Daga Benjamin Naimark-Rowse, www.politicalviolenceataglance.org
Yuli 2, 2017. An sake bugawa daga Popular Resistance, Yuli 3, 2017.
Sama: Masu Mulkin Mallaka Sun Rusa Dokar Sarki George.
Lura: Akwai da yawa game da labarin yaƙin neman yancin kai na Amurka fiye da mutane 56 da suka rattaba hannu kan ayyana ‘yancin kai. Akwai shekaru goma na kamfen na juriya kafin 1776 waɗanda suka haɗa da jama'ar gari waɗanda ba su raba tarihin tarihi ba. A wannan lokacin, mata sun kasance manyan shugabanni amma sai yaki ya kawo mazan soja a gaba. A gaskiya ma, wasu sun ce an sami 'yancin kai a cikin wannan shekaru goma kuma yakin shine ƙoƙarin Birtaniya na sake kwato yankunan da karfi. Masu mulkin mallaka sun yi amfani da abin da a yau ake ɗaukar kayan aiki na yau da kullun na gwagwarmayar juriya mara tashin hankali.
Masu mulkin mallaka suna adawa da Dokar Tambari
Kamar yadda aka bayyana a ƙasa an sami nasarar gwagwarmayar rashin tashin hankali. Ya kasance shekaru goma ko fiye na motsin juriya mara tashin hankali wanda ya haifar da sani don 'yancin kai. Ta yi amfani da hanyoyin da ba na tashin hankali ba a matsayin koke, zanga-zangar zanga-zanga, zanga-zanga, kauracewa aiki, da ƙin yin aiki. Ƙari ga haka, idan ’yan kasuwa na mulkin mallaka suka keta ra’ayin jama’a ta wajen ci gaba da shigo da kayayyakin da aka kauracewa shigo da su, mutane ba kawai sun ƙi saye daga wurinsu ba amma kuma su yi magana da su, su zauna da su a coci, ko kuma a sayar musu da kayayyaki iri-iri. Kasuwancin mulkin mallaka sun yi watsi da dokokin Biritaniya da kotuna, "Masu fafutukar mulkin mallaka sun gudanar da kasuwanci na yau da kullun da suka saba wa dokar Birtaniyya ta hanyar amfani da takardu ba tare da tambarin haraji da ake buƙata ba, ta hanyar sasanta takaddamar doka ba tare da kotu ba." A shekara ta 1774 da 1775, da yawa daga cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin mulkin mallaka sun ɗauki ikon gwamnati da kansu kuma suna da iko mafi girma fiye da ragowar gwamnatin mulkin mallaka. A lokacin da aka kira taron farko na Continental Congress a shekara ta 1774, 'yan mulkin mallaka suna samar da nasu gwamnati mai kama da juna. Wannan yanki ne da muke buƙatar ƙarin bincike na tarihi amma ga wasu daga cikin abin da muka sani:
A cikin 1773-74 an sami karuwar adadin gundumomi da garuruwa suna shirya kansu ba tare da mulkin Birtaniyya ba, suna ƙara ƙin fitar da kayayyakin Amurkawa zuwa Biritaniya tare da haɓaka ƙin shigo da kayan Birtaniyya. Amincewa ya girma cewa tilastawa kasuwanci na iya yin tasiri. Wasu kotuna na hukuma sun rufe saboda rashin kasuwanci saboda ’yan mulkin mallaka sun kirkiro nasu hanyoyin; wasu sun zama marasa aiki.
Shugabannin gwagwarmayar mulkin mallaka na Amurka sun yarda su hadu a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Farko a cikin kaka, 1774.
Ƙarfin Birtaniyya a cikin ƴan mallaka yana watsewa cikin sauri. Gwamnan Massachusetts Bay ya ba da rahoto a farkon 1774 cewa duk ikon majalisa da zartarwa sun tafi. A watan Oktoba 1774 gwamnatin doka a Maryland ta kusan yin murabus. A South Carolina mutanen sun kasance suna yin biyayya ga Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasa a maimakon Birtaniya. Gwamnan Virginia Dunmore ya rubuta wa Landan a cikin Disamba 1774 cewa ba shi da amfani a gare shi ya ba da umarni saboda kawai ya sa mutane sun ƙi yin biyayya gare su.
A yayin ganawarta Majalisar Nahiyar Nahiyar Nahiyar Nahiyar Nahiyar Nahiyar Nahiyar Nahiyar Nahiyar Nahiyar Nahiyar Nahiyar Nahiyar Nahiyar Nahiyar Nahiyar Nahiyar Nahiyar Nahiyar Farko) ta Farko ta amince da wani shiri na ci gaba da gwagwarmayar rashin zaman lafiya; Masanin kimiyya Gene Sharp ya yi imanin cewa da a ce an bi tsarin a maimakon gwagwarmayar makami da ta maye gurbinsa, da yuwuwa 'yan mulkin mallaka sun sami 'yanci da wuri ba tare da zubar da jini ba.
Bayan yakin Lexington da Concord a shekara ta 1775 yunkurin ya koma gwagwarmayar makami. Shekaru 10 da suka gabata na kauracewa kauracewa da wasu hanyoyi da yawa sun sassauta dangantakar da ke daure wa mulkin mallaka da kasar uwa. Gwagwarmayar rashin tashin hankali ta ƙarfafa tattalin arziƙi mai zaman kansa, madadin ƙungiyoyi don gudanar da mulki, da fahimtar ainihin asalin Amurka.
Duk abin da malanta na gaba zai iya bayyana game da damar da mazauna yankin ke samun 'yancin kai ba tare da tashin hankali ba, yawancin masana tarihi sun yi imanin cewa yakin da aka kwashe shekaru goma ya ba wa Amirkawa damar gina cibiyoyi masu kama da juna waɗanda suka tabbatar da tsarin mulkin demokra] iyya zuwa 'yancin kai bayan yakin juyin juya halin Amurka.
Masu mulkin mallaka da yawa sun yi adawa da tashin hankali. Samuel Adams ya rubuta wa James Warren, 21 ga Mayu 1774 “Ba abin da zai iya lalata mu sai tashin hankalinmu. Dalili ya koyar da wannan. Ina da Hankali, mai ban tsoro, game da ƙulla makirci a kanmu; masu tawakkali, idan mu masu hankali ne kawai." An samu 'yan tsiraru na kwalta da gashin fuka-fuki, tabbas wani tashin hankali ne, kuma 'yan mulkin mallaka sun hana su ganin cewa suna dagula tsayin daka yayin da mutane suka bar harkar ko kuma ba za su shiga cikin irin wannan tashin hankali ba. A cikin wata wasika zuwa ga Dr. Jedediah Morse a cikin 1815, John Adams yayi tunani akan juyin juya hali "Tarihin ayyukan soja daga 19 ga Afrilu, 1775 zuwa 3 ga Satumba, 1783, ba tarihin juyin juya halin Amurka ba ne. . . Juyin juya halin ya kasance a cikin tunani da zukatan al'umma, da kuma hadin kan 'yan mulkin mallaka; dukkansu an yi su sosai kafin a fara tashin hankali.”
Don ƙarin bayani kan dabarun rashin tashin hankali da aka yi amfani da su don yin tawaye ga Birtaniya, duba Hakikanin Tarihin Amurka Yana Gina Ƙarfin Mu, kuma ga bayanai kan yadda al’amuran da muke yi a wajajen zagayowar ranar ‘yancin kai su ne batutuwan da suka faro tun kafin ranar 4 ga Yuli, 1776, kuma suka ci gaba har tsawon shekaru da dama bayan haka, har zuwa yau. Tarihin Ranar 'Yancin Kai Ba a Fada Ba.
Idan ya zo ga bauta, ’yancin kai ma ya kasance mai sarƙaƙƙiya kuma ya bar raunuka masu zurfi (har yanzu tare da mu a yau, ta hanyoyi da yawa). Farfesa Gerald Horne ya rubuta cewa ’yancin kai yana samun goyon bayan yawancin masu noman bayi da kuma ’yan kasuwa da suka ci gajiyar bautar saboda sun ga yadda bautar ke kawo karshe a Ingila. Wata kotu a Burtaniya ta yanke hukuncin cewa babu wani dalili na shari'a na bautar, don haka bautar da ta ƙare a cikin ƙasashen Burtaniya ma.
Bayan 'yancin kai, Amurka ta ƙare rubuta kundin tsarin mulki na haƙƙin mallaka wanda ya ci gaba da bautar, ba tsarin mulkin 'yancin ɗan adam ba, don kare dukiya mafi mahimmanci a cikin ƙasar - mutane bayi. Yawancin wadanda suka kafa, wasu daga cikin manyan bayi a kasar, sun dauki matakan kare dukiyoyinsu - mutane.
A cikin 1852, a cikin abin da wasu ke kira magana mafi girma na hudu ga Yuli a kowane lokaci, Frederick Douglas ya ce “Wannan Hudu na Yuli naku ne, ba nawa ba. Za ku yi murna, dole in yi baƙin ciki.” Ya buɗe jawabin nasa yana kwatanta ranar huɗu ga Yuli a matsayin “wata sirara mai rufin asiri don rufe laifuffukan da za su kunyata al’ummar da ba ta da ƙarfi.” Wadanne laifukan yaki, rashin adalci, cin hanci da rashawa da rashin daidaito ne Amurka ke boye a yau? KZ
Tatsuniyar Kafuwar Kasar Amurka
A karshen wannan makon, birane da garuruwa daga bakin teku zuwa bakin teku sun karbi bakuncin wasan wuta, kide, Da kuma farati domin murnar samun ‘yancin kai daga Biritaniya. Wadanda bukukuwan kullum haskaka sojoji wanda ya kori turawan Ingila daga gabar mu. Amma darasin da muka koya na dimokuradiyya da aka ƙirƙira a cikin yaƙin juyin juya hali ya yi watsi da yadda shekaru goma da suka gabata. rashin tashin hankali Juriya kafin harbi-ji-zagaye-duniya ya tsara kafuwar Amurka, ya karfafa tunaninmu na siyasa, kuma ya kafa tushen dimokuradiyyarmu.
Ana koya mana cewa mun sami ’yancin kai daga Biritaniya ta hanyar fadace-fadace. Muna karantawa shayari game da hawan tsakar dare na Paul Revere wanda ya yi gargadin harin Birtaniya. Kuma an nuna mu hotunan Minutemen a cikin yaƙi da Redcoats a cikin Lexington da Concord.
Na girma a Boston inda girmama mu don yaƙe-yaƙe na juyin juya hali da Birtaniyya ya wuce ranar huɗu ga Yuli. Muna murna Ranar kishin kasa domin tunawa da zagayowar yakin farko na juyin juya halin Musulunci da kuma Ranar fitarwa don tunawa da ranar da sojojin Birtaniya suka tsere daga Boston. Kuma a farkon kowane wasa na Red Sox muna tsayawa, cire huluna, kuma mu raira waƙa - dubu talatin da uku masu ƙarfi - game da yaƙin mai haɗari, jajayen jajayen roka, da bama-bamai da ke fashe a cikin iska wanda ya ba da tabbaci cikin dare. Tutar mu tana nan.
Masu mulkin mallaka sun yi tawaye ga Dokar Tambari.
Duk da haka, Uban Kafa, John Adams ya rubuta cewa, "Tarihin ayyukan soja… ba tarihin juyin juya halin Amurka bane."
Masu juyin juya halin Amurka ba su jagoranci ba, amma uku yaƙin neman zaɓe mara tashin hankali a cikin shekaru goma kafin Yaƙin Juyin Juya Hali. Waɗannan yakin sun kasance hadewa. Sun kasance da farko mara tashin hankali. su ya taimaka wajen siyasantar da al'ummar Amurka. Kuma sun yarda ’yan mulkin mallaka su maye gurbin cibiyoyin siyasar mulkin mallaka da cibiyoyi masu kama da juna na gwamnatin kai a taimaka wajen kafa ginshikin dimokuradiyyar da muke dogaro da ita a yau.
Yaƙin neman zaɓe mara tashin hankali na farko ya kasance a cikin 1765 a kan Dokar Tambarin. Dubun masu hakurin mu sun ki biyan wa Sarkin Burtaniya haraji don kawai su buga takardu da jaridu na doka, ta hanyar hada kai da yanke shawarar dakatar da cin kayan Birtaniyya. Tashar jiragen ruwa na Boston, New York, da Philadelphia sun rattaba hannu kan yerjejeniyoyi kan shigo da kayayyakin Burtaniya; mata sun yi homespun yarn don maye gurbin tufafin Birtaniya; da ƙwararrun bachelorettes a Rhode Island har ma sun ƙi karɓar adiresoshin kowane mutum wanda ya goyi bayan Dokar Tambari.
Masu mulkin mallaka sun shirya Majalisar Dokokin Stamp. Ta ba da sanarwar haƙƙoƙin mallaka da iyakoki a kan ikon Birtaniyya, kuma ta aika kwafi zuwa kowane yanki da kuma kwafi ɗaya zuwa Biritaniya don haka ke nuna haɗin kai. Wannan taro na siyasa da kauracewa tattalin arziki yana nufin Dokar Tambarin za ta kashe wa Birtaniyya ƙarin kuɗi fiye da yadda ya dace don tilasta barin ta mutu a isowa. Wannan nasara kuma ta nuna ƙarfin rashin haɗin kai: Ƙarfin da mutane suka yi na rashin adalci na zamantakewa, siyasa, ko tattalin arziki.
Yaƙin neman zaɓe mara tashin hankali na biyu ya fara a cikin 1767 a kan Ayyukan Townshend. Waɗannan sun haɗa da takarda, gilashi, shayi, da sauran kayayyaki da aka shigo da su daga Biritaniya. Lokacin da Dokar Townsend ta fara aiki, 'yan kasuwa a Boston, New York, da Philadelphia sun sake dakatar da shigo da kayan Birtaniya. Sun bayyana cewa duk wanda ya ci gaba da kasuwanci da Birtaniya a yi masa lakabi "makiya kasarsu." Hankalin sabon salon siyasar da aka ware daga Biritaniya ya karu a ko'ina cikin yankunan.
A shekara ta 1770, 'yan mulkin mallaka sun haɓaka kwamitocin Sadarwa, sabuwar cibiyar siyasa da ta rabu da ikon Birtaniya. Kwamitocin sun ba wa masu mulkin mallaka damar raba bayanai da daidaita adawarsu. Majalisar dokokin Biritaniya ta mayar da martani ta hanyar ninkawa tare da biyan harajin shayi, wanda ya haifar da fusata 'yan kungiyar 'ya'yan 'yanci don aiwatar da babbar jam'iyyar Tea ta Boston.
Majalisar Biritaniya ta yi adawa da Ayyukan Tilastawa, wanda ya mamaye Massachusetts sosai. An rufe tashar jiragen ruwa ta Boston har sai da kamfanin British East India Company ya biya sakamakon rashin nasarar da suka yi. An iyakance 'yancin yin taro a hukumance. Kuma an kori shari'ar kotu daga Massachusetts.
Don rashin biyayya ga Burtaniya, ’yan mulkin mallaka sun shirya taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na farko. Ba wai kawai sun bayyana korafe-korafen su ga Turawan mulkin mallaka ba, ’yan mulkin mallaka sun kuma kirkiro majalisun larduna don tabbatar da hakkin da suka bayyana wa kansu. Wata jarida a lokacin ta ruwaito cewa wadannan cibiyoyi na shari’a masu kamanceceniya da yadda suka kwace gwamnati daga hannun mahukuntan Burtaniya da aka nada suka sanya ta a hannun ‘yan mulkin mallaka ta yadda wasu masana ke cewa; "An sami 'yancin kai a yawancin yankunan da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka kafin fara yakin soja a Lexington da Concord."
Sarki George na uku yana ganin cewa wannan matakin na kungiyar siyasa ya wuce gona da iri, yana mai cewa; “…Gwamnatocin New England suna cikin Halin Tawaye; tilas ne a yanke hukuncin ko za a yi wa kasar nan biyayya ko kuma mai cin gashin kanta." Dangane da mayar da martani, 'yan mulkin mallaka sun shirya taron Majalisar Nahiyar Nahiyar Na Biyu, suka nada Kwamandan George Washington a Babban Hafsan Sojoji kuma haka ya fara shekaru takwas na tashin hankali.
Wataƙila yakin juyin juya hali ya kori turawan Ingila a zahiri daga gabar tekun mu, amma a karshen makon da ya gabata mayar da hankali kan yaki ya rufe bakin gudummuwar da rashin tashin hankali ya bayar ga kafuwar kasarmu.
A cikin shekaru goma da aka yi kafin yakin. ’yan mulkin mallaka sun zayyana kuma sun yi muhawara game da shawarar siyasa a cikin majalisu. Ta yin haka, sun sanya siyasa a cikin al'umma tare da ƙarfafa tunaninsu na sabuwar siyasar da ba ta da Birtaniya. Su manufofin doka, tilasta hakki, har ma da tara haraji. Ta haka ne suka gudanar da mulkin kai a wajen lokacin yaki. Kuma sun ɗanɗana ƙarfin ayyukan siyasa na rashin tashin hankali a cikin faɗuwar filayen da za su zama Amurka ta Amurka.
Don haka a Ranakun 'Yancin Kai na gaba, bari mu yi bikin kakanninmu da iyayenmu na rashin tashin hankali da suka yi da mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya. Kuma a kowace rana yayin da muke yin tunani game da ɗimbin ƙalubalen da ke fuskantar dimokuradiyyar mu, bari mu yi la'akari da tarihin mu na rashin tashin hankali kamar yadda. John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John Hancock, Patrick Henry, Thomas Jefferson, da George Washington yayi sama da ƙarni biyu da suka wuce.
Benjamin Naimark-Rowse ɗan'uwan Tsaron Ƙasa ne na Truman. Yana koyarwa kuma yana karatun juriya mara tashin hankali a Makarantar Fletcher a Jami'ar Tufts.
