce ta daban. A al'adance kabilun Larabawa makiyaya ne suke zaune, wadanda aka fi sani da suna Sahrawis kuma sun shahara saboda dogon tarihinsu na juriya ga mamayar waje, ƙasar Spain ta mamaye yankin tun daga ƙarshen 1800 zuwa tsakiyar 1970s. Yayin da Spain ke rike da yankin sama da shekaru goma bayan da akasarin kasashen Afirka suka samu 'yancinsu daga turawan mulkin mallaka, masu kishin kasa. Polisario Front ya kaddamar da gwagwarmayar samun ‘yancin kai dauke da makamai a kan Spain a shekarar 1973.
Wannan—tare da matsin lamba daga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya—daga karshe ya tilastawa Madrid alkawarin yi wa al’ummar yankin da ake kira Saharar Sipaniya alkawarin za a kada kuri’ar raba gardama kan makomar yankin a karshen shekara ta 1975. Kotun kasa da kasa ta saurari karar. Maroko da Mauritaniya sun yi iƙirari kuma suka yi mulki a watan Oktoba na 1975 cewa - duk da alkawuran da aka yi wa Sarkin Maroko a ƙarni na sha tara da wasu shugabannin ƙabilun da ke kan iyaka da yankin suka yi, da kuma kusancin ƙabilanci tsakanin wasu. Kabilar Sahrawi da Mauritaniya-'yancin cin gashin kansa ya kasance mafi muhimmanci. Wata tawaga ta musamman ta musamman daga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta gudanar da bincike kan halin da ake ciki a yankin a wannan shekarar inda ta bayar da rahoton cewa mafi yawan 'yan kabilar Sahrawi sun goyi bayan 'yancin kai karkashin jagorancin Polisario, ba hadewa da Maroko ko Mauritania ba.
Yayin da kasar Maroko ke barazanar yaki da kasar Spain, ta shagaltu da ganin mutuwar tsohon shugaban mulkin kama karya, Francisco Franco, sai suka fara samun karin matsin lamba daga Amurka, wadda ke son marawa kawayenta Moroko baya. Sarki Hassan II, kuma ba ya son ganin Polisario na hagu ya hau mulki. Sakamakon haka, Spain ta yi watsi da alkawarin da ta yi na cin gashin kanta, maimakon haka ta amince a watan Nuwamba 1975 don ba da izinin gudanar da mulkin Moroccan kashi biyu bisa uku na Arewacin Sahara da kuma gwamnatin Mauritania ta kudanci ta uku.
Yayin da sojojin Morocco suka shiga yammacin Sahara, kusan rabin al'ummar kasar sun tsere zuwa makwabciyar kasar Aljeriya, inda su da zuriyarsu ke ci gaba da zama a sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira har zuwa yau. Maroko da Mauritania sun yi watsi da jerin gwanon bai ɗaya Kudirin Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kira da a janye sojojin kasashen waje tare da amincewa da ‘yancin cin gashin kai na Sahrawis. A halin da ake ciki dai Amurka da Faransa duk da kada kuri'ar amincewa da wadannan kudurori, sun hana Majalisar Dinkin Duniya aiwatar da su. A sa'i daya kuma, kungiyar Polisario - wacce aka kora daga yankunan arewaci da yammacin kasar da ke da yawan jama'a - ta ayyana 'yancin kai a matsayin. Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).
Godiya a wani bangare ga Aljeriya da ke ba da dimbin kayan aikin soji da tallafin tattalin arziki, 'yan tawayen Polisario sun yi yaki sosai da sojojin da suka mamaye kuma suka yi galaba a kan Mauritania 1979, wanda ya sa su amince su mayar da su uku na Yammacin Sahara ga Polisario. Duk da haka, sai Moroccan suka mamaye sauran yankunan kudancin kasar.
Daga nan ne kungiyar Polisario ta mayar da hankali kan gwagwarmayar da suke yi da Maroko kuma a shekarar 1982 ta 'yantar da kusan kashi tamanin da biyar cikin dari na kasarsu. A cikin shekaru hudu masu zuwa, duk da haka, yanayin yakin ya koma ga Maroko saboda godiya ga Amurka da Faransa sun kara yawan goyon bayan yakin Morocco, tare da sojojin Amurka suna ba da horo mai mahimmanci ga sojojin Morocco don yaki da 'yan tawaye. dabara. Bugu da kari, Amurkawa da Faransawa sun taimaka wa Maroko wajen gina a "bangon" kilomita 1200 da farko ya ƙunshi manyan yashi guda biyu masu ƙarfi, wanda a ƙarshe ya rufe fiye da kashi uku cikin huɗu na Yammacin Sahara - gami da kusan dukkanin manyan garuruwan ƙasar da albarkatun ƙasa - daga Polisario.
A halin da ake ciki, gwamnatin Morocco, ta hanyar tallafin gidaje masu karimci da sauran fa'idodi, ta yi nasarar ƙarfafa dubun-dubatar mazauna ƙasar Moroko—wasu daga cikin su daga kudancin Maroko da kuma 'yan asalin Sahrawi—su yi ƙaura zuwa yammacin Sahara. A farkon shekarun 1990, wadannan mazauna Moroko sun fi sauran 'yan asalin Sahrawis yawa da rabon sama da biyu zuwa daya.
Yayin da ba kasafai ake samun damar kutsawa cikin yankin da Moroko ke iko da shi ba, kungiyar Polisario ta ci gaba da kai hare-hare akai-akai kan sojojin mamayar Morocco da suka jibge ga bango har zuwa shekarar 1991, lokacin da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ba da umarnin tsagaita bude wuta da dakarun wanzar da zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da aka fi sani da suna. MINURSO (Hukumar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya don Ƙaddamar da Ra'ayin Ra'ayin Jama'a a Yammacin Sahara). Yarjejeniyar dai ta hada da tanadin mayar da ‘yan gudun hijirar Sahrawi zuwa yammacin sahara sai kuma zaben raba gardama da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya za ta sa ido kan makomar yankin, wanda zai bai wa ‘yan kabilar Sahrawi da ke yammacin sahara damar kada kuri’a ko dai na samun ‘yancin kai ko kuma hadewa da Maroko. Komar da 'yan gudun hijirar ko kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a ba a yi ba, saboda dagewar da Moroko ta yi na tattara sunayen masu kada kuri'a tare da 'yan kasar Moroko da wasu 'yan kasar Moroko wadanda ta ce suna da alaka ta kabilanci da yammacin Sahara.
Sakatare Janar Kofi Annan shiga tsohon Sakataren harkokin wajen Amurka James Baker a matsayin wakilinsa na musamman don taimakawa wajen warware matsalar. Sai dai Maroko ta ci gaba da yin watsi da bukatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ta yi na cewa ta ba da hadin kai ga shirin zaben raba gardama, kuma barazanar da Faransa da Amurka suka yi na kin amincewa da matakin ya hana Kwamitin Sulhun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya aiwatar da aikin nasa.
Daniel Falcone: Kun rubuta a ciki Jaridar Siyasar Kasashen Waje a cikin Disamba na 2020 game da ƙarancin wannan ma'anar lokacin da aka tattauna a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na yamma yana mai cewa:
“Ba sau da yawa ne yammacin Sahara ke yin kanun labaran duniya ba, amma a tsakiyar watan Nuwamba abin ya faru: 14 ga watan Nuwamba ya zama abin takaici—idan ba abin mamaki ba—watsewar tsagaita wuta na tsawon shekaru 29 a yammacin Sahara tsakanin gwamnatin Morocco da mamaya. -Mayasan 'yancin kai. Barkewar tashin hankalin ya shafi ba wai kawai saboda ya tashi ne a cikin kusan shekaru 75 na zaman dangi ba, har ma saboda martanin da gwamnatocin Yammacin Turai ke yi game da rikicin na iya ci gaba da kasancewa - kuma ta haka ne ke kawo cikas da kuma ba da izini ga dindindin - fiye da XNUMX. shekaru na kafa ƙa'idodin shari'a na duniya. Ya zama wajibi al’ummar duniya su gane cewa, a yankin yammacin Sahara da kuma Maroko, hanyar da za ta ci gaba ta ta’allaka ne a kan bin dokokin kasa da kasa, ba wai kawar da ita ba.”
Ta yaya za ku kwatanta yadda kafafen yada labarai ke yada labarin mamayar da jaridun Amurka suka yi?
Stephen Zunes: Mafi yawa babu. Kuma, idan aka samu labarin, ana kiran Ƙungiyar Polisario da ƙungiyoyin da ke cikin yankin da aka mamaye a matsayin "mai son ballewa" ko "'yan aware", kalmar da aka saba amfani da ita don ƙungiyoyin kishin ƙasa a cikin iyakokin ƙasashen duniya da aka amince da su, wanda yammacin Sahara ba. Hakazalika, ana kiran yammacin sahara da zama a "masu jayayya" yankin, kamar dai batun iyaka ne wanda bangarorin biyu ke da halaccin da'awarsu. Wannan na zuwa ne duk da cewa har yanzu Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da yammacin Sahara a matsayin yankin da ba mai cin gashin kansa ba (wanda ya mayar da ita mulkin mallaka na karshe a Afirka) kuma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kira ta a matsayin yankin da ta mamaye. Bugu da kari, gwamnatoci sama da tamanin sun amince da SADR a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta sannan kuma yammacin sahara ta kasance cikakkiyar kasa a kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka (watau kungiyar hadin kan Afrika) tun daga shekarar 1984.
A lokacin yakin cacar baka, da Polisario Ba daidai ba ne ake kira "Marxist" kuma, a kwanan nan, an sami labarin da ke maimaita rashin hankali kuma sau da yawa masu cin karo da ikirarin Moroccan na alaka da Polisario da Al-Qaeda, Iran, ISIS, Hezbollah, da sauran masu tsattsauran ra'ayi. Wannan dai na zuwa ne duk da kasancewar Sahrawi a matsayin musulmi masu kishin addini, suna yin tawili mai sassaucin ra'ayi na addini, mata suna cikin manyan mukamai na shugabanci, kuma ba su taba shiga ayyukan ta'addanci ba. Kafofin yada labarai na yau da kullun suna da wuyar yarda da ra'ayin cewa ƙungiyoyin kishin ƙasa da Amurka ke adawa da su - musamman gwagwarmayar musulmi da Larabawa - na iya zama galibin dimokuradiyya, masu zaman kansu, kuma galibi marasa tashin hankali.
Daniel Falcone: Kamar dai Obama ya yi watsi da haramtacciyar kasar Maroko. Nawa ne Trump ya tsananta rikicin jin kai a yankin?
Stephen Zunes: Ga darajar Obama, ya yi watsi da manufofin goyon bayan Moroccan na gwamnatin Reagan, Clinton, da Bush zuwa wani matsayi mai tsaka-tsaki, ya yi yaki da kokarin da ake yi a majalisa don tabbatar da ikon mulkin Moroccan, kuma ya tura Maroko. don inganta yanayin 'yancin ɗan adam. Shisshigin sa da alama ya ceci rayuwar Aminatu Haidar, Matar Sahrawi wacce ta jagoranci gwagwarmayar neman yancin kai a cikin yankin da aka mamaye ta hanyar fuskantar kama, dauri, da azabtarwa akai-akai. Duk da haka, bai yi wani abu ba don matsawa gwamnatin Moroko ta kawo karshen mamayar da kuma ba da damar cin gashin kansa.
Tun da farko ba a fayyace manufofin Trump ba. Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajensa ta fitar da wasu bayanai wadanda da alama sun amince da ikon Maroko, amma mai ba shi shawara kan harkokin tsaro John Bolton-duk da matsananciyar ra'ayinsa kan batutuwa da dama-ya yi hidima na wani lokaci a tawagar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ta mayar da hankali kan Yammacin Sahara da kuma nuna kyama ga 'yan Moroko da manufofinsu, don haka na dan wani lokaci ya rinjayi Trump ya dauki matsaya mai matsakaicin matsayi.
Koyaya, a cikin makonnin ƙarshe na mulkinsa a cikin Disamba 2020, Trump ya girgiza al'ummomin duniya ta hanyar amincewa da mamayar da Moroko ta yi a yammacin Sahara - ƙasa ta farko da ta yi hakan. Wannan a fili ya kasance a mayar da martani ga Maroko ta amince da Isra'ila. Tunda yammacin Sahara cikakkiyar kasa ce ta Tarayyar Afirka, da gaske Trump ya amince da mamaye wata kasa ta Afirka da aka amince da ita. Haramcin irin wadannan yankuna ne da aka tanada a cikin Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wanda Amurka ta dage sai an tabbatar da ita ta hanyar kaddamar da hare-hare. Yaƙin Gulf a 1991, maido da mamayar da Iraqi ta yi wa Kuwait. Yanzu, da gaske Amurka tana cewa ƙasar Larabawa da ta mamaye ƙaramar makwabciyarta ta kudanci ba ta da kyau.
Trump ya ambaci "tsarin cin gashin kansa" na Maroko game da yankin a matsayin "mai tsanani, sahihanci, kuma mai gaskiya" da kuma "Tsarin adalci da dorewa" ko da yake ya yi kasa da ma'anar shari'a ta kasa da kasa na "'yancin kai" kuma a sakamakon haka zai kasance. kawai ci gaba da aikin. Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International da sauran kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun rubuta yadda sojojin mamaya na Moroko ke murkushe masu fafutukar neman 'yancin kai cikin lumana, tare da tayar da tambayoyi masu tsanani game da yadda a zahiri "'yancin cin gashin kai" a masarautar zai kasance. Gidan Freedom House da aka mamaye yammacin Sahara yana da mafi ƙarancin 'yancin siyasa na kowace ƙasa a duniya in ban da Siriya. Shirin cin gashin kansa bisa ma'anar ya kayyade zabin 'yancin kai wanda, bisa ga dokokin kasa da kasa, mazauna yankin da ba mai cin gashin kansa ba kamar Yammacin Sahara dole ne su sami 'yancin zabar.
Daniel Falcone: Shin za ku iya magana game da yadda tsarin jam'iyyu biyu na Amurka ke ƙarfafa tsarin mulkin Masarautar Moroko da/ko ajandar neoliberal?
Stephen Zunes: Duka 'yan jam'iyyar Democrat da Republican a Majalisa sun goyi bayan Maroko, wanda galibi ana kwatanta shi a matsayin "ƙasar Larabawa" mai matsakaici-kamar goyon bayan manufofin manufofin ketare na Amurka da kuma maraba da tsarin ci gaba na neoliberal. Kuma gwamnatin Moroko ta sami lada da taimakon taimako daga ketare, da yarjejeniyar ciniki cikin 'yanci, da babban matsayin da ba na NATO ba. Duka George W. Bush a matsayin shugaban kasa kuma Hillary Clinton a matsayin sakatariyar harkokin wajen Amurka ya sha yabo ga Sarkin Moroko Mohammed VI mai mulkin kama karya, ba wai kawai ya yi biris da mamayar ba, sai dai ya yi watsi da yadda gwamnatin ke take hakkin dan Adam, da cin hanci da rashawa, da rashin daidaito da rashin wadatattun ayyuka na yau da kullum da manufofinta suka yi wa al'ummar Moroko.
Gidauniyar Clinton ta yi maraba da tayin ta Ofishin Cherifien des Phosphates (OCP), wani kamfanin hakar ma'adinai mallakin gwamnati wanda ke yin amfani da ma'adinan phosphate ba bisa ka'ida ba a cikin Yammacin Saharar da aka mamaye, don zama babban mai ba da gudummawa ga taron Initiative na Duniya na Clinton na 2015 a Marrakech. Wasu jerin kudurori da wasiƙun abokan aiki waɗanda ke samun goyan bayan mafi yawan 'yan majalisar dokoki sun amince da shawarar Maroko na amincewa da shigar da yankin yammacin Sahara don musanya wani tsari mai cike da ƙayatarwa.
Akwai wasu tsiraru ‘yan Majalisar da suka kalubalanci goyon bayan Amurka ga mamayar tare da yin kira da a tabbatar da kai ga yankin yammacin Sahara. Abin ban mamaki, ba wai kawai sun haɗa da fitattun masu sassaucin ra'ayi irin su Rep. Betty McCollum (D-MN) da Sen. Patrick Leahy (D-VT), amma irin waɗannan masu ra'ayin mazan jiya irin su Rep. Joe Pitts (R-PA) da Sen. Jim Inhoffe (R- KO.)[1]
Daniel Falcone: Shin kuna ganin wata mafita ta siyasa ko matakan hukumomin da za a iya ɗauka don inganta lamarin?
Stephen Zunes: Kamar yadda ya faru a lokacin 1980s a duka Afirka ta Kudu da kuma yankunan Falasdinawa da Isra'ila ta mamaye, yankin fafutukar 'yancin kai na yammacin Sahara ya rikide daga yunkurin soja da diflomasiyya na wani yunkuri mai dauke da makamai zuwa ga juriyar jama'a marasa makami daga ciki. Matasa masu fafutuka a yankin da aka mamaye da ma yankunan Sahrawi da ke kudancin Maroko, sun fuskanci sojojin Morocco a zanga-zangar tituna da wasu nau'ikan ayyukan rashin zaman lafiya, duk da hadarin harbe-harbe, da kame jama'a, da azabtarwa.
Sahrawis daga sassa daban-daban na al'umma sun tsunduma cikin zanga-zanga, zanga-zanga, bukukuwan al'adu, da sauran nau'o'in adawar jama'a da suka mayar da hankali kan batutuwan da suka shafi manufofin ilimi, 'yancin ɗan adam, sakin fursunonin siyasa, da 'yancin cin gashin kai. Haka kuma sun kara kudin mamaya ga gwamnatin Moroko tare da kara fitowa fili a kan harkar Sahrawi. Tabbas, watakila mafi mahimmanci, tsayin daka na fararen hula ya taimaka wajen samar da goyon baya ga ƙungiyar Sahrawi a tsakanin ƙasashen duniya kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, kungiyoyin hadin kai, da ma Moroko masu tausayi.
Maroko ta iya dagewa wajen yin watsi da wajibcin shari'a na kasa da kasa game da yammacin Sahara saboda Faransa haka kuma Amurka na ci gaba da ba wa sojojin mamaya na Moroko makamai tare da hana aiwatar da kudurori a kwamitin sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke neman kasar Maroko ta ba da damar cin gashin kanta ko ma kawai ta ba da damar sanya ido kan hakkin bil adama a cikin kasar da ta mamaye. Don haka abin takaici ne yadda ba a ba da kulawa sosai ga goyon bayan Amurka ga mamayar Morocco, har ma da masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil adama. A Turai, akwai ƙanƙara amma ƙaƙƙarfan kamfen na kauracewa / karkata / takunkumi (BDS) mai da hankali kan Yammacin Sahara, amma ba a yi aiki sosai a wannan gefen Tekun Atlantika ba, duk da muhimmiyar rawar da Amurka ta taka a cikin shekarun da suka gabata.
Da yawa daga cikin batutuwa iri ɗaya-kamar yunƙurin kai, haƙƙin ɗan adam, dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa, rashin halascin yin mulkin mallaka, adalci ga ƴan gudun hijira, da dai sauransu—waɗanda ke cikin haɗari dangane da mamayar Isra’ila kuma sun shafi mamayar Moroko, da kuma Sahrawis sun cancanci goyon bayanmu kamar yadda Palasdinawa. Tabbas, ciki har da Maroko a cikin kiran na BDS a halin yanzu suna yin niyya ga Isra'ila kawai zai karfafa kokarin hadin kai da Falasdinu, tunda zai kalubalanci ra'ayin cewa an ware Isra'ila cikin rashin adalci.
Aƙalla mahimmanci kamar yadda Sahrawis ke ci gaba da nuna rashin amincewa, shi ne yuwuwar matakin rashin tashin hankali daga 'yan ƙasar Faransa, Amurka, da sauran ƙasashe waɗanda ke ba wa Maroko damar kiyaye ta. zama. Irin wannan kamfen din ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tilastawa Ostireliya, Birtaniya, da Amurka daina goyon bayan mamayar da Indonesiya ta yi wa Gabashin Timor, wanda a karshe ya baiwa Turawan mulkin mallaka na Portugal damar samun 'yanci. Fata daya tilo na tabbatar da kawo karshen mamayar Yammacin Sahara, da warware rikici, da kuma ceto muhimman muhimman ka'idojin bayan yakin duniya na biyu da ke kunshe a cikin Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ta haramta wa kowace kasa fadada yankinta ta hanyar karfin soja, na iya zama irin wannan yakin. ta kungiyoyin farar hula na duniya.
Daniel Falcone: Tun lokacin zaben Biden (2020), za ku iya ba da sabuntawa kan wannan yanki na diflomasiyya na damuwa?
Stephen Zunes: Akwai fatan cewa, da zarar ya hau kan karagar mulki, Shugaba Biden zai sauya amincewa da shi Maroko ta mamaye haramtacciyar kasar, kamar yadda yake da wasu tsare-tsare na manufofin ketare na Trump, amma ya ki yin hakan. Taswirorin gwamnatin Amurka, sabanin kusan sauran taswirorin duniya, sun nuna yammacin Sahara a matsayin wani bangare na kasar Maroko ba tare da wata shata tsakanin kasashen biyu ba. The Ma'aikatar Jiha shekara-shekara Rahoton Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam da sauran takardun da aka jera a yammacin Sahara a matsayin wani yanki na Maroko maimakon shiga daban kamar yadda suke a baya.
Sakamakon haka, dagewar Biden game da Ukraine cewa Rasha ba ta da 'yancin canza iyakokin kasa da kasa ko kuma fadada yankinta da karfi - alhali kuwa gaskiya ne - gaba daya ba gaskiya ba ne, ganin yadda Washington ke ci gaba da amincewa da rashin amincewar Maroko ba bisa ka'ida ba. Ga dukkan alamu gwamnatin ta dauki matsayin cewa, duk da cewa ba daidai ba ne kasashe masu gaba da juna kamar Rasha su saba wa kundin tsarin mulkin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da sauran ka'idojin shari'a na kasa da kasa da suka haramta wa kasashe mamayewa da mamaye duk wani yanki ko wani bangare na wasu kasashe, amma ba su da wata adawa ga kawayen Amurka kamar Maroko. yi haka. Hakika, idan ana maganar kasar Ukraine, goyon bayan da Amurka ta baiwa Maroko a yankin yammacin sahara shi ne misali na daya na munafuncin Amurka. Ko da Farfesa Stanford Michael McFaul, wanda ya kasance jakadan Obama a Rasha kuma ya kasance daya daga cikin mafi girma masu fafutuka na goyon bayan Amurka mai karfi ga Ukraine, ya amince da yadda manufofin Amurka game da yammacin sahara ya yi illa ga amincin Amurka wajen neman goyon bayan kasa da kasa kan cin zarafin Rasha.
A sa'i daya kuma, yana da kyau a lura cewa, gwamnatin Biden ba ta amince da amincewar da Trump ya yi na karbe ikon Morocco a hukumance ba. Gwamnatin kasar ta goyi bayan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wajen nada sabon manzo na musamman bayan shafe shekaru biyu ba ya aiki tare da ci gaba da tattaunawa tsakanin Masarautar Morocco da kungiyar Polisario. Bugu da kari, har yanzu ba su bude karamin ofishin jakadancin ba Dakhla a cikin yankin da aka mamaye, wanda ke nuni da cewa ba lallai ba ne su ga hadewar a matsayin a faranta. A taƙaice, sun bayyana suna ƙoƙarin samun ta hanyoyi biyu.
A wasu halaye, wannan ba abin mamaki ba ne, idan aka ba su duka Shugaba Biden da Sakataren Gwamnati Blinken, duk da cewa ba za su wuce iyakar gwamnatin Trump ba, ba su da goyon baya musamman ga dokokin kasa da kasa. Dukkansu sun goyi bayan mamayar Iraki. Duk da irin maganganun da suke yi na tabbatar da dimokuradiyya, sun ci gaba da goyon bayan abokan mulkin kama karya. Duk da jinkirin matsin lamba da suke yi na tsagaita wuta a yakin da Isra'ila ke yi a Gaza da kuma samun saukin ficewar Netanyahu, sun yi watsi da duk wani matsin lamba ga gwamnatin haramtacciyar kasar Isra'ila kan yin sulhun da ya dace don samar da zaman lafiya. Hakika, babu wata alama da ke nuna cewa gwamnatin kasar za ta yi watsi da amincewar da Trump ya yi na mamaye tuddan Golan na Syria ba bisa ka'ida ba.
Da alama yawancin jami'an ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka da ke da masaniya a yankin sun nuna adawa da matakin na Trump. Wata ‘yar karamar kungiyar ‘yan majalisa da ta damu da lamarin sun yi la’akari da shi. The Amurka ita kadai ce a cikin kasashen duniya A bisa amincewar da Maroko ta yi a hukumance ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma ana iya samun matsin lamba daga wasu kawayen Amurka ma. A daya bangaren kuma, akwai masu goyon bayan Moroko a ma'aikatar tsaron Amurka ta Pentagon, da kuma majalisar dokokin kasar, da kuma wasu kungiyoyi masu goyon bayan Isra'ila, wadanda ke fargabar cewa janye amincewar da Amurka ta yi wa kasar Maroko, zai sa kasar Maroko ta janye amincewarta da Isra'ila, lamarin da ya bayyana. ya kasance tushen yarjejeniyar da aka yi a watan Disamban da ya gabata.
Daniel Falcone: Za ku iya ci gaba a cikin abin da aka tsara mafita na siyasa zuwa wannan rikici kuma ku tantance abubuwan da za a inganta tare da raba ra'ayoyinku kan yadda za ku ci gaba da ƙwazo a wannan yanayin? Shin akwai wani kamanceceniya na duniya (na al'umma, ta fuskar tattalin arziki, siyasa) da wannan tarihi iyaka?
Stephen Zunes: A matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kansa, kamar yadda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shi, mutanen Yammacin Sahara suna da 'yancin cin gashin kansu, wanda ya hada da zabin 'yancin kai. Yawancin masu lura da al'amuran yau da kullun sun yi imanin cewa shine abin da mafi yawan ƴan asalin ƙasar -mazauna yankin (ba tare da matsugunan Moroccan ba), da 'yan gudun hijira - za su zaɓa. Wannan shi ne mai yiwuwa dalilin da ya sa Marokko ta shafe shekaru da dama ta ki ba da damar gudanar da zaben raba gardama kamar yadda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta umarta. Ko da yake akwai ƙasashe da dama da aka amince da su a matsayin ɓangare na wasu ƙasashe waɗanda yawancin mu suka yi imani da halin kirki suna da haƙƙin su ƙaddarawa (kamar Kurdistan, Tibet, da Yammacin Papua) da kuma wasu sassan wasu kasashen da ke karkashin mamayar kasashen waje (ciki har da Ukraine da Cyprus), sai yammacin Sahara da yankin yammacin kogin Jordan da Isra'ila ta mamaye. da aka yiwa kawanya a Zirin Gaza kasashen da ke karkashin mamayar kasashen waje sun ki amincewa da ‘yancin cin gashin kai.
Watakila kwatankwacin mafi kusa zai kasance tsohon Mamaya na Indonesiya na Gabashin Timor, wanda—kamar Yammacin Sahara—wani lamari ne na ƙarshen mulkin mallaka ya katse ta hanyar mamayewar maƙwabta mafi girma. Kamar Yammacin Sahara, gwagwarmayar makami ba ta da fata, an danne gwagwarmayar da ba ta dace ba, sannan aka toshe hanyar diflomasiyya da manyan kasashe kamar Amurka da ke goyon bayan mamaya da hana Majalisar Dinkin Duniya aiwatar da kudurorinta. Yaƙin neman zaɓe ne kawai na ƙungiyoyin farar hula na duniya wanda ya kunyata magoya bayan Indonesiya na Yamma don matsa musu lamba don ba da izinin gudanar da ƙuri'ar raba gardama kan ƴancin kai da ya kai Gabashin Timor 'yanci. Wannan na iya zama kyakkyawan fata ga Yammacin Sahara kuma.
Daniel Falcone: Abin da za a iya fada a halin yanzu MINURSO (Hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Yammacin Sahara)? Shin za ku iya raba bango, manufofin da aka tsara, da yanayin yanayin siyasa ko tattaunawa a matakin hukumomi?
Stephen Zunes: MINURSO ta kasa cika aikinta na sa ido a zaben raba gardama saboda Maroko ta ki ba da damar gudanar da zaben raba gardama kuma Amurka da Faransa na hana kwamitin sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya aiwatar da wa'adinsa. Sun kuma hana MINURSO daga ko da sa ido kan yanayin 'yancin ɗan adam kamar yadda kusan dukkanin ayyukan wanzar da zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a cikin 'yan shekarun nan suka yi. Maroko kuma ta kori yawancin fararen hula ba bisa ka'ida ba MINURSO ma'aikata a cikin 2016, kuma tare da Faransa da Amurka sun hana Majalisar Dinkin Duniya yin aiki. Hatta rawar da suke takawa na sa ido kan tsagaita wutar ba ta da amfani tunda, saboda martani ga jerin keta haddin Moroccan, Polisario ta sake dawo da gwagwarmayar makami a watan Nuwamba 2020. Akalla sabunta wa'adin MINURSO na shekara-shekara yana aika da sakon cewa, duk da amincewar Amurka. Kasar Maroko ta mamaye kasar ba bisa ka'ida ba, har yanzu kasashen duniya na ci gaba da tattaunawa kan batun yammacin Sahara.
Bibliography
Falcone, Daniel. "Me za mu iya tsammanin Trump game da mamayar da Maroko ke yi a yammacin Sahara?" Truthout. 7 ga Yuli, 2018.
Feffer, John da Zunes Stephen. Bayanin Rikici na Ƙaddamar da Kai: Yammacin Sahara. Manufofin Harkokin Waje A Mayar da hankali FPIF. Amurka, 2007. Taskar Yanar Gizo. https://www.loc.gov/item/lcwaN0011279/.
Kingbury, Damien. Yammacin Sahara: Dokokin Duniya, Adalci da Albarkatun Kasa. Kingsbury, Damien, Routledge, London, Ingila, 2016 ne ya gyara shi.
Kwamitin Sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Rahoton Sakatare-Janar kan halin da ake ciki game da Yammacin Sahara, 19 Afrilu 2002, S/2002/467, akwai a: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3cc91bd8a.html [An shiga 20 ga Agusta 2021]
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Zan, Stephen. "Tsarin Timor na Gabas yana Ba da Hanya don Yammacin Sahara da Maroko:
Makomar Yammacin Sahara tana hannun Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.” Foreign Policy (2020).
Zunes, Stephen "Yarjejeniyar Trump game da mamaye yankin yammacin Saharar Maroko na da hadarin karin rikice-rikice na duniya," Washington Post, Disamba 15, 2020 https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/12/15/trump-morocco-israel-western-sahara-annexation/
