'Yaki kan Ta'addanci' 'Yan Afghanistan sun yi wa' yan ta'adda kisan gilla na tsawon shekaru 20

Wataƙila maharan sun ɗauki sau 100+ da yawa na farar hula da aka kashe  a matsayin 9/11 - kuma ayyukansu sun kasance kamar masu laifi

Daga Paul W. Lovinger, Yaƙi da Doka, Satumba 28, 2021

The kashewar iska na dangi 10, gami da yara bakwai, a Kabul a ranar 29 ga Agusta ba sabon abu bane. Ya kwatanta yakin Afghanistan na shekaru 20-sai dai wata fitowar 'yan jaridu ta tilasta sojojin Amurka su nemi afuwa kan "kuskuren" da ta yi.

Al’ummarmu ta yi makoki ga Amurkawa 2,977 da ba su ji ba ba su gani ba da aka kashe a ta’addancin 11 ga Satumba, 2001. Daga cikin masu magana da suka lura da 20^th Ranar tunawa, tsohon Shugaba George W. Bush yayi Allah wadai da 'yan ta'addan' 'rashin kula da rayuwar ɗan adam.

Yakin Afganistan, wanda Bush ya fara makonni uku bayan 9/11, wataƙila ya ɗauki fiye da sau 100 yawan rayuwar fararen hula a can.

The Kuɗi na War Aikin (Jami'ar Brown, Providence, RI) ya kiyasta asarar rayuka kai tsaye ta hanyar Afrilu 2021 a kusan 241,000, gami da sama da fararen hula 71,000, Afghanistan da Pakistan. Illolin da ba kai tsaye ba, kamar cuta, yunwa, ƙishirwa, da fashewar fashewar abubuwa na iya ɗaukar waɗanda aka kashe “sau da yawa”.

A rabo hudu zuwa ɗaya, kai tsaye zuwa mutuwar kai tsaye, yana haifar da jimlar mutuwar farar hula 355,000 (har zuwa watan Afrilun da ya gabata) - sau 119 adadin na 9/11.

Alƙaluman masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ne. A cikin 2018 wani marubuci ya kiyasta hakan 1.2 miliyan An kashe 'yan Afghanistan da Pakistan sakamakon mamayar Afghanistan a 2001.

Fararen hula sun fuskanci jiragen yaki, jirage masu saukar ungulu, jirage marasa matuka, manyan bindigogi, da mamaye gida. Amurka ashirin da kawance bama -bamai da makamai masu linzami a kowace rana an ba da rahoton cewa yana kaiwa 'yan Afghanistan hari. Lokacin da Pentagon ta amince da duk wani hari, yawancin wadanda abin ya rutsa da su sun zama "Taliban," "'yan ta'adda," "mayaka," da sauransu.' Yan jarida sun bayyana wasu hare -hare kan fararen hula. Wikileaks.org ta bankado daruruwan wadanda aka boye.

A wani lamari da aka danne, fashewar ta faru da ayarin sojojin ruwa a 2007. Wanda ya rasa ransa shi ne rauni a hannu. Komawa tushen su, the Sojojin ruwa sun harbi kowa—Motorists, wata matashiyar yarinya, dattijo - ta kashe 'yan Afghanistan 19, ta raunata 50. Mutanen sun yi shiru kan laifukan amma sai da suka fice daga Afghanistan bayan zanga -zangar. Ba a hukunta su ba.

"Mun so su mutu"

Wani farfesa na New Hampshire ya ba da labarin farkon hare -haren iska a kan al'ummomin Afghanistan, misali kashe aƙalla mazauna aikin gona 93 kauyen Chowkar-Karez. An yi kuskure? Wani jami'in Pentagon ya ce, tare da bayyana gaskiya, "Mutanen da ke wurin sun mutu saboda muna son su mutu."

Kafofin watsa labarai na ƙasashen waje sun buga labarai kamar haka: “Ana zargin Amurka da kisan kai sama da ƙauyuka 100 a cikin yajin aikin iska. ” Wani mutum ya shaida wa kamfanin dillancin labarai na Reuters cewa shi kadai a cikin dangi 24 ya tsira daga harin da aka kai wa Qalaye Niazi da asuba. Babu mayaƙa a wurin, in ji shi. Shugaban kabilar ya kirga mutane 107 da suka mutu, ciki har da yara da mata.

An sha kai hare -hare kan jiragen sama masu bikin aure, misali a kauyen Kakarak, inda bama -bamai da rokoki suka kashe 63, suka raunata 100+.

Jiragen sama masu saukar ungulu na Sojojin Amurka na musamman sun yi luguden wuta bas uku a lardin Uruzgan, inda suka kashe fararen hula 27 a shekarar 2010. Jami’an Afghanistan sun yi zanga -zanga. Kwamandan na Amurka ya koka kan "da gangan" yana cutar da fararen hula kuma ya yi alkawarin ninka kulawa. Amma bayan makonni, sojojin Amurka a lardin Kandahar sun yi ta harbi wani bas, sun kashe fararen hula har biyar.

Daga cikin kisan gilla, 10 masu bacci a ƙauyen Ghazi Khan Ghondi, akasarinsu 'yan makaranta tun suna' yan shekara 12, an ja su daga kan gadajensu an harbe su, a wani aiki da NATO ta ba da izini a ƙarshen 2009. Culprits sun kasance SEALs Navy, jami'an CIA, da sojojin Afghanistan da CIA ta horar.

Makonni baya, Sojoji na Musamman ya shiga wani gida a yayin bikin nadin jariri a kauyen Khataba kuma ya harbe fararen hula bakwai, ciki har da mata biyu masu juna biyu, wata yarinya matashiya, da yara biyu. Sojojin Amurka sun cire harsasai daga cikin gawarwakin kuma sun yi karya cewa sun gano wadanda abin ya rutsa da su, amma ba su sami hukunci ba.

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Kafofin watsa labarai na Amurka galibi suna hadiye sigar sojoji. Misali: A cikin 2006 sun ba da rahoton “yajin aikin haɗin gwiwa kan wanda aka sani Kungiyar Taliban, ”Ƙauyen Azizi (ko Hajiyan), mai yiwuwa ya kashe“ sama da Taliban 50. ”

Amma wadanda suka tsira sun yi magana. The Melbourne Herald Sun ya bayyana "zubar da jini da ƙone yara, mata da maza" suna shiga asibitin Kandahar kilomita 35, bayan harin da ba a taɓa gani ba, "daidai yake da lokacin da Rasha ke jefa mu bam," in ji wani mutum.

Wani dattijon kauyen ya shaidawa Kamfanin Dillancin Labaran Faransa (AFP) harin ya kashe 24 a cikin danginsa; kuma wani malami ya ga gawarwakin fararen hula 40, ciki har da yara, kuma ya taimaka wajen binne su. Kamfanin dillancin labarai na Reuters ya yi hira da wani matashi da ya ji rauni wanda ya kalli dimbin wadanda abin ya rutsa da su, ciki har da kannensa biyu.

“Bama -bamai sun kashe mazauna kauyen Afghanistan” sun jagoranci babban labarin a Toronto Globe da Mail. Musamman: "Mahmood mai shekaru 12 har yanzu yana yaƙi da hawaye…. An kashe dukkan danginsa - uwa, uba, kannensa mata uku, kannensa uku…. 'Yanzu ni kadai nake.' A kusa, a cikin gadon asibiti mai tsananin kulawa, dan uwansa mai shekaru 3 a sume ya kwanta yana ta shakar iska. ” Wani babban hoto ya nuna ɗan ƙaramin yaro, idanun a rufe, tare da bandeji da bututu.

Kamfanin dillancin labarai na AFP ya tattauna da wata tsohuwa mai launin fari, tana taimakon dangin nata da suka ji rauni. Ta rasa 'yan uwa 25. Yayin da babban ɗanta, uban yara tara, ke shirin kwanciya, haske mai haske ya haskaka. "Na ga Abdul-Haq kwance cikin jini…. Na ga 'ya'yansa maza da mata, duk sun mutu. Ya Allah, an kashe dukkan dan dana. Na ga gawarwakinsu sun farfashe kuma sun tsage. ”

Bayan sun kai hari gidansu, jiragen yaki sun kai hari a gidajen da ke kusa, inda suka kashe dan matar na biyu, da matarsa, da dansa, da mata uku. Danta na uku ya rasa 'ya'ya uku da kafa daya. Kashegari, ta gano cewa ƙaramin ɗanta ma ya mutu. Ta suma, ba tare da sanin cewa ƙarin dangi da maƙwabtanta sun mutu ba.

Bush: "Yana karya zuciyata"

Tsohon shugaba Bush ya kira ficewar Amurka daga Afghanistan a matsayin kuskure, a wata hira da tashar DW ta Jamus (7/14/21). Mata da 'yan mata za su “sha wahala mara misaltuwa…. Za a bar su ne kawai don kashe su da waɗannan mugayen mutane kuma hakan yana karya min zuciya. ”

Tabbas, mata da 'yan mata sun kasance cikin ɗaruruwan dubunnan da aka sadaukar don yakin shekaru 20 da Bush ya fara a ranar 7 ga Oktoba, 2001. Bari mu sake dubawa.

Gwamnatin Bush ta tattauna a asirce tare da Taliban, a Washington, Berlin, kuma a ƙarshe Islamabad, Pakistan, don bututun mai a fadin Afghanistan. Bush ya so kamfanonin Amurka su yi amfani da man fetur na tsakiyar Asiya. Yarjejeniyar ta gaza makonni biyar kafin 9/11.

Dangane da littafin 2002 Haƙƙin Gaskiya ta hannun Brisard da Dasquié, jami'an leken asirin Faransa, jim kadan bayan darewa kan karagar mulki, Bush ya rage binciken FBI na al-Qaeda da ta'addanci don tattaunawa kan yarjejeniyar bututun. Ya kyale Saudiyya ta tallafa wa ta'addanci ba bisa ka'ida ba. "Dalili? .... Abubuwan ribar man fetur. " A watan Mayun 2001, Shugaba Bush ya ba da sanarwar mataimakin shugaban ƙasa Dick Cheney zai shugabanci wani kwamiti don yin nazari matakan yaki da ta’addanci. Satumba 11 ya isa ba tare da ya sadu ba.

An gudanar da mulkin akai -akai ya yi gargadin kai hare -hare ta hanyar 'yan ta'adda wadanda za su iya tashi jirage zuwa gini. Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya da Pentagon sun fito. Bush ya bayyana kurma ne ga gargadin. Ya yi watsi da wata takaitacciyar takarda mai kwanan wata 6 ga Agusta, 2001, mai taken, "Bin Laden Ya Ƙudiri Yajin aiki a Amurka"

Shin Bush da Cheney sun ƙuduri aniyar barin hare -haren su faru?

Masarautar mulkin mallaka a sarari, aikin soji don Sabon ƙarni na Amurka ya rinjayi manufofin Bush. Wasu membobi sun mamaye manyan mukamai a cikin gudanarwa. Ana buƙatar Aikin "Sabuwar Pearl Harbor" don canza Amurka. Bugu da ƙari, Bush ya yi marmarin zama ɗan shugaban yaki. Harin Afghanistan zai cimma wannan manufar. Akalla ya kasance na farko: Babban taron zai kasance kai hari Iraki. Sa'an nan kuma akwai mai.

A ranar 9/11/01 Bush ya sami labarin ta'addanci a lokacin daukar hoto a cikin ajin Florida, Shi da 'yan yara sun tsunduma cikin darasin karatu game da akuyar dabbobi, wanda bai nuna gaggawar kawo karshen sa ba.

Yanzu Bush yana da uzurin yaki. Kwana uku bayan haka, ƙudirin amfani da ƙarfi ya bi ta Majalisa. Bush ya ba da wa'adi ga Taliban don mika Osama bin Laden. Da kyar ya ba musulmi kafirai, Taliban ta nemi yin sulhu: gwada Osama a Afghanistan ko a cikin kasa ta uku mai tsaka tsaki, tare da ba da shaidar laifi. Bush ya ki.

Bayan yayi amfani da Bin Laden a matsayin wani basus belli, Bush ba zato ba tsammani ya yi watsi da shi a cikin jawabin Sacramento kwanaki 10 cikin yakin, inda ya sha alwashin "kayar da 'yan Taliban." Bush ya nuna sha'awar Bin Laden a wani taron manema labarai a watan Maris mai zuwa: “Don haka ban san inda yake ba. Ka sani, ban kawai ciyar da wannan lokacin akan sa…. A gaskiya ban damu da shi ba. ”

Yakin mu na doka

Wannan yakin Amurka mafi tsawo ba bisa doka ba ne tun daga farko. Ya sabawa Kundin Tsarin Mulki da yarjejeniyoyin Amurka da yawa (dokokin tarayya a ƙarƙashin Tsarin Mulki, Mataki na 6). Duk an jera su a ƙasa bisa tsarin lokaci.

Kwanan nan mutane daban -daban na jama'a sun yi tambaya ko akwai wanda zai iya amince da maganar Amurka, shaida shaidar ficewar Afghanistan. Babu wanda ya ambaci sabawa dokokin Amurka.

KASAR AMURKA.

Majalisa ba ta taɓa ayyana yaƙi a Afghanistan ko ma ta ambaci Afghanistan a cikin ƙudirin 9/14/01 ba. An yi imanin cewa zai bar Bush ya yi yaƙi da duk wanda ya ƙaddara "ya shirya, ya ba da izini, ya aikata, ko kuma ya taimaka wa hare -haren ta'addanci" kwanaki uku da suka gabata ko kuma "ya ɓoye" duk wanda ya yi hakan. Manufar da ake tsammanin ita ce ta hana ci gaba da ta'addanci.

Masarautar Saudiyya a fili ya goyi bayan maharan 9/11; 15 daga 19 sun kasance Saudiya, babu ɗan Afghanistan. Bin Laden ya yi mu'amala da jami'an Saudiyya daban -daban kuma an ba da kuxi a Arabiya ta hanyar 1998 (Haƙƙin Gaskiya). Shigar da sansanonin Amurka a can a 1991 ya sa ya ƙi Amurka. Amma Bush, tare da alaƙar Saudiyya, ya zaɓi ya kai hari ga mutanen da ba su cutar da mu ba.

Ko ta yaya, Tsarin Mulki bai ba shi damar yanke wannan shawarar ba.

“Shugaban kasa Bush ya ayyana yaki kan ta’addanci, ”Babban Mai Shari’a John Ashcroft ya shaida. Majalisa ce kaɗai za ta iya ayyana yaƙi, a ƙarƙashin Mataki na ashirin da ɗaya, Sashe na 8, Sakin layi na 11 (duk da cewa ana iya yin muhawara ko za a iya yin yaƙi akan “ism”). Amma duk da haka Majalisa, tare da rashin jituwa guda ɗaya kawai (Wakiliyar Barbara Lee, D-CA), roba-hatimin wakilan da ba ta bisa ƙa'idar ikonta.

HADUWAR HAGUE.

Masu yin yaƙi a Afghanistan sun yi watsi da wannan tanadin: "An hana kai hari ko tashin bam, ta kowace hanya, na garuruwa, ƙauyuka, mazauna, ko gine-ginen da ba a tsare su ba." Yana daga Yarjejeniyar Girmama Dokoki da Kwastan na Yaƙi akan Ƙasa, tsakanin dokokin duniya waɗanda ke fitowa daga taro a Hague, Holland, a cikin 1899 da 1907.

Abubuwan da aka hana sun haɗa da amfani da makaman da ke da guba ko haifar da wahala ba dole ba; kisa ko raunata yaudara ko bayan maƙiyi ya miƙa wuya; nuna rashin jinƙai; da bama -bamai ba tare da gargadi ba.

KELLOGG-BRIAND (PACT OF PARIS).

A bisa ƙa'ida ita ce Yarjejeniyar Sanarwar Yaƙi azaman kayan aikin Manufofin Kasa. A cikin 1928, gwamnatoci 15 (ƙarin 48 masu zuwa) sun ba da sanarwar "cewa sun la'anci dawo da yaƙi don magance rikice -rikicen ƙasa da ƙasa, kuma sun yi watsi da shi azaman kayan aikin manufofin ƙasa a cikin alakar su da juna."

Sun yarda "cewa sasantawa ko warware duk wasu rigingimu ko rikice -rikicen kowane irin yanayi ko kuma duk wani asali da zai iya kasancewa a tsakanin su, ba za a taɓa neman sa ba sai ta hanyar ɓarna."

Aristide Briand, ministan harkokin wajen Faransa, da farko ya ba da shawarar irin wannan yarjejeniya da Amurka Frank B. Kellogg, sakataren harkokin waje (a karkashin Shugaba Coolidge), yana son ta a duk duniya.

Kotunan laifukan yaki na Nuremberg-Tokyo sun zana daga Kellogg-Briand wajen nemo laifi don kaddamar da yaki. Ta wannan ma'aunin, farmakin Afghanistan da Iraki babu shakka laifi ne.

Yarjejeniyar ta ci gaba da aiki, kodayake dukkan shugabanni 15 bayan Hoover ya keta ta.

UN CHARTER.

Sabanin rashin imani, Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, na 1945, ba ta amince da yaƙi a Afghanistan ba. Bayan 9/11, ta yi Allah wadai da ta'addanci, tare da ba da shawarar magunguna marasa mutuwa.

Mataki na 2 yana buƙatar duk membobi su “sasanta rigingimunsu na ƙasa da ƙasa ta hanyar lumana” kuma su guji “barazana ko amfani da ƙarfi a kan yankin yanki ko yancin siyasa na kowace jiha….” A karkashin Mataki na ashirin da 33, al'ummomin da ke cikin duk wata takaddama da ke kawo cikas ga zaman lafiya "da farko, za su nemi mafita ta hanyar tattaunawa, bincike, sasantawa, sasantawa, sasantawa, sasanta shari'a… ko wasu hanyoyin lumana…."

Bush bai nemi mafita cikin lumana ba, ya yi amfani da ƙarfi kan 'yancin siyasa na Afghanistan, kuma ya yi watsi da duk wani Taliban tayin zaman lafiya.

MAGANIN ATLANTIC NA AREWA

Wannan yarjejeniya, daga 1949, ta sake maimaita Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya: Bangarori za su sasanta jayayya cikin lumana kuma su guji yin barazana ko amfani da karfin da bai dace da manufar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ba. A aikace, Kungiyar Yarjejeniyar Arewacin Atlantika (NATO) ta kasance mayaƙi ga Washington a Afghanistan da sauran wurare.

TARON GENEVA.

Waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin yaƙi suna buƙatar kula da ɗan adam na fursunoni, fararen hula, da masu ba da sabis. Sun hana kisan kai, azabtarwa, zalunci, da kuma niyya sassan kiwon lafiya. Galibi an tsara su a cikin 1949, ƙasashe 196 sun yi daidai, Amurka ta haɗa su.

A cikin 1977 ƙarin ladabi ya ƙunshi yaƙe -yaƙe da dakatar da kai hari kan fararen hula, hare -hare marasa kima, da lalata hanyoyin rayuwar fararen hula. Fiye da ƙasashe 160, Amurka ta haɗa, sun sanya hannu kan waɗancan. Har yanzu majalisar dattawa ba ta amince ba.

Dangane da fararen hula, Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta fahimci cewa babu wani hakki na kai musu hari kuma tana ikirarin kokarin kare su. A gaskiya sojoji sanannu ne su yi  lissafin hare -hare kan fararen hula.

Wani babban cin zarafin Geneva ya faru a ƙarshen 2001. Daruruwan, wataƙila dubunnan mayaƙan Taliban da ƙungiyar Arewa ta ɗaure sun kasance kisan kiyashi, wai tare da hadin kan Amurka. Mutane da yawa sun shaƙa cikin kwantena. An harbe wasu, wasu kuma an ce an kashe su da makamai masu linzami da aka harbo daga jiragen saman Amurka.

Jiragen sama sun kai hari kan asibitoci a Herat, Kabul, Kandahar, da Kunduz. Kuma a cikin rahotannin sirri, Sojojin sun yarda da cin zarafin al'ada ga waɗanda ake tsare da su a Afganistan a rukunin tattara bayanai na Bagram. A cikin 2005 hujja ta bayyana cewa sojoji a wurin azabtarwa da bugun fursunoni har lahira.

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Sojojin mu kuma sun yarda suna amfani da dabarun ta'addanci. Guerillas "ainihin zalunci tare da madaidaici" da "cusa tsoro a cikin zukatan abokan gaba. ” A Afghanistan da sauran wurare "Sojojin Amurka sun yi amfani da dabarun yaƙi don yin kisan kai." Kuma kar a manta "Rawar jiki da tsoro."

Paul W. Lovinger ɗan jaridar San Francisco ne, marubuci, edita, kuma mai fafutuka (duba www.warandlaw.org).