War Cost Duniya $ 9.46 Trillion a 2012

By Talia Hagerty, Pacific Standard

Tattalin arziki ba sababbin nazarin yaki ba. Mutane da yawa a Amurka sunyi yakin cewa yaki yana da kyau ga tattalin arziki, kuma wadanda a Washington sun yi mahimmancin gaskantawa da su. Lallai, yaki shine manufa na tattalin arziki. Yana da tsada sosai, kuma lambobin da suke ciki-kudi da aka kashe, makamai da aka yi amfani da su, wadanda suka mutu-ana iya ƙidayawa da ƙidaya.

Amma, akwai batun da ya fi kalubalantar da ya faru a kwanan nan a idon tattalin arziki: zaman lafiya.

A cikin shekaru goma da suka wuce, masu binciken da masana harkokin tattalin arziki daga ko'ina cikin duniya sun sami babban ci gaba a fannin tattalin arziki. Suna gano cewa rikici da yaki sune mummunar tattalin arziki, amma har ma muna iya amfani da tattalin arziki don hana su.

Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan da aka buga ta Cibiyar Tattalin Arziki da Salama (IEP) ta gano cewa tashin hankali ya biya dala 9.46 a duniya a 2012 kadai. Wannan shi ne 11 bisa dari na babban samfurin duniya. Ta hanyar kwatanta, farashin matsalar kudi shine kawai 0.5 bisa dari na tattalin arzikin duniya na 2009.

Aminci ya kasance a fili kuma mai sauƙi lokacin da muke zaune a ciki, amma duk da haka 11 kashi dari na albarkatu na duniya suna amfani da su don ƙirƙirar da cike da rikici.

JURGEN BRAUER DA JOHN Paul Dunne, masu gyara na Tattalin Arzikin Tattalin Arziki da Tsaro da kuma marubuta na Aminci na Tattaunawa, ayyana "zaman lafiya na zaman lafiya" a matsayin "nazarin tattalin arziki da kuma tsarin siyasar, tattalin arziki, al'adu, haɗin kai, da manufofi don hana, magancewa, ko warware duk wani nau'i na rikice-rikice ko tashin hankali ko kuma rikice-rikicen tashin hankali tsakanin da tsakanin al'ummomi "A wasu kalmomi, ta yaya zaman lafiya ya shafi tattalin arziki, ta yaya tattalin arziki ya shafi zaman lafiya, kuma ta yaya za mu yi amfani da hanyoyin tattalin arziki don fahimtar su duka? Wadannan ba sababbin batutuwa na tattalin arziki ba, in ji Brauer. Amma tambayoyin bincike sun saba amfani da kalmar "yaki" maimakon "zaman lafiya."

Menene bambanci? Abin da kawai babu tashin hankali da yaki shi ne abin da masu bincike suka kira "rashin lafiya." Ba kawai wani ɓangare na hoton ba ne. "Kyakkyawan salama" shine kasancewar tsarin, cibiyoyin, da kuma dabi'un da ke tabbatar da tsarin zamantakewar ci gaba da kuma 'yanci daga duk nau'i na tashin hankali. Yin la'akari da rashin saurin tashin hankali yana da sauki, yana da alaka da gabanta, amma tantance dukkanin tsarin tsarin zamantakewa yana da wuya.

Brauer ya yi jituwa mai tsanani ga harkokin tattalin arziki. Idan kuma, misali, kashi biyu cikin 100 na GDP na duniya da aka kashe akan makamai, akwai wasu da suka tsaya don samun rikici da yaki. Amma mafi rinjaye na tattalin arziki ya fi kyau a cikin zaman lafiya, kuma wannan rikici yana sa abubuwa sufi wuya ga sauran 98 kashi. Trick shine fahimtar yadda al'ummomi ke ci gaba da zaman lafiya mai kyau.

The Amsoshin Duniya na Duniya, wanda aka saki a kowace shekara ta IEP tun daga 2007, ya darajanta ƙasashen duniya domin zaman lafiya ta amfani da alamun 22 na rashin tashin hankali. Ba abin mamaki ba, IEP ta gano cewa Iceland, Denmark, da New Zealand sun kasance mafi zaman lafiya a 2013, yayin da Iraki, Somalia, Siriya, da Afghanistan sun kasance akalla. Ƙasar Amurka ta kirkiro 99 daga 162.

Tare da cikakkiyar bayanai game da duniya ba tare da tashin hankali ba, zai yiwu ya gwada don daidaitawa zamantakewar zamantakewa. Wannan ya ba mu hoto na zaman lafiya mai kyau. Bayan nazarin ilimin lissafi tsakanin dangantaka tsakanin GPI da kuma kamar darussan 4,700 na ƙasashen ƙetare, IEP ya gano ƙungiyoyin alamun alamu, kamar yanayin rai ko layin tarho ta hanyar 100 mutane, wanda ya ɗauki muhimmancin tattalin arziki, siyasa, da al'adu na zaman lafiya. IEP ya kira sakamakon huɗun guda takwas na "Pillars of Peace": Gwamnatin da ke aiki da kyau, rarraba albarkatun albarkatu, da kyauta na watsa bayanai, yanayin kasuwanci mai kyau, babban matakin mutum (misali, ilimi da kiwon lafiya), yarda da yancin wasu, ƙananan matakan cin hanci da rashawa, da kuma kyakkyawan dangantaka da makwabta.

Yawancin alamu na zaman lafiya sun bayyana. Anyi amfani da kayan aikin kyauta ta hanyar yaki; ruwa ne wani abu da za mu iya yakin. Muhimmancin nazarin kamar Pillars of Peace ya kasance a cikin ɓarna da ƙananan al'umma wanda, mafi yawan gaske, kawai yana aiki. Jama'a inda duk muna samun abin da muke bukata ba tare da ɗaukar bindiga ba. Aminci ya kasance a fili kuma mai sauƙi lokacin da muke zaune a ciki, amma duk da haka 11 kashi dari na albarkatu na duniya suna amfani da su don ƙirƙirar da cike da rikici. Amincewa da zaman lafiya ya nuna cewa tabbatar da tattalin arziki inda kowa ya sami abin da suke bukata duka biyu ya haifar da kwarewar mutum mafi kyau kuma, bi da bi, dukiya da kuma aikin.

Akwai, hakika, sauran ci gaba da za a yi wa tsarin IEP. Alal misali, daidaito tsakanin mata da namiji yana da mahimmanci na mahimmanci game da rashin tashin hankali a gaba ɗaya. Amma saboda GPI bai riga ya haɗa da ƙayyadaddun nau'ukan jinsi, gida, ko rikice-rikice ba - ba su da cikakken isasshen bayanan ƙasa-ba mu sani ba daidai yadda daidaito tsakanin jinsi da zaman lafiya suke hulɗa. Akwai wasu haɗin da suke da alaka da su kamar yadda suke da kyau, kuma masu bincike suna bunkasa hanyoyin tattalin arziki don magance su.

Amincewa da zaman lafiya wata dama ce ta matsa matakanmu da kuma nazarin zaman lafiya fiye da yaki da shirya rikice-rikice, a cewar Bauer, da kuma ra'ayoyin tashin hankali ko wadanda ba tashin hankali ba. Brauer ya kira wani tsohuwar magana don bayyana yadda yake sha'awar filin: Ba za ku iya sarrafa abin da ba ku auna ba. Mun riga mun yi kyau a aunawa da kuma gudanar da yaki, kuma yanzu yanzu ya zama lokaci don daidaita zaman lafiya.