Jira, Me Zai Iya Idan Yaki ba Mutane ne ba?

By David Swanson, World BEYOND War, Mayu 26, 2020

Sabon littafin Dan Kovalik, Babu Ƙarin Yaƙi: Yadda Yammacin Yamma Ke Keɓance Dokar Duniya ta Amfani da Tsangwama na "Yan Adam" don Ci Gaban Bukatun Tattalin Arziki da Dabaru - wanda nake ƙarawa cikin jerin littattafan da ya kamata ku karanta a kan dalilin da yasa ya kamata a kawar da yaki (duba ƙasa) - ya ba da hujja mai karfi cewa yakin jin kai ba ya wanzu fiye da cin zarafin yara ko azabtarwa mai kyau. Ban tabbata ainihin abubuwan da ke haifar da yaƙe-yaƙe sun iyakance ga buƙatun tattalin arziƙi da dabarun ba - waɗanda ke da alama suna manta da hauka, hauka, da abubuwan baƙin ciki - amma na tabbata cewa babu wani yaƙin jin kai da ya taɓa amfanar ɗan adam.

Littafin Kovalik bai ɗauki tsarin da aka ba da shawarar ba don shayar da gaskiya ta yadda mai karatu ya kasance kawai a hankali a hankali ta hanyar da ta dace daga inda ya fara. Babu samun 90% na sake tabbatarwa ba daidai ba don sanya 10% mai daɗi anan. Wannan littafi ne ga ko dai mutanen da ke da ra'ayi na gaba ɗaya game da abin da yake yaki ko kuma mutanen da ba su damu ba ta hanyar tsalle cikin hangen nesa da ba a sani ba da tunani game da shi.

Kovalik ya bibiyi tarihin farfagandar yaki na "dan adam" zuwa ga kisan gillar da Sarki Leopold ya yi da bautar da mutanen Kongo, wanda aka sayar wa duniya a matsayin sabis na alheri - da'awar banza wacce ta sami babban tallafi a Amurka. A haƙiƙa, Kovalik ya ƙi amincewa da ikirari na Adam Hochschild na fafutukar da ke adawa da Leopold ya kai ga ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na yau. Kamar yadda Kovalik ya rubuta da yawa, kungiyoyi kamar Human Rights Watch da Amnesty International a cikin 'yan shekarun nan sun kasance masu goyon bayan yaƙe-yaƙe na mulkin mallaka, ba masu adawa da su ba.

Kovalik kuma yana ba da sarari mai yawa don yin rubuce-rubuce daidai yadda yaƙin da ba bisa ƙa'ida ba yake da yawa, da kuma yadda ba zai yiwu ba a halatta yaƙi ta hanyar kiransa na ɗan adam. Kovalik yayi nazari kan Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya - abin da ta ce da abin da gwamnatoci ke da'awar cewa ta fada, da kuma Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya, shelar 1968 na Teheran, Sanarwar Vienna ta 1993, Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa, Yarjejeniyar kisan kare dangi. , da sauran dokoki da yawa waɗanda suka hana yaƙi da kuma - don wannan al'amari - takunkumi irin na Amurka sau da yawa ke amfani da shi a kan al'ummomin da take hari don yaƙi. Kovalik kuma ya zana jigogi da yawa daga hukuncin Kotun Duniya a shari'ar 1986 Nicaragua vs. Amurka. Lissafin da Kovalik yayi na musamman yaƙe-yaƙe, kamar Rwanda, sun cancanci farashin littafin.

Littafin ya ƙare da ba da shawarar cewa wanda ya damu da ’yancin ɗan adam ya ba da gudummawa mafi girma ga wannan ta hanyar yin aiki don hana yaƙin Amurka na gaba. Ba zan iya ƙara yarda ba.

Yanzu, bari in yi quibble da 'yan maki.

Maganar Brian Willson ga littafin ya yi watsi da yarjejeniyar Kellogg-Briand a matsayin "mummunan kuskure saboda shugabannin siyasa suna ci gaba da ba da hujjar keɓancewa da aka haɗa cikin tanadin kariyar kai na yarjejeniyar." Wannan da'awar rashin tausayi ce saboda dalilai da yawa, na farko kuma mafi mahimmanci saboda tanadin kariyar kai na Kellogg-Briand Pact ba ya wanzu kuma bai taɓa faruwa ba. Yarjejeniyar ta ƙunshi kusan babu tanadi kwata-kwata, domin ainihin abin ya ƙunshi jimloli biyu (ƙidaya em). Wannan rashin fahimta abin bakin ciki ne, domin mutanen da suka yi zanga-zangar kuma suka yi zanga-zanga don samar da Yarjejeniyar da tsayuwar daka tare da samun nasarar daukar matakin adawa da duk wani banbanci tsakanin yaki mai karfi da na tsaro, da gangan ake neman haramta duk wani yaki, da kuma nuni da cewa kyale da'awar kare kai zai bude bakin kofa zuwa yake-yake marasa iyaka. Majalisar dokokin Amurka ba ta ƙara wani gyare-gyare na yau da kullun ko tanadi ga yarjejeniyar ba, kuma ta zartar da ita kamar yadda zaku iya karanta ta a yau. Jumlolinsa guda biyu ba su ƙunshi abin da ya aikata laifin ba amma tatsuniya " tanadar kariyar kai." Wata rana za mu iya yin amfani da wannan gaskiyar.

Yanzu, Kwamitin Harkokin Waje na Majalisar Dattijai a lokacin, kuma mafi yawan mutane tun daga lokacin, sun yi tunanin cewa babu wata yarjejeniya da za ta iya kawar da 'yancin "kare kai" ta hanyar kisan gilla. Amma akwai bambanci tsakanin yarjejeniya kamar Kellogg-Briand Pact wanda ke yin wani abu da mutane da yawa ba za su iya fahimta ba (hana duk yaki) da yarjejeniya kamar Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wanda ke yin zato na kowa a fili. Haƙiƙa Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ƙunshi tanadin kariyar kai. Kovalik ya bayyana yadda Amurka ta mayar da doka ta 51 na Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya makami, kamar yadda masu fafutuka da suka kirkiro yarjejeniyar Kellogg-Briand suka yi hasashe. Amma rubutacce mai tsabta daga tarihin Kovalik na inda dokoki suka fito shine muhimmiyar rawar da Kellogg-Briand Pact ya taka wajen ƙirƙirar gwaje-gwajen Nuremberg da Tokyo, da kuma babbar hanyar da waɗannan gwaje-gwajen suka karkatar da haramcin yaƙi zuwa haramcin yaƙi mai tsanani. , wani laifi da aka ƙirƙiro don gurfanar da shi, ko da yake watakila ba tsohon post facto cin zarafi saboda wannan sabon laifin wani yanki ne na laifin a zahiri a cikin littattafai.

Kovalik ya mai da hankali kan Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kuma ya nuna tanade-tanadensa na yaki, kuma ya lura cewa wadanda aka yi watsi da su kuma har yanzu suna nan. Wani zai iya faɗi haka game da yarjejeniyar Paris, kuma ya ƙara da cewa abin da ke cikinta ya rasa raunin Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ciki har da madauki na "kare" da kuma izini na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, gami da ikon veto da aka ba wa manyan dillalai da makamai warmoners.

Lokacin da ya zo ga lamunin yaƙe-yaƙe da Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya ba da izini, Kovalik ya rubuta da kyau game da jerin sharuɗɗan da ya kamata a cika kafin a ba da izinin yaƙi. Na farko, dole ne a sami babbar barazana. Amma wannan yana kama da ni kamar preemption, wanda bai wuce buɗaɗɗen kofa ga zalunci ba. Na biyu, dole ne manufar yakin ya dace. Amma wannan ba a sani ba. Na uku, dole ne yakin ya zama makoma ta karshe. Amma, kamar yadda Kovalik yayi nazari a cikin misalai daban-daban a cikin wannan littafi, ba haka lamarin yake ba; a gaskiya ba ra'ayi ba ne mai yiwuwa ko haɗin kai - akwai ko da yaushe wani abu banda kisan jama'a da za a iya gwadawa. Na hudu, dole ne yakin ya kasance daidai gwargwado. Amma wannan ba shi da iyaka. Na biyar, dole ne a sami dama mai ma'ana ta nasara. Amma mun san cewa yaƙe-yaƙe ba su da yuwuwar samun sakamako mai ɗorewa fiye da ayyukan rashin tashin hankali. Waɗannan sharuɗɗa, waɗannan ɓangarorin tsoho "kawai yaki" ka'idar, suna da yawa na Yamma kuma suna da mulkin mallaka.

Kovalik ya ambaci Jean Bricmont yana iƙirarin cewa “duk” mulkin mallaka a duniya ya ruguje a ƙarni na 20 “ta yaƙe-yaƙe da juyin juya hali.” Idan ba haka ba a fili wannan ƙarya - shin ba mu san cewa dokoki da ayyukan rashin tashin hankali sun taka muhimmiyar rawa ba (wanda aka ba da labarin a cikin wannan littafin) wannan da'awar za ta gabatar da babbar tambaya. (Me ya sa za mu sami "babu sauran yaki" idan yaki ne kawai zai iya kawo karshen mulkin mallaka?) Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa batun kawar da yaki yana amfana daga ƙara wani abu game da shi. maye gurbin.

Batun kawar da yaƙi ya raunana ta yawan amfani da shi a cikin wannan littafin kalmar “kusan”. Alal misali: "Kusan kowane yaƙin da Amurka ke yi yaƙi ne na zaɓi, ma'ana cewa Amurka tana yaƙi ne don tana so, ba don dole ne ta yi hakan ba domin ta kare ƙasarsu." Wannan kalmar ta ƙarshe har yanzu tana kama ni a matsayin mai fasikanci, amma ita ce kalmar farkon jumlar da na fi samun damuwa. "Kusan"? Me yasa "kusan"? Kovalik ya rubuta cewa lokaci ɗaya kawai a cikin shekaru 75 da suka gabata da Amurka za ta iya yin da'awar yaƙin tsaro bayan 11 ga Satumba, 2001. Amma Kovalik nan da nan ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa ba haka lamarin yake ba kwata-kwata, ma'ana cewa a kowane hali. ko kadan gwamnatin Amurka zata iya yin irin wannan ikirarin na daya daga cikin yake-yaken ta. To me yasa ƙara "kusan"?

Har ila yau, ina jin tsoron cewa bude littafin da kallon kallon kalaman Donald Trump ba wai abin da ya yi ba, domin a nuna shi a matsayin barazana ga kafa yakin na iya kashe wasu mutanen da ya kamata su karanta wannan littafi, da kuma cewa. Ƙarshen da iƙirarin game da ƙarfin Tulsi Gabbard a matsayin ɗan takarar antiwar zai riga ya ƙare idan sun kasance. yayi hankali.

DA WAR ABOLI LITTAFI:

Babu Ƙarin War ta Dan Kovalik, 2020.
Tsaron zamantakewa ta Jørgen Johansen da Brian Martin, 2019.
Murder Incorporated: Littafin Na Biyu: Kyautatattun Kyautataccen Amirka by Mumia Abu Jamal da Stephen Vittoria, 2018.
Masu Tafiya don Aminci: Hiroshima da Nagasaki Survivors Magana by Melinda Clarke, 2018.
Tsayar da yaki da inganta zaman lafiya: Jagora ga Ma'aikatan Lafiya Edited by William Wiist da Shelley White, 2017.
Shirin Kasuwancin Zaman Lafiya: Gina Duniya Ba tare da Yaƙi ba by Scilla Elworthy, 2017.
Yakin Ba Yayi Kawai by David Swanson, 2016.
Tsarin Tsaro na Duniya: Wani Gida don Yaƙin by World Beyond War, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2020.
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Yaƙi: Wani Kisa akan Dan Adam by Roberto Vivo, 2014.
Tsarin Katolika da Zubar da Yakin da David Carroll Cochran, 2014.
War da Delusion: A Testing by Laurie Calhoun, 2013.
Shift: Da Farko na Yaƙi, Ƙarshen War by Judith Hand, 2013.
Yaƙi Ba Ƙari: Shari'ar Kashewa by David Swanson, 2013.
Ƙarshen War by John Horgan, 2012.
Tsarin zuwa Salama by Russell Faure-Brac, 2012.
Daga War zuwa Zaman Lafiya: Jagora Ga Shekaru Bayanan Kent Shifferd, 2011.
Yakin Yaqi ne by David Swanson, 2010, 2016.
Ƙarshen War: Halin Dan Adam na Aminci by Douglas Fry, 2009.
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