An KASHE WARS A RUBU

Samar da farfagandar yaki shine matsayi mafi girma na duniya mafi girma a duniya, kuma ita ce mafiya tsofaffin lafazin "sun fara." An yi yakin yaƙi na tsawon shekaru masu yawa don karewa daga masu ta'addanci da kuma kare hanyar rayuwar wasu jihohi. Tarihin Atheniya Thucydides 'rikodin tarihin Athens din Pericles a lokacin bikin jana'iza na kimanin shekara daya na yaki ya mutu har yanzu ana yadu da masu goyon bayan yaki. Pericles ya gaya wa masu baƙin ciki cewa Athens yana da manyan mayakanta domin suna da karfi don kare kariya da kuma tsarin dimokuradiyya, kuma cewa mutuwa a kare shi ne mafi kyawun wanda kowa zai iya fata. Pericles yana kwatanta Athens suna fada a wasu jihohi don samun nasara na mulkin mallaka, amma duk da haka ya nuna cewa fada ne kamar yadda kare wani abu mai mahimmanci fiye da mutanen da sauran jihohin zasu iya fahimta - irin wannan abu da Shugaba George W. Bush ya fada a baya ta tura 'yan ta'adda don kai hari kan Amurka:' yanci.

"Sun ƙi 'yanci,' yancinmu na addini, 'yancinmu na magana,' yancinmu na za ~ e da tarawa da kuma rashin amincewa da juna," in ji Bush a ranar Satumba 20, 2001, ta buga wata maimaitawar da zai sake komawa da kuma sake.

Kyaftin Paul K. Chappell a cikin littafinsa The End of War ya rubuta cewa mutanen da ke da 'yanci da ci gaba na iya zama da sauƙin shawo kansu don tallafawa yaƙe-yaƙe, saboda suna da ƙari da yawa. Ban sani ba ko wannan gaskiya ne ko yadda ake gwada shi, amma galibi waɗanda ke da ƙarancin asara a cikin al'ummar mu waɗanda aka turo don yaƙe-yaƙe. A kowane hali, zancen yaƙe-yaƙe “a cikin kariya” galibi ana nufin kare ƙimar rayuwarmu da hanyar rayuwarmu, batun da ke iya magana a fili yana taimaka wajan ɓata batun ko muna yaƙi da shi ko a matsayin mai zalunci.

A sakamakon martani na gwagwarmaya da cewa dole ne mu kare tsarin rayuwarmu ta hanyar kare kayan mai, wata sanarwa ta yau da kullum a kan magunguna a cikin 2002 da 2003 shine "Yaya aka samu man fetur a karkashin yashi?" "Rundunar man fetur" aikin kare "ne. Wasu kuma sun amince cewa yaki ba shi da alaka da man fetur.

Ana iya ganin yakin basasa a matsayin kare lafiyar. An kaddamar da yaƙe-yaƙe da kuma yin aiki a cikin salama, yayin da babu wanda ya inganta zaman lafiya domin yaki. Yakin da ake kira sunan zaman lafiya zai iya faranta wa masu goyon baya ga yaki da zaman lafiya, kuma zai iya tabbatar da yaki a idanun waɗanda suka yi tsammanin yana da bukatar gaskatawa. "Domin yawancin masu rinjaye a kowane yanki," in ji Harold Lasswell kusan kusan karni daya da suka wuce, "kasuwancin cin zarafin makiya da sunan tsaro da zaman lafiya ya isa. Wannan shine babban makamin yaki, kuma a cikin sadaukar da kai ga cimma nasara sun gano cewa 'zaman lafiya na kasancewa a yakin.' "

Duk da yake duk yaƙe-yaƙe an kwatanta shi ne don kare duk wani bangare na bangarori daban daban, kawai ta hanyar yakin yaki a kare kai tsaye cewa za'a iya yakin basasa. A karkashin Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, sai dai idan Hukumar Tsaron ta amince da izini na musamman, sai dai wadanda ke yaki da farmaki suna yaki da yakin basasa. A {asar Amirka, Sashen Tsaro ya sake sanya sunan Sashen Tsaro a 1948, wanda ya dace da wannan shekarar wanda George Orwell ya rubuta Nineteen Huxu da hudu. Tun daga wannan lokacin, 'yan Amurkan sunyi amfani da duk wani abu da sojojin su ko sauran' yan bindiga suke yi a matsayin "kare." Masu neman zaman lafiya wadanda suke so su soki kashi uku na kasafin kudin soja, abin da suka yi imani shi ne duk wani mummunan zalunci ko rashin tsabta. kashewa a "kare". Sun rasa wannan gwagwarmaya kafin su bude bakinsu. Abubuwa na ƙarshe mutane za su rabu da shi shine "tsaro."

Amma idan abin da Pentagon yayi shine da farko kariya, Amurkawa suna buƙatar irin kariya sabanin yadda aka gani a baya ko kuma wasu mutane ke nema a halin yanzu. Babu wanda ya raba duniya, tare da sararin samaniya da sararin samaniya, zuwa yankuna kuma ya kirkiro umarnin soja don sarrafa kowane. Babu wanda ke da ɗari-ɗari, watakila sama da dubu, sansanonin soja da ke yawo a duniya cikin ƙasashen wasu mutane. Kusan babu wanda ke da tushe a cikin ƙasashen mutane. Yawancin ƙasashe ba su da makaman nukiliya, na halitta, ko na makamai masu guba. Sojojin Amurka suna yi. Amurkawa suna kashe kuɗi a kan sojojinmu fiye da kowace ƙasa, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 45 cikin ɗari na yawan kuɗin soja na duniya. Manyan kasashe 15 na sama da kaso 83 na yawan kudin da sojoji ke kashewa a duniya, kuma Amurka tana kashe sama da lambobi 2 zuwa 15 hade. Mun kashe sau 72 abin da Iran da Koriya ta Arewa ke kashewa a hade.

“Sashen Tsaro,” a karkashin tsofaffin da sabbin sunaye, ya dauki matakin soja a kasashen waje, babba da karami, wasu lokutan 250, ba tare da kirga ayyukan boye ko girka sansanoni na dindindin ba. Shekaru 31 kawai, ko kashi 14 cikin 62, na tarihin Amurka babu sojojin Amurka da suka tsunduma cikin manyan ayyuka a ƙasashen waje. Yin aiki a cikin tsaro, tabbas, Amurka ta kai hari, mamayewa, 'yan sanda, hamɓarar da, ko mamaye wasu ƙasashe 1992. Babban littafin John Quigley na 25 Ruses for War yayi nazarin XNUMX na mahimman ayyukan soja na Amurka bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, yana mai cewa kowannensu ya sami ci gaba da ƙarya.

An kai hari dakarun Amurka a yayin da aka ajiye su a waje, amma ba a taɓa kai farmaki kan Amurka ba, tun daga lokacin 1815. Lokacin da Jafananci suka kai hari kan jiragen ruwa na Amurka a Pearl Harbor, Hawaii ba Jihar Amurka ba ne, amma a matsayin ƙasa na sararin samaniya, ta haka ta hanyar watsar da sarauniyar a madadin masu shuka shuka. Lokacin da 'yan ta'adda suka kai hari kan Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya a 2001, suna aikata wani laifi mai tsanani, amma ba su kaddamar da yaki ba. A cikin jagorancin yaki na 1812, 'yan Birtaniya da Amirkawa suka musayar kai hare-haren tare da kan iyakar Kanada da kuma cikin gabar teku. 'Yan asalin ƙasar Amurkan sun yi musayar ra'ayoyinsu tare da magoya bayan Amurka, duk da haka wanda yake mamaye wanda shi ne wata tambayar da ba mu taba so mu fuskanta ba.

Abin da muka gani daga {asar Amirka da dukan sauran hare-haren sune yaƙe-yaƙe da sunan kare ku] a] en da ke amfani da mummunan zalunci don magance matsalolin da ba su da wata cuta, ko yin amfani da mummunan zalunci don neman fansa, wanda ya biyo bayan hadari na tashin hankali da abokan gaba, wadanda suka biyo baya kawai da cewa akwai tashin hankali daga wancan gefen, kuma hakan yana iya kare abokan tarayya ko dukiya na mulkin mallaka ko wasu al'ummomin da suka kasance kamar yadda aka yi musu a cikin wasanni na duniya inda ake tsammani abokan adawa su fada kamar domino. Akwai ma yaƙe-yaƙe na tashin hankali. A ƙarshe, yawancin yaƙe-yaƙe sune yaƙe-yaƙe - zane da sauki.

Sashe na: BABI BA SAN KASA A KUMA FUNNY

Misali na gyaran matakai, matsalolin jiragen ruwa, da cinikayyar cinikayya cikin rikice-rikice, yaki maras amfani da kuma lalacewa shine yaki da aka manta yanzu na 1812, babban abin da ya faru, banda mutuwar da bala'i, ana zaton ana samun Washington , DC, ƙone. Ana iya sanya cajin gaskiya a kan Birtaniya. Kuma, ba kamar yawancin yaƙe-yaƙe na Amurka ba, wanda aka amince da shi, kuma a gaskiya ma, Majalisa ta ba da tallafi ga shugaban. Amma Amurka ce, ba Birtaniya, wannan yakin basasa, kuma manufar wasu magoya bayansa ba su kare kariya ba - cin nasarar Kanada! Wani jami'in majalisa Samuel Taggart (F., Mass.), Yana nuna rashin amincewa da muhawarar da aka rufe, ya wallafa wani jawabi a cikin Gaisette na Alexandria a ranar Xuniyo 24, 1812, inda ya ce:

"An ci gaba da cinye Kanada don zama mai sauki a matsayin dan kadan fiye da ƙungiyar jin dadi. Muna da, an ce, babu abin da za a yi amma don tafiya dakarun zuwa cikin kasar kuma nuna daidaitattun Amurka, kuma Canadians za su yi garkuwa da ita a yanzu kuma su sanya kansu a karkashin kariya. An gabatar da su a matsayin cikakke don tayar da hankali, suna mai da hankali ga cin zarafi daga Gwamnati mai cin hanci, kuma suna marmarin jin dadin 'yanci a karkashin goyon bayan Amurka. "

Taggart ya ci gaba da nuna dalilan da ya sa hakan ya kasance ba za a iya sa ran ba, kuma tabbas ya kasance daidai. Amma kasancewa mai kyau ba shi da kima lokacin da yaduwar war ya kama. Mataimakin Shugaban kasa Dick Cheney, a ranar Xuwan 16, 2003, ya yi ikirarin irin wannan ikirarin game da Iraki, duk da cewa ya nuna kuskuren talabijin a shekaru tara da suka gabata lokacin da ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa Amurka ba ta kai hari a Baghdad ba a lokacin Gulf War. (Cheney, a wannan lokacin, na iya barin wasu abubuwan da ba su da tushe, irin su hakikanin hakikanin abin da ke faruwa a cikin 2003.) Cheney ya ce ya kai hari ta biyu a Iraki:

"Yanzu, ina tsammanin abubuwa sun yi mummunan hali a cikin Iraki, daga matsayin mutanen Iraqi, na gaskanta za mu gaishe mu a matsayin 'yan tawaye."

Shekarar da ta gabata, Ken Adelman, tsohon darekta mai kula da makamai na Shugaba Ronald Reagan ya ce "'yantar da Iraki zai zama wani yanki ne na musamman." Wannan tsammanin, ko da gaske ne ko kuma da gaske ne kuma wawa ne, bai yi aiki a Iraki ba ko ƙarni biyu da suka gabata a Kanada. Soviet ta shiga Afghanistan a cikin 1979 tare da irin wannan wawan tunanin na maraba da su a matsayin abokai, kuma Amurka ta sake maimaita kuskure iri ɗaya can tun daga 2001. Tabbas, irin waɗannan tsammanin ba za su taɓa aiki ba ga sojojin ƙetare a Amurka ko dai, duk irin yadda mutanen da ke mamaye da mu za su zama masu kyau ko kuma yadda za su same mu cikin bakin ciki.

Mene ne idan Kanada da Iraki sun karbi bakuncin ayyukan Amurka? Shin, hakan ya haifar da wani abu don ya fi tsoro da yaƙe-yaƙe? Norman Thomas, marubucin War: Babu Glory, Babu Riba, Babu Bukata, wanda aka kwatanta kamar haka:

"[S] gabatar da Amurka a War na 1812 ya yi nasara a cikin ƙoƙari marar kuskure don cin nasara ga ko wane ɓangare na Kanada. Babu shakka za mu iya samun tarihin makaranta don ya koya mana yadda yakin da ake yi wa mutanen Ontario ya kasance da sa'a don haka ya zama mahimmancin darasi da ya koya wa Burtaniya game da bukatun sararin haske! Duk da haka, yau mutanen Kanada wadanda ke cikin Birtaniya suna cewa suna da 'yanci fiye da makwabtan su a kudancin iyakar. "

Yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa, ciki har da yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa na Amurka a kan jama'ar ƙasar Arewacin Amirka, yaƙe-yaƙe ne. Kamar dai yadda Iraki - ko, duk da haka, wasu mutane daga Gabas ta Tsakiya tare da sunayen sunaye masu ban mamaki - sun kashe mutane 3,000 a Amurka, inda suka kashe mutane miliyan Iraqi a matsayin ma'auni, Indiyawan Indiyawa sun kashe wasu 'yan kwaminis da dama , wanda abin da aka yi yaƙin zai iya fahimta a matsayin fansa. Amma irin wannan yaƙe-yaƙe ne yaƙe-yaƙe na zaɓin zabi, saboda yawancin ƙananan abubuwan da suka faru kamar wadanda ke jawo yaƙe-yaƙe sun yarda su wuce ba tare da yaƙe-yaƙe ba.

A cikin shekarun da suka gabata na Cold War, Amurka da Soviet Union sun ba da damar ƙaddamar da jiragen sama, don a magance kayan aiki ba tare da yakin basasa ba. Lokacin da Tarayyar Soviet ta harbe jirgin saman U-2 a 1960, dangantakar da Amurka ta lalace sosai, amma ba a yi yakin ba. Ƙasar Soviet ta yi ciniki da matukin jirgi da suka harbe su don daya daga cikin 'yan leƙen asirin su a wani musayar da ba ta saba ba. Kuma wani kamfani na radar na Amurka don U-2 mafi asiri, wani mutumin da ya fadi zuwa Soviet Union watanni shida da suka gabata, kuma ya shaida wa Russia duk abin da ya sani, gwamnatin Amurka ta maraba da shi ba tare da gurfanar da ita ba. A akasin wannan, gwamnati ta ba shi kuɗi kuma daga bisani ya ba shi sabuwar fasfo a cikin dare. Sunansa Lee Harvey Oswald.

Abubuwan da suka faru iri ɗaya za su kasance uzuri ne na yaƙi a cikin wasu yanayi, wato kowane yanayi da shugabannin gwamnati ke son yaƙi. A zahiri, a ranar 31 ga Janairu, 2003, Shugaba George W. Bush ya ba da shawara ga Firayim Ministan Burtaniya Tony Blair cewa zanen jirgin U-2 tare da launukan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ya tashi da su ƙasa a kan Iraki, kuma a harbe su, na iya ba da uzuri don yaƙi . A halin yanzu, yayin da take barazanar yaki da Iraki a bayyane game da “makamin kare dangi,” Amurka ta yi biris da wani ci gaba mai ban sha'awa: ainihin mallakar makamin nukiliya da Koriya ta Arewa ta yi. Yaƙe-yaƙe ba sa zuwa inda laifuka suke; ana samun laifuffuka ko haɗe su don dacewa da yaƙe-yaƙe da ake so. Idan Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet zasu iya guje wa yaƙi saboda ba sa son halakar da duniya, to duk ƙasashe na iya guje wa duk yaƙe-yaƙe ta hanyar zaɓar kada su lalata sassan duniya.

Sashe na: DAMSELS IN DISTRESS

Sau da yawa daya daga cikin uzuri na farko don aikin soja shi ne kare Amurkawa a kasashen waje wanda ake zaton an sa su cikin hatsari daga abubuwan da suka faru. An yi amfani da wannan uzuri, tare da sababbin iri-iri na sauran uzuri, ta Amurka lokacin da suke mamaye Jamhuriyar Dominika a 1965, Grenada a 1983, da kuma Panama a 1989, a cikin misalai waɗanda John Quigley da Norman Solomon ya rubuta game da shi. littafinsa War Made Easy. A game da Jamhuriyar Dominica, 'yan asalin Amurka da suka so su bar (1,856 daga cikinsu) sun kwashe kafin aikin soja. Yankunan da ke kusa da Santo Domingo, inda jama'ar Amirka ke zaune ba tare da tashin hankali ba, kuma ba a buƙatar sojan sojan ya kwashe kowa ba. Dukkanin manyan yankuna na Dominik sun amince su taimakawa wajen fitar da wasu kasashen waje waɗanda suka so su bar.

A game da Grenada (wani mamayewa da Amurka ta haramta yaduwar kafofin watsa labaran Amurka) an yi tsammani daliban likita na Amurka su cece su. Amma Jami'in Gwamnatin Amirka, James Budeit, kwanaki biyu kafin zuwan mamaye, ya fahimci cewa] aliban ba su cikin hatsari. Lokacin da game da 100 zuwa 150 dalibai yanke shawarar sun so su tafi, dalilin su ne tsoron Amurka kai hari. Iyaye na 500 na daliban sun aika da Shugaba Reagan a wayar salula wanda ya roke shi kada ya kai farmaki, ya sanar da shi cewa 'ya'yansu sun kasance lafiya kuma basu da damar fita daga Grenada idan sun zabi suyi hakan.

A game da Panama, wani lamari na ainihi zai iya nunawa, daya daga cikin irin wannan da aka samo ko'ina kasashen waje ba su taɓa shafar wata ƙasa ba. Wasu 'yan kabilar Panama sun kashe wani jami'in sojin Amurka kuma sunyi barazanar matarsa. Duk da yake George HW Bush yayi ikirarin cewa wannan da sauran sababbin abubuwan sun haifar da yakin, shirin yakin ya fara watanni kafin wannan lamarin.

Sashe na: THE EMPIRE YAKE BACK

Bambancin bambanci game da tabbatar da tsaro ita ce barazanar fansa. Za a iya kasancewa wani tasiri a cikin kuka na "sun kai mana hari" da za su sake yin hakan idan ba mu kai farmaki ba. Amma sau da yawa abin da ake jin dadi shine a cikin kuka don fansa, yayin da yiwuwar hare-haren da ake zuwa yanzu ba daga wasu ba ne. A gaskiya ma, ƙaddamar da yakin ya tabbatar da hare-haren ta'addanci, da dakarun da ba daskarar ba, da kuma yada yakin da kasar ta yi a kan ayyukan da 'yan ta'adda ke yi na iya daukar nauyin talla ga karin' yan ta'adda. Rage irin wannan yaki ya zama babban laifi na zalunci, dalilan fansa ba tare da la'akari ba. Sakamakon fansa ita ce motsin rai, ba tsaron doka ba don yaki.

Masu kisan da suka tashi zuwa cikin gine-gine a watan Satumba na 11, 2001, sun mutu a cikin tsari. Babu wata hanya da za ta kaddamar da yaki a kansu, kuma ba su wakilci wata ƙasa wadda ta kasance a cikin ƙasarsu (kamar yadda aka yi amfani da shi a ƙarya tun lokacin yakin duniya na biyu) zai iya zama yardar kaina kuma an gurfanar dashi a lokacin yakin. Za a iya neman abokan hulɗar da aka yi a watan Satumba na 11th da suka kasance cikin masu rai a cikin dukkan tashoshi na kasa, kasashen waje, da kuma kasa da kasa, kuma suna gurfanar da su a kotuna masu adalci da kuma adalci - kamar yadda bin Laden da sauransu suka nuna a cikin ɓoye a Spain. Ya kamata su kasance. Da'awar cewa 'yan ta'adda sun yi "ba da fansa" da kariya ga ayyukan Amurka. Idan tashar sojojin Amurka a Saudi Arabia da kuma taimakon sojojin Amurka a kasar Isra'ila sun kaddamar da Gabas ta Tsakiya da kuma haddasa mutane marasa laifi, wajibi ne a sake nazarin waɗannan manufofi da manufofi masu kama da su don sanin ko duk wani amfani ya ɓata lalacewar da aka yi. Yawancin dakarun Amurka sun janye daga Saudiyya shekaru biyu bayan haka, amma daga bisani aka aika da yawa zuwa Afghanistan da Iraq.

Shugaban kasa ya janye sojojin a 2005, George W. Bush, ɗan shugaban ne wanda ke cikin 1990, ya aika da su bisa ga karya cewa Iraki zai kai farmaki kan Saudi Arabia. Mataimakin shugaban kasa a 2003, Dick Cheney, ya kasance Sakataren "Tsaro" a 1990, lokacin da aka sanya shi aiki don hana Saudis damar barin rundunar Amurka duk da rashin amincewa da karya.

Babu wata dalili da za a yi imani da cewa yunkurin yaki a Afghanistan zai kai ga kama Osama bin Laden dan ta'addanci, kuma kamar yadda muka gani, wannan ba shine babban fifiko ga Gwamnatin Amurka ba, wanda ya ki amincewa da tayin. shi a gaban shari'a. A maimakon haka, yakin da kansa shine fifiko. Kuma yakin ya tabbatar da cewa ba za a iya yin amfani da shi ba dangane da hana ta'addanci. David Wildman da Phyllis Bennis sun ba da baya:

"Shari'ar da Amurka ta yanke don mayar da martani ga hare-haren ta'addanci duk sun yi nasara saboda wannan dalilai. Ɗaya daga cikinsu, sun kashe, suka ji rauni, ko kuma sun sanya masu rashin laifi a yanzu. Biyu, ba su yi aiki don hana ta'addanci ba. A cikin 1986, Ronald Reagan ya umarci harin bam na Tripoli da Benghazi don hukunta shugaban Libya Libyan Muammar Ghadafi saboda fashewa a cikin wani rikici a Jamus wanda ya kashe GI biyu. Ghadafi ya tsira, amma an kashe dubban 'yan kasar Libya, ciki harda' yar shekara uku da ke Ghadafi.

"Bayan 'yan shekarun nan, bala'in Lockerbie ya zo, wanda Libya za ta dauki nauyin. A cikin 1999, saboda hare-haren da jakadancin Amurka ke ciki a kasar Kenya da Tanzania, hare-haren ta'addancin Amurka sun kai hari kan sansanin horar da Osama bin Laden a Afghanistan da kuma ma'aikatar magungunan magani na Laden da ake zargi a cikin Sudan. Ya bayyana cewa, ma'aikata na Sudan ba shi da alaka da bin Laden, amma harin Amurka ya hallaka mawallafi ne kawai mai samar da maganin alurar rigakafi ga yara masu girma a cikin rashin rashin lafiya na tsakiyar Afirka. Kuma harin da aka kai a sansanonin Afghanistan a sararin samaniya ba ta hana hare-haren Satumba 11, 2001 ba. "

"Yakin Duniya kan Ta'addanci" wanda aka ƙaddamar a ƙarshen 2001 tare da Yaƙin Afganistan kuma ya ci gaba da Yaƙin Iraki ya bi irin wannan salon. Zuwa 2007, za mu iya yin rubutun ƙaruwa sau bakwai a cikin mummunan harin jihadi a duniya, ma'ana ɗaruruwan ƙarin hare-haren ta'addanci da dubban ƙarin fararen hula da suka mutu a cikin abin da ake iya faɗi idan amsa laifuka game da yaƙe-yaƙe na "kariya" na Amurka, yaƙe-yaƙe da bai samar da komai mai amfani ba da zai auna wannan cutar. Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta mai da martani game da karuwar haɗari a cikin ta'addanci a duniya ta hanyar dakatar da rahotonta na shekara-shekara game da ta'addanci.

Shekaru biyu bayan haka, Shugaba Barack Obama ya ci gaba da yaki a Afghanistan, tare da gane cewa al Qaeda ba a nan a Afghanistan; cewa kungiyar da ta fi son tace wani bangare na iko a Afghanistan, da Taliban, ba su da alaka da al Qaeda sosai; kuma wannan al Qaeda ta kasance ta hanyar kaddamar da ta'addanci a wasu ƙasashe. Yaƙi ya buƙatar ci gaba, duk da haka, saboda. . . da kyau, saboda. . . A gaskiya, babu wanda ya san dalilin da ya sa. A ranar Juma'a 14, 2010, wakilin shugaban kasar Afghanistan, Richard Holbrooke, ya shaida wa kwamitin Majalisar Dattijai ta Harkokin Harkokin Wajen. Holbrooke ya zama kamar sabo ne daga cikin abubuwan da suka dace. Sanata Bob Corker (R., Tenn.) Ya shaida wa Los Angeles Times lokacin sauraron,

"Mutane da dama a bangarorin biyu suna tunanin cewa wannan ƙoƙari ne mai sauƙi. Da yawa daga cikin wakilan da kuke so su yi la'akari da masu karfi a cikin kasar suna tayar da kawunansu a damuwa. "

Corker ya yi iƙirarin cewa bayan sauraron minti na 90 a Holbrooke yana da, "babu wani tunanin duniya game da manufofinmu na farar hula. Ya zuwa yanzu, wannan ya zama lokaci mai ban mamaki. "Da yiwuwar cewa Amurka ta kai farmaki kuma tana fadawa wannan yaki mai ban tsoro ba tare da nuna tsammani ba a matsayin bayani mai mahimmanci, saboda haka ba a taɓa tattauna batun ba. fiye da gidan rediyo na wani lokaci wanda ya ba da tabbacin cewa "dole ne muyi yaki da su a can don haka ba za mu yi yaƙi da su ba." Ginin Holbrooke da White House sun kasance da hujja don kiyaye yakin da ya taso. A koyaushe, idan har sojojin Taliban suka ci nasara, za su kawo al Qaeda, kuma idan har al Qaeda ta kasance a Afghanistan za ta mamaye Amurka. Amma masana da yawa, ciki har da Holbrooke, a wasu lokatai sun yarda cewa babu wata hujja ga ko dai da'awar. Yan Taliban ba su da dangantaka da al Qaeda, kuma al Qaeda na iya shirya duk wani abu da yake so ya yi amfani da shi a wasu ƙasashe.

A watanni biyu da suka wuce, a ranar Mayu 13, 2010, musayar ra'ayoyin da aka yi, a wannan taron manema labarai na Pentagon, tare da Janar Stanley McChrystal, wanda ke gudana a Afghanistan:

"REPORTER: [Ni] n Marja akwai rahotanni - rahotannin gaskiya - na tsoratarwa har ma da fille kansa na mutanen da ke aiki tare da sojojinka. Shin wannan hankali ne? Kuma idan haka ne, shin yana damu da ku?

GEN. MCCHRYSTAL: Haka ne. Yana da cikakkun abubuwa ne da muke gani. Amma yana da tabbas. "

A sake karanta wannan.

Idan kun kasance a cikin wani dan kasa, da kuma mutanen da suka taimake ku ya faru, kamar yadda ba shakka, don samun kawunansu a yanka, yana iya zama lokaci don sake yin la'akari da abin da kuke yi, ko a kalla ya zo da wasu Tabbatar da shi, ko ta yaya dama.

Sashe na: GASKIYA GASKIYA

Wani nau'i na "yakin kare" shi ne wanda ya biyo bayan mummunan tsokanar tashin hankali daga abokan gaba. An yi amfani da wannan hanya don farawa, kuma akai-akai don ƙara, War Vietnam, kamar yadda aka rubuta a Pentagon Papers.

Kafa har sai babi na hudu tambaya akan ko Amurka ya kamata ya shiga yakin duniya na biyu, a ko dai Turai ko Pacific ko duka biyu, gaskiyar ita ce, ƙasarmu ba ta iya shiga ba sai dai idan an kai hari. A 1928 Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka ta zabi 85 zuwa 1 don tabbatar da yarjejeniyar Kellogg-Briand, yarjejeniyar da ta ɗaure - kuma har yanzu ta ɗaure - al'ummar mu da sauran mutane ba za su sake shiga yaki ba.

Firayim Minista Birtaniya Winston Churchill na fatan fatan shekaru da yawa shine Japan zata kai hari ga Amurka. Wannan zai bada izinin Amurka (ba bisa ga doka ba, amma siyasa) don cikakken shiga yaki a Turai, kamar yadda shugaban kasar yake so ya yi, don ya zama tsayayya da kawai samar da makamai, kamar yadda aka yi. A watan Afrilu 28, 1941, Churchill ya rubuta wasikar sirri ga ma'aikatar yaki da shi:

"Za a iya ɗauka kamar yadda ya kamata a shigar da Japan a cikin yakin nan ta hanyar shiga Amurka a gefenmu."

Ranar Mayu 11, 1941, Robert Menzies, Firayim Minista na Ostiraliya, ya sadu da Roosevelt kuma ya same shi "kishi" na wurin Churchill a tsakiyar yakin. Yayinda majalisar Roosevelt ke son Amurka ta shiga yaki, Menzies sun gano Roosevelt,

". . . an horar da su a karkashin Woodrow Wilson a yakin karshe, yana jiran wani lamarin da zai faru, wanda zai sa Amurka ta shiga yaki sannan kuma ya sami R. daga cikin zabukansa maras tabbas cewa 'Zan tsare ku daga yaki.' "

A ranar 18 1941, 10, Churchill ya sadu da gidansa a 23 Downing Street. Taron ya kasance da kama da 2002 1941 na Yuli, XNUMX, tare da su a wannan adireshin, minti daya da suka zama sanannun Minishin Downing Street. Dukansu tarurruka sun bayyana asirin Amurka da nufin shiga yaki. A cikin taron na XNUMX, Churchill ya shaida wa majalisarsa, cewar minti: "Shugaban ya ce za ya yi yaki amma ba a bayyana shi ba." Bugu da ƙari, "Duk abin da za a yi don sa ido kan lamarin."

Kodayake Japan ba ta da tsayayya da kai hare-hare ga wasu kuma ya kasance mai aiki wajen gina mulkin Asiya. Kuma {asar Amirka da Japan ba su kasance cikin zumunci ba. Amma menene zai iya haifar da Jafananci?

Lokacin da Shugaba Franklin Roosevelt ya ziyarci Pearl Harbor a watan Yuli 28, 1934, shekaru bakwai kafin harin Japan, sojojin Japan sun nuna damuwa. Janar Kunishiga Tanaka ya rubuta a cikin jaridar Japan Advertiser, yana maida hankali kan gina gwanayen jiragen ruwa na Amurka da kuma kafa wasu bayanan asali a Alaska da Aleutian Islands:

"Irin halin rashin girman kai ya sa mu mafi m. Yana sa mu tunanin babban matsala an karfafa shi a cikin Pacific. Wannan shi ne babban baƙin ciki. "

Ko dai an yi baqin ciki ko a'a ba wata tambaya ba ce daga ko wannan ya kasance abin da ake gani da kuma yiwuwar mayar da martani ga faɗakarwar soja, koda lokacin da ake kira "kare". m kuma. A watan Oktobar 1934 ya rubuta a Harper Magazine cewa: "Yana da hujjar cewa kasashe ba su da makamai don yaki amma don yaki." Seldes ya tambayi wani jami'in a kungiyar Navy:

"Kuna yarda da maganganun jiragen ruwa da kuka shirya don yin yaki da wani jirgin ruwa?"

Mutumin ya ce "I".

"Shin kuna kallon yakin da na Birnin Birtaniya?"

"Babu shakka, babu."

"Shin kuna kallon yaki da Japan?"

"Na'am."

A cikin 1935 da Amurka ta fi girma a tarihi a lokacin, Brigadier Janar Smedley D. Butler, ya buga babban nasara ga wani littafi mai suna War Is a Racket. Ya ga yadda ya kamata ya yi gargadin al'ummar:

"A kowace zaman taro na majalisa, tambaya ta kara haɓaka jiragen ruwa ya zo. Jirgin da ke gudana a cikin kujera. . . kada ku yi ihu cewa 'Muna buƙatar kuri'a na fadace-fadace don yaki akan wannan al'umma ko wannan al'umma.' Oh, a'a. Da farko dai, sun sanar da cewa Amurka ta kaddamar da karfi ne ta hanyar karfin jiragen ruwa. Kusan kowace rana, wadannan admirals za su gaya maka, babban jirgi na wannan mai zaton makiya za su yi nasara ba zato ba tsammani kuma su halakar da mutanen 125,000,000. Kamar wannan. Sa'an nan kuma suka fara kuka ga manyan jiragen ruwa. Don me? Don yaki da abokan gaba? Oh, ba, a'a. Oh, a'a. Don dalilan tsaro kawai. Sa'an nan kuma, ba zato ba tsammani, sun sanar da maneuvers a cikin Pacific. Don kare. Oh, huh.

"Pacific shi ne babban babban teku. Muna da babbar gabar teku a cikin Pacific. Za a iya yin motsi a gefen tekun, kilomita biyu ko uku? Oh, a'a. Hoto za su kasance dubu biyu, a, watakila ma talatin da hamsin da biyar, a gefen tekun.

"Mutanen Jafananci, masu girman kai, ba shakka za su yi farin ciki da ganin yadda jirgin saman Amurka ke kusa da iyakar Nippon. Duk da cewa kamar yadda mazauna California za su iya fahimta, ta hanyar asuba, furanni na Japan suna wasa a wasannin yaki a Los Angeles. "

A watan Maris na 1935, Roosevelt ya ba Wake Island kan jirgin ruwa na Amurka kuma ya bai wa Pan Am Airways damar yin hanyoyi kan Wake Island, Midway Island, da kuma Guam. Jagoran sojojin sojin kasar Japan sun sanar da cewa sun damu kuma sun kalli wadannan hanyoyi kamar barazana. Don haka ne 'yan gwagwarmayar zaman lafiya a Amurka. A watannin na gaba, Roosevelt ya shirya wasannin yaki da motsa jiki kusa da Aleutian Islands da Midway Island. A watan da ya gabata, masu sa ido na zaman lafiya suna tafiya a birnin New York don yin shawarwari tare da Japan. Norman Thomas ya rubuta a 1935:

"Mutumin daga Mars wanda ya ga irin yadda mutane suka sha wahala a yakin karshe kuma yadda suke shirye-shirye don yaki na gaba, wanda suka san zai zama mafi muni, zai tabbata cewa yana kallon masu neman mafaka."

Rundunar sojojin Amurka ta shafe shekaru masu zuwa bayan yin aiki tare da Japan, Maris 8, 1939, wanda ya bayyana "yaki mai tsanani na dogon lokaci" wanda zai hallaka sojojin kuma ya rushe rayuwar tattalin arzikin kasar Japan. A cikin Janairu 1941, watanni goma sha daya kafin harin, mai watsa labarai na Japan ya nuna rashin amincewarsa a kan Pearl Harbor a cikin edita, kuma jakadan Amurka a Japan ya rubuta a cikin littafinsa:

"Akwai magana mai yawa game da gari don ganin cewa Jafananci, idan sun yi hutu tare da Amurka, suna shirin shirya duk wani hari a kan Pearl Harbor. Hakika na sanar da gwamnati. "

Ranar Fabrairu 5, 1941, Rear Admiral Richmond Kelly Turner ya rubuta wa Sakataren War Henry Stimson cewa ya yi gargadin yiwuwar wani hari mai ban mamaki a Pearl Harbor.

A farkon 1932 Amurka ta yi magana da kasar Sin game da samar da jiragen sama, matukan jirgi, da horo don yaki da Japan. A watan Nuwamba na 1940, Roosevelt ta bai wa kasar Sin dala miliyan dari don yaki da Japan, bayan da ya yi shawarwari tare da Sakataren Harkokin Gida na Birtaniya, Henry Morgenthau, na Birtaniya, ya shirya shirin tura bama-bamai na kasar Sin tare da ma'aikatan Amurka don amfani da bom a Tokyo da sauran biranen Japan. A watan Disamba na 21, 1940, makonni biyu na jin kunya a shekara guda kafin harin da Japan ta kai kan Pearl Harbor, ministan kudi na kasar Sin TV Soong da Colonel Claire Chennault, wani mayaƙan Amurka mai ritaya wanda ke aiki ga kasar Sin kuma ya roƙe su su yi amfani da Amurka 'Yan fasin jirgi sun kai bom a Tokyo tun daga 1937, sun haɗu da ɗakin cin abinci na Henry Morgenthau don shirya shirin kashe wuta a Japan. Morgenthau ya ce zai iya samun 'yan maza daga cikin aiki a rundunar sojan Amurka idan sojojin kasar Sin zasu biya su $ 1,000 kowace wata. Soong ya amince.

Ranar Mayu 24, 1941, jaridar New York Times ta bayar da rahoto game da horar da sojojin {asar China, da kuma samar da "jiragen sama da yawa da kuma fashe-fashen jiragen sama" zuwa {asar China ta {asar Amirka. "Ana tsammanin ana kashe birane da dama a Japan" karanta ƙananan labarun. A watan Yuli, Hukumar Rundunar Sojoji ta Sojojin sun amince da shirin da ake kira JB 355, don harba Japan. Kamfanin na gaba zai saya jiragen sama na Amurka da masu aikin hidimar Amurka suka horar da Chennault da kuma horar da wasu kungiyoyin. Roosevelt ya amince, da kuma Lauchlin Currie na kasar Sin, a cikin kalmomin Nicholson Baker, "sun yiwa Madam Chaing Kai-Shek da Claire Chennault takardar wasiƙar da ta yi kira ga 'yan leƙen asiri na Japan su yi hulɗa tsakanin su." Ko dai ba haka ba ne, wannan shi ne wasika:

"Ina matukar farin ciki da damar da zan iya bayar da rahoto a yau, shugaban kasar ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a iya samar da bama-bamai 60 da shida a kasar Sin a wannan shekara tare da ashirin da hudu don a fito da su nan da nan. Har ila yau, ya amince da shirin koyar da matukin jirgi na kasar Sin, a nan. Bayani ta hanyar tashoshin al'ada. Girmama. "

Jakadanmu ya ce "idan aka yi hutu tare da Amurka" Japan za ta jefa bom a Pearl Harbor. Ina mamaki idan wannan ya cancanci!

Rundunar 'yan gudun hijirar ta NNNXXV ta rundunar sojojin kasar Sin, wadda aka fi sani da Flying Tigers, ta ci gaba da daukar nauyin daukar hoto da kuma horarwa a farkon watan Disamba na 1, 20, kwana goma sha biyu (lokacin gida) bayan da Japan ta kai wa Pearl Harbor hari. .

Ranar Mayu 31, 1941, a Cibiyar Harkokin Kasuwancin Amirka, William Henry Chamberlin ya ba da sanarwar gargadi cewa: "Dukkanin tattalin arzikin tattalin arziki na kasar Japan, dakatar da man fetur na misali, zai tura Japan cikin hannun Axis. Harkokin tattalin arziƙi zai kasance mafita ga aikin soja da soja. "Mafi muni game da masu neman zaman lafiya shine sau nawa sukan yi daidai.

A ranar Xuwamba 24, 1941, Shugaba Roosevelt ya ce,

"Idan muka yanke man fetur, [Jafananci] tabbas zai riga ya sauka zuwa Indians East Indies a shekara da suka wuce, kuma kuna da yakin. Yana da mahimmanci daga ra'ayinmu na son kai tsaye don hana yakin daga farawa ta Kudu Pacific. Don haka manufofinmu na kasashen waje na kokarin dakatar da yakin basasa daga can. "

'Yan jarida sun lura cewa Roosevelt ya ce "ya kasance" maimakon "shi ne." Kashegari, Roosevelt ya ba da wata mahimmanci ga dukiyar Japan. {Asar Amirka da Birtaniya sun yanke man fetur da kuma raguwa zuwa Japan. Radhabinod Pal, wani dan kasar Indiya wanda ya yi aiki a kotun hukunta laifukan yaki a bayan yakin, da ake kira jirgin ruwa a matsayin "mummunan barazana ga rayuwar Japan", kuma ya kammala Amurka ta tsokani Japan.

A watan Agusta 7th, watanni huɗu kafin harin, jaridar Japan Times Advertiser ta rubuta:

"Da farko an halicci wani abu mai ban tsoro a Singapore, sojojin Britaniya da Empire sun ƙarfafa su sosai. Daga wannan ɗakin an gina wata babbar ƙafa kuma an haɗa shi da asusun Amurka don samar da babbar murya a cikin babban yanki a kudu da yamma daga Philippines ta hanyar Malaya da Burma, tare da haɗin ginin da ke cikin yankunan tsibirin Thailand. Yanzu an samar da shi ne don hada da ruɗun da ke kewaye da shi, wanda ke zuwa Rangoon. "

A watan Satumbar da ya gabata, manema labaru na Japan ya yi fushi da cewa Amurka ta fara sayar da man fetur a Japan zuwa Rasha. Kasar Japan, jaridarta ta ce, tana mutuwa ne da jinkirin mutuwar "yaki da tattalin arziki."

Mene ne Amurka za ta yi fatan samun ta ta hanyar man fetur da ta wuce wata ƙasa da ta buƙatar ta?

A ƙarshen Oktoba, Ambasada Edgar Mower na Amurka yana aiki ne ga Colonel William Donovan wanda ya ziyarci Roosevelt. Mower ya yi magana da wani mutum a Manila wanda ake kira Ernest Johnson, memba na Hukumar Maritime, wanda ya ce ya sa ran "Japs zai dauki Manila kafin in iya fita." Lokacin da Mower ya bayyana mamaki, Johnson ya amsa ya ce "Shin, ba ku san Japan ba? Rundunar sojin ta tashi zuwa gabas, mai yiwuwa ana iya kai hari kan motoci a Pearl Harbor? "

Ranar Nuwamba 3, 1941, jakadanmu ya sake ƙoƙari ya samu wani abu ta hanyar kwanciyar hankali na gwamnatinsa, ya aika da sakonni mai tsawo zuwa ga gwamnatin Amurka cewa gargadin tattalin arziki na iya haifar da yunkurin yin amfani da takunkumi a kasar Japan. rikice-rikice da Amurka na iya zo tare da haɗari da haɗari. "

Me ya sa nake tunawa da labarin abin da aka ba Shugaba George W. Bush kafin zuwan Satumba 11, 2001, hare-haren? "Bin Laden ya yanke shawarar kashe a Amurka"

Babu shakka babu wani a Washington da yake so ya ji shi a 1941 ko dai. Ranar Nuwamba 15th, Babban Jami'in Harkokin Jakadancin, George Marshall, ya yi jawabi game da wani abu da ba mu tunawa da matsayin "Shirin Marshall". A gaskiya ma ba mu tuna da shi ba. "Muna shirye-shiryen yaki da Japan," in ji Marshall, na rokon 'yan jarida su kiyaye shi asirce, wanda har ma na san sun yi hakan.

Kwana goma daga baya Sakataren War Henry Stimson ya rubuta a cikin littafinsa cewa ya hadu a Ofishin Oval tare da Marshall, Shugaban Roosevelt, Sakataren Harkokin Tsaro Frank Knox, Admiral Harold Stark, da kuma Sakataren Gwamnatin Cordell Hull. Roosevelt ya gaya musu cewa za su iya kaiwa Japan hari nan da nan, watakila Litinin mai zuwa. Wannan zai kasance ranar Disamba 1st, kwanaki shida kafin harin ya zo. "Tambayar," in ji Stimson, "ita ce ta yaya za mu yi amfani da su a matsayin wuri na harbi harbi na farko, ba tare da ba da damar haranmu ba. Wannan abu ne mai wuya. "

Shin? Amsar daya ce ta kasance shine kiyaye dukkan jiragen ruwa a Pearl Harbor kuma su ajiye masu sufurin jiragen ruwa a can a cikin duhu yayin da suke damuwa da su daga ofisoshin dadi a Washington, DC A hakika, wannan shine maganganun da jarumawanmu suka dauka.

Ranar bayan harin, Majalisa sun zabi yakin. Matan majalisa Jeannette Rankin (R., Mont.), Mace ta farko da aka zaba a Majalisar, da kuma wanda ya zabe a yakin duniya na I, ya tsaya ne kawai a cikin yakin duniya na biyu (kamar yadda Barista Congress Barbara Barbara (D., Calif) zai tsaya kadai a kan yakar Afghanistan 60 shekaru baya). Bayan shekara daya bayan zaben, a ranar Disamba na 8, 1942, Rankin ya gabatar da jawabin da ya ci gaba a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki wanda ke nuna adawa. Tana ta da labarin wani dan Burtaniya wanda ya yi jayayya a 1938 don amfani da Japan don kawo Amurka a cikin yakin. Ta ba da rahoton Henry Luce a cikin mujallar Life a ranar Jumma'a 20, 1942, ga "kasar Sin wanda Amurka ta ba da kyautar da ta kawowa Pearl Harbor." Ta gabatar da shaida cewa, a taron Atlantic na Agusta 12, 1941, Roosevelt ya tabbatar Churchill cewa {asar Amirka za ta kawo matsalolin tattalin arziki, a kan Japan. "Na buga," in ji Rankin, a baya,

"Rahotanni na watan Disamba na 20, na 1941, wanda ya bayyana cewa, a ranar Satumba na 3, an aika da jakadan zuwa {asar Japan, ta bukaci cewa, ta yarda da ka'idar 'nondisturbance of status quo in Pacific', wanda ya kasance mai neman tabbacin wanda ba shi da rai. daga cikin sarakunan fari a Gabas. "

Rankin ya gano cewa Hukumar Tsaron Tattalin Arziki ta samu takunkumin tattalin arziki ta hanyar kasa da mako guda bayan taron Atlantic. A ranar Disamba na 2, 1941, New York Times ya ruwaito, a gaskiya, cewa Japan an "yanke daga kimanin 75 bisa dari na cinikayyar cinikinta ta hanyar Rundunar Allied." Rankin kuma ya ambato sanarwa na Lieutenant Clarence E. Dickinson, USN , a ranar Juma'a na 10, 1942, cewa a ranar Nuwamba 28, 1941, kwana tara kafin harin, Mataimakin Admiral William F. Halsey, Jr., (wanda ya rubuta "kashe Japs, ya kashe Japs!"). ya ba da umarni ga shi da wasu su "tayar da duk abin da muka gani a cikin sama da kuma bomb duk abin da muka gani a cikin teku."

Ko yakin duniya na biyu shine "yakin basasa" wanda aka fada mana sau da yawa, zan jinkirta zuwa babi na hudu. Wannan shi ne yaki na karewa domin an kai harin da aka yi a tsakiyar yankin Pacific a cikin tsakiyar sararin samaniya wanda ya cancanci binne.

Sashe na: YADDA YA SA YA SA YADDA KUMA ZA KA YI JI?

Ɗaya daga cikin siffofin da ba a iya karewa ba ne game da yaƙe-yaƙe na kare shi ne yakin basasa ne kawai a kan abin da ake nufi da zalunci a wani bangare. Wannan shi ne yadda Amurka ta shiga yaki ta hanyar da ta sace jihohin kudu maso yammacin Mexico. Kafin Ibrahim Lincoln ya zama shugaban kasa, wanda ya yi amfani da makamai masu guba wanda ya ba da uzuri irin wannan zalunci da magoya bayansa suka yi, shi ne babban jami'in majalisa wanda ya san cewa Tsarin Mulki ya ba da ikon yin yakin neman zabe ga Majalisar. A cikin 1847, Lincoln Majalisar Dattijai ya zargi Shugaba James Polk na kwance al'ummar ta cikin yakin da yake zargi Mexico saboda tashin hankali lokacin da aka dauki wannan cajin da Amurka da Polk kanta. Lincoln ya shiga tare da tsohuwar shugaban kasa da kuma John Quincy Adams a halin yanzu, don neman bincike kan ayyukan Polk da kuma aiwatar da dokar Polk don kwance al'ummar zuwa yaki.

Polk ya ba da amsa, kamar yadda Harry Truman da Lyndon Johnson za su yi daga baya, ta hanyar sanarwar cewa ba zai nemi wa'adi na biyu ba. Dukkanin majalisun biyu sun zartar da kudurin girmama Manjo Janar Zachary Taylor saboda rawar da ya taka “a yakin da shugaban Amurka ya fara ba bisa ka'ida ba.” Sanin kowa ne cewa Tsarin Mulki bai ba da izinin yaƙe-yaƙe masu ƙarfi ba, amma kawai yaƙe-yaƙe ne na tsaro. Ulysses S. Grant yayi la'akari da Yaƙin Mexico, wanda duk da haka yayi yaƙi,

". . . daya daga cikin mafi zalunci wanda ya fi karfi ga al'umma mafi rauni. Misali ne na wata kundin tsarin mulki na bin mummunar misali na mulkin mallaka na Turai, ba tare da la'akari da adalci a cikin sha'awar samun ƙarin ƙasashen ba. "

Harshen Lincoln a gidan kasa a ranar Janairu 12, 1848, wata muhimmiyar matsala ne a tarihin tarihin Amurka kuma ya hada da waɗannan kalmomi:

"Bari ya [Shugaba James Polk] tuna cewa yana zaune a inda Washington ke zaune, don tunawa, bari ya amsa kamar yadda Washington za ta amsa. Yayinda al'umma ba ta dace ba, kuma Mai Iko Dukka ba zai yardar da shi ba, don haka kada ya yi ƙoƙari kada ya guje wa guje-guje. Kuma idan, don haka ya amsa, zai iya nuna cewa kasar gona ta kasance namu inda aka zubar da jini na farko na yaki - cewa ba a cikin wata ƙasa ba, ko kuma, idan a cikin irin wannan, cewa mazauna sun mika kansu ga ikon farar hula Texas ko na Amurka, kuma wannan daidai ne game da shafin yanar gizo na Fort Brown - to, ina tare da shi don tabbatarwa. . . . Amma idan ba zai iya ba ko ba zaiyi haka ba - idan a kan wani abin da ya saba da shi ko ba shi da kariya sai ya ƙi ko ya yashe shi - to, zan tabbata sosai game da abin da na fi wanda ake zargi - tun da yake yana da tabbacin kasancewa mara kyau, yana jin jinin wannan yaki, kamar jinin Habila, yana kuka a sama a kan shi. . . . Kamar yadda raunin hauka na rashin jin tsoro na mafarki na zazzabi, shi ne dukkan bangarorin sakonsa! "

Ba zan iya tunanin mafi yawan mambobi na majalisa suna magana da shugaban kasar yaki da gaskiya a yau. Har ila yau, ba zan iya tunanin yadda yaƙe-yaƙe ke kawo karshen ba har sai wannan abu ya faru tare da wasu lokuta kuma ana tallafa shi ta hanyar yanke kudade.

Koda yayin la'antar yakin da ya danganci karya wacce jininta ke kuka zuwa sama, Lincoln da takwaransa Whigs sun sake maimaita zaben don tallafawa shi. A ranar 21 ga Yuni, 2007, Sanata Carl Levin (D., Mich.) Ya buga misali da Lincoln a cikin jaridar Washington Post a matsayin hujja don matsayin nasa a matsayin “abokin hamayyar” Yakin a Iraki wanda zai ci gaba da ba da kuɗin ta har abada a matsayin hanya na “tallafawa sojoji.” Abin sha'awa, rundunonin daga Virginia, Mississippi, da North Carolina sun aika don kasadar rayukansu suna kashe 'yan Mexico marasa laifi a yakin da Lincoln ya ba da gudummawa a madadinsu ya ɓata masu jami'an. Kuma aƙalla sojojin Amurka 9,000, waɗanda suka yi rajista da masu ba da kansu, suka kaurace daga Yaƙin Mexico.

Wasu daruruwan, a gaskiya, ciki har da baƙi na ƙasar Irish, suka canza amincewar su kuma suka shiga ƙungiyar Mexican, sun kafa Battalion ta Saint Patrick. A cewar Robert Fantina, a cikin littafinsa Desertion da Amurka, "Mai yiwuwa fiye da kowane yaki na baya, a cikin Mexican-American War ba tare da imani da dalilin shi ne babban dalilin dashewa." Yaƙe-yaƙe ba za ta ƙare ba - sai ta kammala halaka ta daya gefe - ba tare da irin wannan juriya tsakanin waɗanda aka aiko su yi yakin ba. Lokacin da {asar Amirka ta biya Mexico ga yankin da ke cikin ƙasa, ya rubuta, a fili, ba tare da wata damuwa ba, "Ba mu kai kome ba ta hanyar cin nasara. . . . Na gode Allah. "

Bayan shekaru masu yawa, David Rovics zai rubuta waɗannan waƙoƙin waƙa:

A can ne a cikin pueblos da tsaunuka

Wannan na ga kuskuren da na yi

Sashe na rundunar soja

Tare da halin kirki na bayoneti ruwa

Don haka a tsakiyar wadannan matalauta, mutuwar Katolika

Sukan yayatawa yara, ƙanshin wuta duka

Ni kaina da ɗari biyu Irishmen

Ya yanke shawarar tashi zuwa kira

Daga Dublin City zuwa San Diego

Mun shaida shaidar 'yanci

Don haka muka kafa Saliyo Battalion

Kuma mun yi ya} i a yankin Mexico

A cikin 1898 jirgin USS Maine ya tashi a Havana Harbor, kuma jaridun Amurka da sauri sun zargi Mutanen Espanya, suna kuka “Ku tuna da Maine! Wuta tare da Spain! ” Mamallakin jaridar William Randolph Hearst yayi iyakar kokarin sa wajen ruruta wutar yakin da ya san zai bunkasa yaduwa. Wanene ya busa jirgin? Babu wanda ya sani. Tabbas Spain ta ƙaryata shi, Cuba ta ƙaryata shi, kuma Amurka ta ƙaryata shi. Spain ma ba ta musanta hakan kawai ba. Spain ta gudanar da bincike kuma ta gano cewa fashewar ta kasance a cikin jirgin. Ganin cewa Amurka za ta yi watsi da wannan binciken, sai Spain ta ba da shawarar hadin gwiwar kasashen biyu tare da bayar da mika wuya ga sasantawa ta hanyar wani kwamitin kasa da kasa da ke nuna son kai. Amurka ba ta da sha'awa. Duk abin da ya haifar da fashewar, Washington na son yaƙi.

Sakamakon bincike na baya-bayan nan ya haifar da yiwuwar yiwuwar Maine ya ragargaza ta hanyar fashewa, ko ta hanyar haɗari ko gangan, wanda ya faru a ciki, maimakon ta wani waje a waje. Amma babu masana sun tabbatar da ka'idar akan wani don gamsar da kowa, kuma ban tabbatar da abin da zai yi ba. Mutanen Espanya sun sami hanyar dasa bam a cikin jirgin. {Asar Amirka na iya gano hanyar da za su sanya wani waje a waje. Sanin inda fashewa ya faru ba zai gaya mana wanda, idan wani ya sa shi ba. Amma ko da mun san ga wanda ya sa shi, ta yaya, da kuma dalilin da ya sa, babu wani bayanin da zai canza asusun ainihin abin da ya faru a 1898.

{Asar ta yi hauka don yaki, don mayar da martani game da wani hari da Spain ta samu, wanda babu wata shaida, kawai zato. Wani jirgi na Amurka ya taso, Amurkawa sun kashe, kuma akwai yiwuwar Spain ta iya zama alhakin. A hade tare da sauran damuwa game da Spain, wannan dalili ne (ko uzuri) ya isa ya dakatar da yaƙe-yaƙe. Abin da ya kamata a tabbatar da cewa Spain ba laifi ba ne kawai sai dai abin ƙi. Wannan hujja za ta kasance ba daidai ba ko da idan hujja ta nuna cewa Spain ta shafe Maine, kamar yadda shugaban Amurka George W. Bush ya yi karya game da tabbacin cewa Iraki yana da makamai a 2003 ko da an gano wasu makamai . An yi amfani da wannan zargin da aka yi wa Maine - da aka yi amfani da shi don kaddamar da yakin "a kare" Cuba da Philippines da suka hada da kai hare-haren Cuba da Philippines, da kuma Puerto Rico don kyakkyawar ma'auni.

Ka tuna da waɗannan labarun daga Smedley Butler wanda na fadi a sama game da yadda Japan za su gamsu da rundunar sojan Amurka suna wasa wasanni na kusa da Japan? Wadannan sune lambobi na gaba a cikin wannan sashi:

"Ana iya ganin jiragen ruwan da muke gani, ya kamata a ƙayyade su ta musamman, ta hanyar doka, a cikin 200 mil kilomita na bakin teku. Idan wannan doka ce a cikin 1898, Maine ba zai taɓa zuwa Havana Harbour ba. Ba za a taba busawa ba. Ba za a yi yaki da Spain ba tare da raunin rayuwarsa ba. "

Butler yana da mahimmanci, ko da ba shi da lissafi ba. Yana aiki idan muna tunanin Miami a matsayin mafi kusa ƙasar Amurka zuwa Cuba, amma Key West mafi kusa - kawai 106 mil daga Havana - kuma sojojin Amurka sun yi iƙirarin a 1822, gina wani tushe, da kuma gudanar da shi a Arewa ko a lokacin Yaƙin Yakin. Key West shi ne mafi girma da kuma arziki arziki a Florida lokacin da Maine ya hura. Ernest Hemingway ya rubuta A Farewell zuwa Arms a can, amma sojoji ba su bar Key West ba.

Wataƙila yawancin rashin gaskiya a cikin masana'antun da ake kira yakin kare kare shi ne a cikin misali na ayyukan Nazi na Jamus lokacin da yake shirye ya mamaye Poland. Heinrich Himmler ta SS maza shirya jerin abubuwa. A daya, wani ɓangare na cikinsu suna saye da tufafi na {asar Poland, suka shiga cikin gidan rediyon Jamus a garin iyaka, suka tilasta ma'aikata a cikin ginshiki, kuma sun sanar da manufofin da suka saba da Jamus a cikin harshen Poland a yayin da suke harbe bindigogi. Sun kawo dan Jamus wanda ya nuna damuwa da Poles, ya kashe shi, ya bar shi a baya ya yi kama da an harbe shi yayin shiga cikin kokarin. Adolf Hitler ya fada wa sojojin Jamus cewa dakarun za su hadu da karfi, sannan su ci gaba da kaiwa Poland hari.

Ta hanyar 2008, gwamnatin Bush-Cheney ta tura wani lamari don yaki kan Iran ba tare da nasara ba har tsawon shekaru. Kasashen Iran na goyon baya ga juriyar Iraqi, samar da makaman nukiliya na Iran, Iran da alaka da 'yan ta'adda, da sauransu sun shafe su da sauri, kuma mutanen Amurka ba su kula da su ba, ko kuma sun ƙi su, a kan 90 bisa dari wanda ya yi tsayayya da kai hare hare ga Iran . Mataimakin Shugaban kasa, Dick Cheney da ma'aikatansa, suna nuna rashin jin tsoro, sun yi mafarki, amma ba su yi aiki ba, wani makirci wanda zai sa Hitler ta yi girman kai. Manufar ita ce ta gina jiragen ruwa hudu ko biyar wadanda ke kama da jiragen ruwa na Iran PT da kuma sanya takunkumi na ruwa akan su tare da "makamai masu yawa". Za su iya fara wuta tare da jirgin Amurka a cikin Hormuz na Straight, sannan kuma, d yana da yakin da Iran. An bayar da rahoton cewa, an ba da shawara ne, domin ya bukaci Amirkawan da ya kashe jama'ar Amirka.

Wannan damuwa bai dakatar da hafsan hafsoshin hafsoshin soja na 1962 ba daga aika sakataren "tsaron" wani shirin da ake kira Operation Northwoods wanda ya bukaci ya kai hare-haren Amurka da zargin zargin da aka kai a kasar Cuba. Cewa waɗannan tsare-tsaren ba a yi musu biyayya ba ya rage darajar su kamar yadda ya kamata a tunanin tunanin mutanen da suka fito daga zuciyarsu. Wadannan mutane ne da ke neman neman uzuri don yaki.

Lokacin da Birtaniya ta fara kai hare-haren fararen hula a Jamus a 1940, wannan ya kamata a yi la'akari da matsayin da ake yi na fansa, ko da yake Jamus ba ta kai harin boma-bamai ba. Don aiwatar da wannan ingancin, Winston Churchill ya shaida wa sabon ministan watsa labarai cewa "ya shirya wannan magana mai kyau a cikin 'yan jaridu don kashe fararen hula a Faransa da ƙasashe masu ƙasƙanci, a yayin hare-hare na Jamus." ya bayyana yakin da Jamus ta yi dangane da yunkurin da Jamus ta kai wa Poland. Wannan ita ce hanyar da ta fi dacewa a cikin al'ummomin da ba a kai musu hare-haren da suke da'awar yin yakin basasa ba. An kaddamar da yaƙe-yaƙe don kare abokan juna (wani abu da yarjejeniyar kamar wanda ya tsara kungiyar NATO ta NATO) ta sanya al'ummomi su yi).

Wasu yaƙe-yaƙe an kaddamar da su a cikin "karewa" ta hanyar kare yiwuwar wata al'umma ta iya kaiwa kanmu idan ba mu kai farmaki ba. "Yi wa wasu, kafin su iya yi maka" shine, na gaskanta, yadda Yesu ya sa shi. A halin yanzu, wannan ya fito ne a matsayin "yakin basasa" a can don haka ba mu da 'yantaccen yaki a nan. "

Matsalolin farko da wannan tsari shine cewa muna da ra'ayi ne kawai wanda "su" yake. Ta tsoratar da wani rukuni na 'yan ta'adda na Saudiyya, muna kaddamar da yaƙe-yaƙe a Afghanistan da Iraq. Fantasi cewa abokan gaba, duk wanda ya ke, ya ƙi mu ga 'yanci, mun kasa gane cewa suna kiyayya da mu saboda bam dinmu da wurarenmu. Sabili da haka maganganunmu ya sa yanayin ya fi muni.

Tun lokacin Yaƙin basasarmu, Amurka ba ta yi yaƙe-yaƙe a cikin gida ba. Mun saba da yaƙe-yaƙe na nesa da nesa. Kyamarar telebijin a cikin Vietnam ta kasance taƙaitacciyar katsewa ga wannan yanayin, kuma hotuna masu ma'ana ko da na yaƙin sun kasance banda doka. A cikin yaƙe-yaƙe biyu na duniya da yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa tun lokacin, an gaya mana cewa za a iya kawo mana hari a gida idan ba mu je mu kai hari ga wasu ƙasashen waje ba. Game da Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, an gaya mana cewa Jamus ta kai hari ga abokanmu masu kyau da marasa laifi, na iya kai mana hari, kuma a zahiri sun kai hari ga fararen hula Ba'amurke marasa laifi a cikin jirgin da ake kira Lusitania.

Yankunan Jamus sun bayar da gargadi ga jiragen ruwa, suka ba da damar fasinjoji su watsar da su kafin sunyi. Lokacin da wannan ya fallasa U-boats zuwa rikice-rikice, duk da haka, Jamus sun fara farawa ba tare da gargadi ba. Wannan shi ne yadda suka rushe Lusaniya a ranar Mayu 7, 1915, suka kashe mutanen 1,198, ciki har da 128 Amirkawa. Amma, ta hanyar sauran tashoshi, Jamus sun riga sun gargadi wadanda fasinjoji. An gina Lusaniya ne don bayani game da Birtaniya na Birtaniya wanda ya jera shi a matsayin magoya baya. A cikin tafiya ta ƙarshe, Lusitania ya cike da kayan yaki na Amurka, wanda ya hada da nau'i goma da rabi na katako da bindigogi, 51 tons na gashin tsuntsaye, da kuma babban tarin bindigogi, ba tare da la'akari da sojojin 67 ba. 6th Winnipeg Rifles. Wannan jirgi yana dauke da sojoji da makamai don yaki ba ainihi ainihi ba ne. Kafin Lusaniya ta bar New York, Ofishin Jakadancin na Jamus ya sami izini daga Sakataren Gwamnatin Amurka don bugawa jaridu a birnin New York gargadi cewa saboda jirgin yana dauke da kayan yaki yana da alaka da kai hari.

Bayan cin zarafin Lusaniya, wadannan jaridu, da sauran jaridu na Amurka, sun bayyana kisan kai da kuma kashe duk wani abin da aka ambaci abin da jirgin ya ɗauka. Lokacin da Shugaba Wilson ya nuna adawa ga Gwamnatin Jamus, yana mai cewa Lusaniya ba ta dauke da sojoji ko makamai ba, Sakataren Gwamnati ya yi murabus saboda rashin amincewar Wilson. Gwamnatocin Birtaniya da na Amurka sun yaudari tasirin jirgin kuma suka yi ƙarya don haka mutane da yawa a yau suna tunanin akwai shakku akan ko Lusitania yana da makami. Ko kuma suna tunanin cewa ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa sun gano cewa makamai a cikin fashewa na jirgin a cikin 2008 suna warware wani asiri mai tsawo. Ga wani rahoto daga rahoton da aka watsa a kan Labarai na Jama'a a ranar Nuwamba 22, 2008:

"Lokacin da Lusaniya ta sauka, sai ya bar asiri a baya: Mene ne dalilin tashin hankali na biyu? Bayan kimanin karni na bincike, jayayya da rikici, alamu suna farawa. . . . A cikin hannunsa akwai wasu tarihin tarihi: wasu nau'i bakwai na .303 ammonium, watau Remington a Amurka kuma ya yi nufin Birtaniya. Ammunium da shekarun da suka gabata, jami'an gwamnatin Birtaniya da Amurka sun ce ba su wanzu. Duk da haka duk a kusa da Andrews su ne tsaunuka na kwakwalwan katako da aka yi amfani da su a cikin motar robot.

Kada ka damu da cewa an sanar da abin da ke cikin jirgin a gaban jirgi, ana ba da labarin da aka yi musu a cikin 'yan jarida na "daidaitaccen" wanda ke kewaye da mu sosai gaba daya ba zamu iya gane rashin tabbas ba. . . ko da 90 shekaru daga baya.

Sashe na: YA YA YI KASA KUMA, YA ZA A KASA A KASA A KASA?

Tattaunawar furofaganda na Jamus a Amurka ta kasa cin nasara a kan hanyar da gwamnatin Burtaniya da Amurka ta yi a lokacin yakin duniya na gaba. Harshen Birtaniyanci ya yanke layin waya tsakanin Jamus da Amurka don haka Amurkawa za su iya yada labarai kawai daga Birtaniya. Wannan labari ne na mummunar kisan kai - yaki tsakanin wayewar wayewa da 'yan kasashen waje (waɗanda suke Jamusanci, ba shakka). Ba wai kawai masu karatu za su koyi game da Jamus ta yanka hannayensu ba a kan yara da kuma tayar da gawawwakin sojojin su don glycerin, da kuma sauran abubuwa masu ban tsoro, amma Birtaniya sun nuna nasara a kowane yakin. Yayin da aka yi wa wadanda suka dace da yaki a Birtaniyya, ba za su kasance ba, kamar yadda suke kallon matsayin kansu na ɓoye yakin daga jama'a domin bunkasa aikin soja a Birtaniya. The Times of London ya bayyana:

"Manufar manufar yaki da [Times] ita ce ta kara yawan yawan ma'aikata. Ya kasance manufar da za ta samu taimako kaɗan daga asusun abin da ya faru da 'yan wasa a lokacin da suka zama soja. "

Rundunar 'yan kasuwa na shugaban kasar Wilson don yaki, kwamitin game da bayanan Jama'a, ya yi amfani da ikon yin nazari kuma zai kawo ƙarshen dakatar da hotunan' yan Amurkan da suka mutu yayin da Babban Jami'in Harkokin Gidan Rediyon ya yi wani ɓangarensa ta hanyar dakatar da mujallu. Kwamitin na CPI ya tabbatar da cewa yin yaki da Jamus za ta kasance da tsaro ga mulkin demokra] iyya a duniyar da kuma cin nasarar Jamus a yakin basasa, don magance matsalolin da ke da wuyar gaske, zai haifar da mulkin demokra] iyyar duniya.

Wilson na bukatar sojoji miliyan, amma a cikin makonni shida da suka gabata bayan yakin yaki, kawai 73,000 ya ba da gudummawa. An tilasta majalisa, amma ba a farkon lokaci ba, don ƙirƙirar takarda. Daniel Webster ya yi watsi da wani sharudda kamar yadda aka sabawa a cikin 1814 lokacin da Shugaba James Madison ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi nasara ba tare da nasara ba, amma an yi amfani da zane-zane a bangarorin biyu a lokacin yakin basasa, ko da yake tare da izinin da masu arziki zasu iya biya matalauci su tafi su mutu a wurin su. Ba wai kawai ya kamata Amurkawa ta tilasta yin yaki a yakin duniya na 1 (da kuma yaƙe-yaƙe na gaba ba), amma a Bugu da ƙari 1,532 na masu adawa da murya sun jefa a kurkuku. Ya kamata a yi watsi da tsoron harbe-harbe don cin amana a duk ƙasar (kamar yadda tsohon Sakataren War Elihu Root ya gabatar a cikin New York Times) kafin a fara tayar da tutar sojin da kuma motar soja. An yi hamayya da abokan adawar, a wasu lokuta, da aka lalata, da kuma wadanda aka kashe.

Labarin wannan rikice-rikicen kan 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki - amsar da yake bayarwa ta hanyar kai hare-hare a cikin Oktoba 2010 FBI a kan gidajen masu gwagwarmayar zaman lafiya a Minneapolis, Chicago, da sauran biranen - an ba da labarin a cikin littafin Norman Thomas' 1935, War: No Glory, No Profit, Babu Bukata, kuma a cikin littafin Chris Hedges 'na 2010, Mutuwa na Class Liberal. An dakatar da dan takarar shugaban kasa sau hudu Eugene Debs kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 10 saboda ya ba da shawarar cewa masu aiki ba su da sha'awar yaƙin. Jaridar Washington Post ta kira shi "barazanar jama'a," kuma sun yaba da tsare shi. Zai sake tsayawa takarar shugaban kasa a karo na biyar daga kurkuku kuma ya samu kuri'u 913,664. A lokacin yanke hukuncin Debs ya ce:

"Girmanka, shekaru da suka wuce na gane da zumunta da dukan halittu masu rai, kuma na yi tunanin cewa ban kasance mafi kyau fiye da mafi girman duniya ba. Sai na ce a yanzu, kuma na ce a yanzu, cewa yayin da akwai ƙananan makarantar, ina cikin wannan; yayin da akwai wani laifi, na kasance daga gare ta; yayin da akwai rai a kurkuku, ni ba 'yanci ba ne. "

{Asar Amirka ta sanya hannu a yakin duniya na, don taimaka wa Birtaniya da Faransa, amma jama'ar} asashen ba su tafi tare da yakin ba. Akalla 132,000 Faransawa sun yi tsayayya da yakin, suka ƙi shiga, kuma sun yi hijira.

Bayan yakin duniya guda biyu da raunin da ke cikin, babu wanda Amirkawa suka mika wuya, don haka shugaba Harry S Truman yana da mummunan labarai. Idan ba mu tashi tsaye don yaki da 'yan kwaminisanci a kasar Korea ba, da daɗewa za su mamaye Amurka. Wannan abin da aka gane a matsayin shaidar banza shi ne wataƙila ta nuna cewa, a sake, dole ne a tsara Amirkawa idan sun tafi su yi yaƙi. An yi yakin Koriya ta Kudu a matsayin mai kare tsaron hanyar rayuwa a Amurka kuma ana iya zaton kariya ta Koriya ta Kudu da zaluncin da Koriya ta Arewa ta yi. Hakika ya kasance babban mai girman kai daga cikin abokan tarayya don ya rabu da al'ummar Korea a rabi a ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu.

A watan Yuni 25, 1950, arewa da kudancin kowannensu ya ce wani gefen ya mamaye. Rahotanni na farko daga asibitoci na Amurka shine cewa kudanci ya mamaye arewa. Dukansu sun amince da cewa yakin ya fara kusa da bakin tekun yammacin kogin Ongjin, yana nufin cewa Pyongyang wata manufa ce mai amfani da kudanci, amma tsoma-tsakin arewacin nan ba shi da hankali kamar yadda ya jagoranci karamin ƙananan ruwa kuma ba Seoul. Har ila yau a ranar Yuni 25th, bangarori biyu sun sanar da kama da kudancin arewacin Haeju, kuma sojojin Amurka sun tabbatar da hakan. A watan Yunin 26th, jakadan Amurka ya aika da wayar da ta tabbatar da cewa ya kamata a ci gaba da kudancin kasar.

Shugaban kasar Korea ta kudu Syngman Rhee yana gudanar da hare-hare a arewacin shekara daya kuma ya sanar da shi a cikin bazara cewa ya yi niyyar shiga arewa, yana motsa mafi yawan sojojinsa a cikin 38th a layi daya, hanyar da aka raba tsakanin arewa da kudu . A Arewa ne kawai kashi uku na rundunonin da aka samo a kusa da iyaka.

Duk da haka, an gayawa Amurkan cewa Korea ta Arewa ta kai hari kan Kudancin Koriya, kuma ta yi haka ne a lokacin ƙaddamar da Soviet Union a matsayin wani ɓangare na mãkirci don karɓar duniya ga kwaminisanci. Tabbas, duk inda aka kai hari, wannan yakin basasa ne. Ƙasar Soviet ba ta shiga ba, kuma Amurka ba ta kasance ba. Koriya ta Kudu ba Amurka ce ba, kuma ba gaskiya bane a kusa da Amurka. Duk da haka, mun shiga wata "kare".

Mun rinjayi Majalisar Dinkin Duniya cewa Arewa ta mamaye kudanci, wani abu ne da ake sa ran Tarayyar Soviet za ta kasance a baya bayan yaki, amma kungiyar Soviet ta yi watsi da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma ba ta da sha'awar hakan. Mun lashe kuri'un ƙasashe a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta hanyar fada musu cewa kudanci sun kama garkunan da Rasha ta dauka. Jami'an {asar Amirka sun bayyana irin yadda {asar Soviet ke yi, amma sun yi shakku game da shi.

Har ila yau, {asar Soviet ba ta son yakin, kuma a ranar Jumma'a 6th, Mataimakin Ministan Harkokin Waje, ya shaidawa jakadan Birtaniya, dake Birnin Moscow cewa, yana bukatar zaman lafiya. Jakadan Amirka a Moscow ya yi tunanin wannan gaskiya ne. Washington bai damu ba. Arewa, gwamnatinmu ta ce, ta keta 38 a layi daya, wannan layin tsarki na kasa. Amma da zarar Janar Janar Douglas MacArthur ya samu damar, sai ya tafi, tare da amincewa da Shugaba Truman, a daidai wannan sashin, zuwa arewa, har zuwa iyakar kasar Sin. MacArthur ya ragu don yaki da kasar Sin kuma yana barazana da shi, kuma ya nemi izini don ya kai farmaki, wanda shugaban majalisar dattawan ya ƙi. Daga ƙarshe, Truman ya kora MacArthur. Kaddamar da wutar lantarki a Koriya ta arewa wadda ta kawo wa China, da kuma bama-bamai a garin da ke kan iyaka, MacArthur mafi kusa ya samu abin da yake so.

Amma Amurka ta yi barazana ga kasar Sin ta kawo kasar Sin da Rasha a cikin yakin, yaki wanda ya kashe Korea miliyan biyu da fararen hula da sojojin Amurka 37,000, yayin da suka juya Seoul da Pyongyang duka cikin rukuni. An kashe mutane da yawa a cikin kullun, suna kashe marasa lafiya da jini a bangarorin biyu. Kuma iyakar ta dawo daidai inda ta kasance, amma ƙiyayyar da ke kan iyakar iyakar ta karu ƙwarai. Lokacin da yakin ya ƙare, ba tare da amfani ga masu amfani da makamai ba, "mutane sun fito ne daga cikin kwayoyin halitta a cikin kogo da kuma tunnels don neman mafarki mai ban tsoro a rana."

Sashe na: WANNAN BUKATA KUMA

Kuma muna kawai warming up. Lokacin da Shugaba Truman ya yi magana da wani taro na majalisa da kuma rediyo a kan Maris 12, 1947, ya rarraba duniya a cikin ƙungiyoyi biyu masu adawa, duniya kyauta, da kuma duniya na 'yan gurguzu da masu tasowa. Susan Brewer ya rubuta cewa:

"Maganar Truman ta samu nasarar kafa batutuwa na farfagandar Cold War. Na farko, ya bayyana halin da ake ciki a matsayin rikici na yau da kullum, wanda ya bukaci aikin gaggawa ta hanyar jagorancin shugaban kasa kuma bai yarda da lokacin bincike ba, tattaunawa ta gida, ko tattaunawa. Na biyu, ya zargi matsaloli na kasa da kasa, ko ya haifar da lalacewa bayan tashin hankali, gwagwarmayar siyasar siyasa, ƙungiyoyi na kasa, ko hakikanin Soviet, a kan tashin hankali na Soviet. Abu na uku, shi ya nunawa Amirkawa cewa suna aiki ne a madadin 'yanci na' yanci, ba daga son sha'awar tattalin arziki ba. Ka'idodin Turawa ya kafa tsarin da zai tabbatar da aiwatar da Shirin Marshall, kafa hukumar tsaro ta tsakiya (CIA), Hukumar Tsaro ta kasa (NSC), da Shirin Loyalty Program na ma'aikatar Tarayya, sake gina Jamus ta Yamma, musamman ma yunkurin da Rasha ta dauka ta hana Berlin, kuma, a 1949, kafa kungiyar NATO ta Arewa.

Wadannan canje-canje sun haɓaka ikon shugaban kasa a kan yakin basasa da kuma gudanar da ayyuka na asirce da kuma rashin tabbas, irin su kawar da mulkin demokradiyya ta Iran a 1953, lokacin da jami'an Amurka suka kirkiro fatar cewa shugaban kasar da aka zaba a matsayin dimokuradiyyar, kamar yadda dan Teddy Roosevelt da Norman Schwarzkopf mahaifinsa ya kaddamar da juyin mulki kuma ya maye gurbin 1951 Man na Year ta mujallar tare da mai mulkin kama karya.

Gaba a kan toshe shi ne Guatemala. An hayar Edward Bernays a 1944 by United Fruit. Wani tsohuwar kwamiti na Kwamitin Bayar da Bayanai wanda ya sayar da yakin duniya na, dan dan uwan ​​Sigmund Freud, kuma mahaifin kyakkyawar sana'a na yin amfani da kwarin gwiwa ga 'yan Adam ta hanyar "dangantaka da jama'a," Bernays, ya wallafa wani littafi a 1928 da ake kira "Furoganda" wanda a zahiri ya ƙaddamar da gagarumin farfaganda. Bernays ya taimakawa United Fruit's Sam Zemurray (wanda ya hambarar da shugaban Honduras a 1911) ta hanyar samar da fararen yada labarai ta PR wanda ya fara a 1951 a Amurka a kan gwamnatin gwamna ta Guatemala. Jaridar New York Times da sauran kundin kafofin watsa labaru sun bi jagoran Bernays, suna nuna kyakkyawan tsarin United Fruit kamar yadda ake fama da ita a karkashin mulkin mulkin mallaka na Marxist - wanda a zahiri an zaɓa gwamnati ta aiwatar da sabon gyare-gyare na New Deal-type.

Sanata Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. (R., Mass.) Ya jagoranci kokarin Majalisar. Shi ne babban babban jikoki na Sanata George Cabot (F., Mass.) Da jikokin Senator Henry Cabot Lodge (R., Mass.) Wanda ya tura kasar cikin Warren Amurka da yakin duniya na , ya} addamar da League of Nations, da kuma gina Rundunar Soja. Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. zai ci gaba da aiki a matsayin jakadan kasar ta Vietnam ta Kudu, inda zai taimaka wajen tafiyar da kasar cikin yaki na Vietnam. Yayin da Tarayyar Soviet ba ta da dangantaka da Guatemala, mahaifin CIA Allen Dulles ya amince ko ya ce ya tabbata cewa Moscow na jagorantar daftarin fataucin Guatemala zuwa ga gurguzu. Tare da amincewar shugaban kasar Dwight Eisenhower, CIA ta soke gwamnatin Guatemala a madadin United Fruit. Mahimmancin aiki shine aikin Howard Hunt, wanda zai dawo cikin Watergate ga shugaban kasar Richard Nixon. Babu wanda zai yi mamakin Smedley Butler.

Kuma bayan haka - bayan bin makamai masu linzami a Cuba a lokacin da makamai masu linzami suka lalata duniya don nuna ra'ayi, da sauran abubuwan da suka faru na ban mamaki - sun zo Vietnam, yakin da ake fada mana da gaskiya, yayin da muka kasance a cikin Koriya. Arewa ta fara shi. Za mu iya ceton Vietnam ta Kudu ko kuma mu kula da duk ƙasar Asiya, sannan kuma al'ummarmu sun fada wa barazanar kwaminisanci, an gaya mana. Shugabannin Eisenhower da John F. Kennedy sun ce kasashen Asiya (har ma da Afirka da Latin Amurka ma, bisa ga Janar Maxwell Taylor) na iya fadawa kamar domino. Wannan wani abu ne na banza da za a sake yin amfani da ita a cikin sabon tsari na "yakin duniya na tsoro" wanda shugabanni GW Bush da Obama suka yi. Tattaunawa a watan Maris na 2009 don cigaba da yakin War a Afghanistan wanda yawancin Amurkawa suka yi tsayayya, Obama, kamar yadda dan jarida Juan Cole ya ce:

". . . ya bayyana irin wannan sakamako na domino cewa 'yan majalisar Washington da aka yi amfani da shi don ba da gurbin kwaminisancin duniya. A cikin sabuntawa, al-Qaida, Taliban za su iya daukar lardin Kunar, sannan kuma duk Afghanistan, kuma zasu sake karbar al-Qaida, sannan kuma zai iya barazana ga yankunan Amurka. Har ila yau, ya ci gaba da ƙara wani analog zuwa Cambodiya zuwa labarin, yana cewa, 'Gabashin Afghanistan ya danganta da makomar makwabcinta, Pakistan,' kuma ya yi gargadin, 'Kada ku kuskure: Al-Qa'ida da magoya bayansa sune ciwon daji wanda ke haddasa kashe Pakistan daga ciki. '"

Amma wannan mummunar lamarin da aka yi amfani da ita don bunkasa wannan yaki na Vietnam shi ne hare-haren ta'addanci a kan jiragen ruwan Amurka a Gulf of Tonkin ranar 4, 1964. Wadannan su ne jiragen ruwan Amurka da ke kan iyakokin arewacin Vietnam wanda ke cikin aikin soja a Arewacin Vietnam. Shugaban kasar Lyndon Johnson ya san cewa yana kwance lokacin da yake ikirarin harin da aka yi a watan Agusta na 4. Idan ya faru, ba a iya ba shi kyauta ba. Irin wannan jirgi da ake zaton an kai hari a watan Agusta na 4th, ya lalata wasu jirage uku na Arewacin Vietnam kuma ya kashe mutane hudu a Arewa masoya Vietnamese kwanaki biyu da suka wuce, a wani mataki inda hujjoji suka nuna cewa Amurka ta fara da farko, kodayake da'awar da aka yi. A gaskiya ma, a cikin kwanaki daban-daban na kwanakin baya, {asar Amirka ta fara tayar da yankin arewacin Vietnam.

Amma harin da aka yi tsammani a ranar Agusta 4th shine ainihin, a mafi yawancin, misalin sonar Amurka. Babbar kwamandan rundunar ta cafke Pentagon da ya yi ikirarin cewa an kai masa farmaki, sannan sai nan da nan sai aka yi magana da shi cewa ya riga ya yi imani da shi kuma babu wani jirgin ruwa na Arewacin Vietnam wanda zai iya tabbatar da shi a yankin. Shugaba Johnson bai tabbatar da cewa akwai wani harin ba, lokacin da ya gaya wa jama'ar {asar Amirka, a can. Bayan watanni sai ya amsa a fili: "Na san dukkanin jiragen ruwanmu ne kawai suke harbe a cikin koguna a can." Amma daga bisani Johnson ya sami izinin daga Congress don yaki da yake so.

A gaskiya ma, bayan haka ya so ya yi mana ƙarya a wani ƙarin aikin soja a Jamhuriyar Dominica don kare Amurkawa kuma ya hana yaduwar kwaminisanci. Kamar yadda muka gani, babu Amuriya a cikin haɗari. Amma wannan gaskatawar an dafa shi a maimakon maye gurbin da'awar magance kwaminisanci, wanda Johnson ya sani ba shi da tushe kuma ba zai iya tabbas zai tashi ba. A cikin wani taro na majalisar dattijai na majalisar dattijai, Mataimakin Sakatariyar Gwamnati Thomas Mann ya bayyana cewa, jakadan Amurka ya nemi shugaban kungiyar soja na Dominica idan ya so ya yi wasa tare da maƙaryata na daban:

"Duk abin da muka nema shi ne ko zai yarda ya canza dalilin wannan daga daya daga fada da gurguzu a daya daga kare rayukan Amurka."

A wannan shekarar, Shugaba Johnson ya ba da agajin jin dadinsa da dimokuradiyya a cikin wani jawabi ga jakadan Girka, wanda kasarsa ta zaba a matsayin firaminista mai sassaucin ra'ayi ba tare da nuna goyon baya ga Amurka ba, kuma ya yi ƙoƙarin shiga cikin Turkiyya da kuma hamayya da shirin Amurka na raba Cyprus . Maganar Johnson, da za a tuna da shi kamar yadda Lincoln ta Gettysburg Address ya kasance:

"Ku mamaye majalisa da tsarinku. Amurka ne giwa, Cyprus wani ƙumshi. Idan wadansu jiragen biyu sun ci gaba da nada giwa, za su iya samun kullun ta igiyan giwa, suyi kyau. Mun biya kudin Amurka mai yawa ga Helenawa, Ambassador. Idan Firayim Minista ya ba ni labarin game da dimokiradiyya, majalisar, da kuma tsarin mulki, shi, majalisarsa, kuma tsarin mulkinsa ba zai wuce ba. "

Aikin zabar abubuwan da ake zargi don yaki a wasu lokutan ana nuna su ne ta hanyar yin aiki da ba da izini ba. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan mamaye Iraki a 2003, lokacin da mutanen da suka yi imanin cewa maƙaryata suke tambayar inda duk makamai suke, Mataimakin Sakatare na '' Tsaro 'Paul Wolfowitz ya shaidawa Vanity Fair,

"Gaskiyar ita ce, saboda dalilan da suke da nasaba da gwamnatin gwamnatin Amurka, mun daidaita kan batun da kowa zai iya yarda da shi a matsayin makamai na hallaka masallacin asali."

A cikin wani rahoto na 2003 da aka kira The Fog of War, Robert McNamara, wanda ya kasance Sakataren "Tsaro" a lokacin Tonkin, ya yarda cewa harin na 4th na watan Agusta bai faru ba kuma cewa akwai shakku a lokacin. Bai ambaci cewa a ranar Agusta 6th ya yi shaida a cikin wani taron rufewa na Majalisar Dattijan Harkokin Harkokin Harkokin Harkokin Harkokin Harkokin Wajen da kwamitocin Ayyukan Armedi tare da Janar Earl Wheeler. Kafin kwamitocin guda biyu, maza biyu sunyi da'awar cewa tabbas Arewa ta Vietnam ta kai farmaki a watan Agusta 4th. Har ila yau, McNamara bai ambaci cewa, bayan kwanakin da ba a yi ba, sai ya nemi Ma'aikatan Harkokin Gudanar da Kyauta, da su ba shi jerin jerin ayyuka na Amirka da za su jawo Arewacin Vietnam. Ya sami jerin kuma ya yi kira ga wadanda ake fushi a tarurruka kafin Johnson ya umurci irin waɗannan ayyuka a ranar Satumba 10th. Wadannan ayyukan sun hada da sake dawowa da kayan aikin jirgin guda guda da haɓaka ayyukan haɓaka, kuma ta Oktoba ya tsara bombardment of radar sites.

Wani rahoton Hukumar Tsaro ta kasa (NSA) a cikin rahoton 2000-2001 ya kammala cewa babu wani harin da aka kai a Tonkin a ranar Agusta 4th, kuma cewa NSA ya yi ƙarya. Gwamnatin Bush ba ta bari a buga rahoton ba har sai 2005, saboda damuwa cewa yana iya tsangwamar da rikice-rikicen da za a fada don farawa Afghanistan da Iraqi. A watan Maris 8, 1999, Newsweek ta wallafa mahaifiyar dukkanin karya: "Amurka ba ta fara yakin ba a wannan karni." Babu shakka Team Bush ya yi tunanin cewa ya fi dacewa da barin wannan abin da ba a san shi ba.

Na tattauna batutuwan da suka kaddamar da yaki a Iraki a cikin littafin da na gabata, Safiya, kuma ba su buƙatar sake dubawa ba, sai dai don lura da cewa kokarin da ake yi na farfagandar da ake amfani da su don sayarwa wannan yaki ya fito ne daga dukan tarihin yaki da ya haɗu tare da aiki na Shugaba George W. Bush na gaba da kuma mai tallafawa tashin hankali, Shugaba Bill Clinton. Tun lokacin da yake zaune a Cuba don yantar da shi, Amurka ta kori gwamnatocin da yawa saboda abin da ake tsammani ya dace da mutanensu. A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, ya zama kusan al'ada ga shugabanni don kaddamar da hare-haren iska a kan' yan ta'adda da ake zaton 'yan ta'adda ko tare da manufar kare laifuffuka akan bil'adama. Sakatariyar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta Amurka Clinton ta ci gaba da yin amfani da NATO ta hanyar yin amfani da NATO, ta hanyar cin hanci da rashawa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kuma rashin amincewa da 'yan adawar adawa, don bomb da tsohon Yugoslavia a 1999.

Rashin haɗarin irin wadannan ayyukan ta'addancin ba da agaji ba ne, idan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kewaya, duk wata al'umma ta iya da'awar wannan dama ta fara fara jefa bom a duk lokacin da yake bayyana manufofin jin kai. Halin na kundin tsarin mulki shi ne cewa duk wani shugaban kasa zai iya yin irin waɗannan ayyuka ba tare da amincewa da wakilan jama'a a majalisar ba. A gaskiya ma, majalisar wakilai ta zabi kada su ba da umarnin jefa bom a 1999, kuma shugaban ya ci gaba da ita. Rashin haɗarin haɗarin "hare-haren" wannan bama-bamai shine cewa cutar da za ta iya zama nauyi kamar kowane abu da za'a hana shi. Kotun hukunta laifukan yaki na kasa da kasa na tsohuwar Yugoslavia ta gano cewa harin bam na NATO na iya karuwa, maimakon ragewa, laifuffukan yaki da aka kubutar da shi - yawancin abin da ya faru a yayin da ba a kai harin ba.

A halin yanzu, yawancin rikice-rikice na bil'adama, irin su kisan kare dangi na 1994, an watsi da su saboda ba'a la'akari da su ba ne ko kuma saboda ba a sami mafita ba. Muna tunanin matsalolin kowane nau'i (daga guguwa zuwa ga man fetur zuwa kisan gillar) kamar yadda aka magance sau da yawa kayan aiki mara dacewa na sojan. Idan yakin yana faruwa, ba'a buƙatar uzuri na bala'in bala'i. A 2003 a Iraki, alal misali, sojojin Amurka sun kula da aikin man fetur yayin da aka ci gaba da halakar da cibiyoyin al'adu da agaji. A cikin sojojin {ungiyar ta 2010, a {asar Pakistan, sun mayar da hankali kan kare wani tushe na iska, maimakon taimaka wa wa] anda ke fama da ambaliyar ruwa. Kodayake yanayin bala'i da bala'i na mutum wanda aka yi yaƙe-yaƙe ya ​​yi watsi da hankali, misali mawuyacin 'yan gudun hijirar Iraqi a wannan lokacin.

Sa'an nan kuma akwai hadari na rashin sanin abin da muke yi saboda muna yaudarar. Da yakin, wannan ba hatsari ba ne a kusa da shi. Yin amfani da kayan aiki wanda ya kashe mutane da yawa kuma yana cin zarafinsa da ƙarya ya zama alama mai mahimmanci ko da a kan bashin jin kai. Lokacin da, a 1995, Croatia ya yanka ko "tsararrun Serbs da albarkatun Washington, da kullun mutanen 150,000 daga gidajensu, ba mu kamata mu lura ba, da yawa daga cikin bama-bamai don hana shi. An kashe bom din ne ga Milosevic, wanda - an gaya mana a 1999 - ya ƙi yin shawarwari da zaman lafiya da haka dole ne a bama bamai. Ba a gaya mana cewa, Amurka ta nace kan yarjejeniyar cewa babu wata al'umma a duniya da za ta yarda da ita ba, wanda ya ba NATO cikakken 'yancin yin amfani da dukkanin Yugoslavia tare da cikakken kariya daga dokoki ga dukan ma'aikatansa. A cikin Yuni 14, 1999, fitowar ta The Nation, George Kenney, tsohon Jami'in Kwamitin Yugoslavia na Gwamnatin Jihar, ya ruwaito:

"Wani mawallafi mai tushe wanda ya yi tafiya tare da Sakataren Gwamnatin Jihar Madeleine Albright ya shaida wa manema labaru cewa, babban sakataren ma'aikatar harkokin waje na kasar Amurka ya yi alfaharin cewa, Amurka ta sanya 'yan kasuwa mafi kyau fiye da Serbs zasu iya yarda. ' Harshen Serbia da ake bukata, a cewar jami'in, wani ɗan bama-bamai don ganin dalilin. "

Jim Jatras, wata manufar kasashen waje ta taimaka wa Majalisar Dattijai Republican, ta ruwaito a cikin Mayu 18, 1999, jawabi a Cibiyar Cato a Washington cewa yana da "a kan kyakkyawan iko" wanda "babban jami'in gwamnati ya shaidawa manema labaru a Rambouillet, karkashin jagorancin" biyowa: "Mun ƙuduri ya sa maɗaukaki ya yi yawa don Serbs su bi. Suna bukatar wani bama-bamai, kuma wannan shine abin da za su samu. "

A cikin tambayoyi tare da FAIR (Fairness da Gaskiya a cikin Rahoto), duka Kenney da Jatras sun tabbatar da cewa waɗannan ainihin sharudda ne da 'yan jarida suka rubuta tare da wani jami'in Amurka.

Tattaunawa don abin da ba mai yuwuwa ba, da kuma zargin ƙarya da ɗayan ɓangaren na ba da haɗin kai, hanya ce mai amfani don ƙaddamar da yaƙin “kare”. Bayan wannan makircin a cikin 1999 manzon Amurka na musamman Richard Holbrooke, wanda muka haɗu da shi a sama a cikin 2010 yana kare yaƙi mai ƙarfi a kan Afghanistan.

Rikicin da ake yi da wannan rukuni na mutane na iya zama dalili don yaki da jin dadin jama'a ko al'amurran da ba su damu da kome ba, dangane da ko wanda ya yi aiki ya zama abokin tarayya na gwamnatin Amurka. Saddam Hussein zai iya kashe Kurduku har sai da ya fadi daga ni'ima, wanda hakan ya sa masu kisan Kurdawa suka zama mummunar rauni da kuma gallazawa - sai dai idan Turkiyya ta yi hakan, a wannan yanayin ba abin da zai damu. A cikin 2010, shekarar da na rubuta wannan littafi, Turkiyya ta tsai da matsayi, duk da haka. Turkiyya da Brazil sun dauki matakai don taimakawa zaman lafiya tsakanin Amurka da Iran, wanda hakan ya fusatar da mutane da yawa a Washington, DC Kuma Turkiyya ta taimakawa jiragen ruwa masu neman neman abinci da kayayyaki ga mutanen Gaza waɗanda ake tsare da su da yunwa. gwamnatin Isra'ila. Wannan ya haifar da zartar da Isra'ila-daidai ko kuskure a Birnin Washington, DC, don sake sake matsayin matsayi mai tsawo kuma ya goyi bayan ra'ayin Majalisar Dattijan "ganewa" Dokar 1915 Armenian. Shin idan Armeniya ba zato ba tsammani? Babu shakka ba. Yana da kyau ya zama da kyawawa don zargin Turkiyya, karni guda da yawa, na kisan gillar, daidai saboda Turkiyya na ƙoƙari ya ƙaurace wa mutanen da aka yi musu yau.

Tsohon shugaban kasar Jimmy Carter, wanda Noam Chomsky ya kira shugabancinmu mafi tsanani tun lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, ya yi alfaharin nuna rashin amincewar da ya yi na kisan kiyashi, ciki har da wadanda Israilawa suka yi, amma ba a kashe yan Gabashin Timorta da Indonesia ba wanda gwamnatinsa ta ba da da makamai, ko kashe mutanen Salvadoran ta hanyar gwamnati da gwamnati ta yi daidai. An yarda da hali marar haɗari kuma ya yi shiru lokacin dabarun. Ana haskaka da kuma amfani da shi don tabbatar da yaƙe-yaƙe kawai lokacin da masu yin yakin ya buƙaci yaki don wasu dalilai. Wadanda suka yi tawali'u don yin ta'aziyya ga abin da ake nufi da yaki.

Akwai yakin daya a tarihin Amurka da muke nunawa a fili a matsayin zalunci kuma kada kuyi kokarin kare shi azaman kare. Ko kuma, maimakon haka, wasu daga cikinmu suna aikatawa. Mutane da yawa masu goyon baya suna nufin shi ne War of Northern Aggression, kuma Arewa ta kira shi yakin basasa. Yakin da aka kudanci ya yi yaƙin ya kamata ya bar Arewa kuma ya yi yaki don hana jihohi su bar, ba don kare kansu ba daga hare-haren kasashen waje. Mun zo hanya mai tsawo a cikin sharuddan tabbacin da muke buƙatar masu yin yaki. Ko da yake ina shakka gwamnatin Amurka za ta ba da damar jihar ta bar zaman lafiya har yau, duk wani yaki a yau ya zama dole ne a cikin ayyukan jin kai wanda ba a sani ba a cikin ƙarni na baya.

Kamar yadda za mu gani a babi na huɗu, yaƙe-yaƙe sun zama mafi muni da kuma mummunan gaske. Amma hujja da suka gabatar don bayyana ko uzuri da su sun zama mafi alheri da kuma girman kai. Yanzu muna yaki da yaƙe-yaƙe domin amfanin duniya saboda alheri, ƙauna, da karimci.

Aƙalla abin da na ji kuma abin da zamu bincika a babi na uku.