Wani bincike mai cike da tarihi ya tabbatar da cewa ‘yakin ta’addanci’ da Amurka ke jagoranta ya kashe mutane kusan miliyan biyu.
By Nafeez Ahmed |
'A Iraki kadai, yakin da Amurka ta jagoranta daga 1991 zuwa 2003 ya kashe 'yan Iraki miliyan 1.9'
A watan da ya gabata, Cibiyar Likitoci don Nauyin Al'umma (PRS) na Washington DC sun fitar da wata alama binciken tare da kammala cewa adadin wadanda suka mutu daga shekaru 10 na "Yakin da Ta'addanci" tun bayan harin 9 ga Satumba ya kai akalla miliyan 11, kuma zai iya kaiwa miliyan 1.3.
Rahoton mai shafuka 97 na kungiyar likitocin da ta lashe lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel, shi ne na farko da ya yi kididdigar adadin fararen hula da suka rasa rayukansu sakamakon ayyukan yaki da ta'addanci da Amurka ta jagoranta a kasashen Iraki, Afghanistan da Pakistan.
Rahoton na PSR ne ya rubuta ta wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta na manyan masana kiwon lafiyar jama'a, ciki har da Dokta Robert Gould, darektan wayar da kan ƙwararrun kiwon lafiya da ilimi a Jami'ar California San Francisco Medical Center, da Farfesa Tim Takaro na Faculty of Health Sciences a Simon. Jami'ar Fraser.
Amma duk da haka kusan kafafen yada labarai na Ingilishi sun yi watsi da shi gaba daya, duk da cewa kokarin farko da wata kungiyar kula da lafiyar jama'a ta duniya ta yi na samar da ingantaccen kimiya na adadin mutanen da yakin da Amurka da Burtaniya ke jagoranta suka kashe. ta'addanci".
Yi tunani da raguwa
Dr Hans von Sponeck, tsohon mataimakin sakatare-janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya bayyana rahoton na PSR a matsayin "babban gudumawa wajen rage gibin da ke tsakanin alkaluman kididdiga masu inganci na wadanda yakin ya rutsa da su, musamman fararen hula a Iraki, Afganistan da Pakistan da kuma masu ra'ayin rikau, magudi ko ma damfara. accounts".
Rahoton ya yi nazari mai mahimmanci game da kiyasin adadin wadanda suka mutu a baya na "yakin da ta'addanci" da aka samu. Yana da matukar suka ga adadi da kafofin yada labarai na yau da kullun suka ambato a matsayin mai iko, wato, kididdigar Jikin Iraki (IBC) na mutuwar mutane 110,000. Wannan adadi ya samo asali ne daga tattara rahotannin kafofin watsa labarai na kashe-kashen fararen hula, amma rahoton na PSR ya gano manyan gibi da matsalolin hanyoyin a wannan hanya.
Misali, ko da yake an binne gawarwaki 40,000 a Najaf tun bayan kaddamar da yakin, IBC ta yi rahoton mutuwar mutane 1,354 a Najaf a daidai wannan lokacin. Wannan misalin ya nuna girman tazarar da ke tsakanin adadi na Najaf na IBC da ainihin adadin wadanda suka mutu - a wannan yanayin, da fiye da 30.
Irin wannan gibin sun cika a ko'ina cikin bayanan IBC. A wani misali, IBC ta rubuta hare-hare ta sama guda uku a cikin wani lokaci a cikin 2005, lokacin da adadin hare-haren iska ya karu daga 25 zuwa 120 a waccan shekarar. Bugu da ƙari, tazarar a nan ta kusan 40 ne.
Dangane da binciken PSR, binciken Lancet da aka yi ta cece-kuce da shi wanda ya kiyasta mutuwar Iraki 655,000 har zuwa 2006 (kuma sama da miliyan har yau ta hanyar fitar da ruwa) na iya zama daidai fiye da alkaluman IBC. A haƙiƙa, rahoton ya tabbatar da yarjejeniya ta zahiri a tsakanin masu cutar kanjamau kan amincin binciken Lancet.
Duk da wasu sahihin suka, tsarin kididdigar da ta yi amfani da shi shine ka'idar da duniya ta amince da ita don tantance mace-mace daga yankunan da ake rikici, da hukumomi da gwamnatocin kasa da kasa ke amfani da su.
musun siyasa
PSR kuma ta sake duba hanyoyin da zayyana wasu nazarin da ke nuna ƙarancin adadin waɗanda suka mutu, kamar takarda a cikin Jaridar New England Journal of Medicine, wanda ke da iyakacin iyaka.
Wannan takarda ta yi watsi da yankunan da aka fi fama da tashe-tashen hankula, wato Bagadaza, Anbar da Nineveh, tare da dogaro da kurakuran bayanan IBC don fitar da su ga yankunan. Har ila yau, ta sanya takunkumin "siyasa" kan tattarawa da kuma nazarin bayanan - Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Iraki ta gudanar da hirarrakin, wanda "ya dogara gaba daya kan ikon mamayewa" kuma ya ki fitar da bayanai kan mutuwar Iraqi da aka yi rajista a karkashin matsin lamba na Amurka. .
Musamman ma, PSR ta tantance iƙirarin Michael Spaget, John Sloboda da sauran waɗanda suka yi tambaya kan hanyoyin tattara bayanai na Lancet a matsayin mai yuwuwar zamba. Duk irin waɗannan ikirari, PSR da aka gano, ba su da tushe.
’Yan kaɗan “masu zargi,” PSR ta kammala, “ba sa tambayar sakamakon binciken Lancet gaba ɗaya. Waɗannan alkalumman har yanzu suna wakiltar mafi kyawun ƙididdiga waɗanda ake samu a halin yanzu”. Binciken na Lancet kuma yana da tabbaci ta hanyar bayanai daga wani sabon bincike a cikin PLOS Medicine, gano mutuwar Iraqi 500,000 daga yakin. Gabaɗaya, PSR ta ƙarasa da cewa mafi kusantar adadin adadin fararen hula da suka mutu a Iraki tun daga 2003 zuwa yau kusan miliyan 1 ne.
Don wannan, binciken na PSR ya ƙara aƙalla 220,000 a Afghanistan da 80,000 a Pakistan, wanda aka kashe a matsayin kai tsaye ko kai tsaye sakamakon yakin da Amurka ta jagoranta: "mai ra'ayin mazan jiya" na 1.3 miliyan. Ainihin adadi zai iya kasancewa cikin sauƙi "fiye da miliyan 2".
Duk da haka har ma binciken PSR yana fama da gazawa. Da fari dai, bayan-9/11 "yakin da ta'addanci" ba sabon abu bane, amma kawai tsawaita manufofin shiga tsakani a baya a Iraki da Afghanistan.
Na biyu, ɗimbin ƙarancin bayanai game da Afghanistan yana nufin binciken PSR mai yiwuwa ya raina adadin mutanen Afghanistan.
Iraki
Ba a shekara ta 2003 aka fara yakin Iraqi ba, a 1991 ne aka fara yakin Gulf na farko, wanda kuma ya biyo bayan takunkumin da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kakaba mata.
Wani bincike na PSR na farko da Beth Daponte, sannan wata jami'ar hukumar kidaya ta gwamnatin Amurka, ta gano cewa mutuwar Iraki da aka yi ta kai tsaye da kuma kai tsaye na yakin Gulf na farko ya kai kusan ko'ina. 200,000 'Yan Iraki, galibi fararen hula. A halin yanzu, an dakatar da karatun ta na cikin gida.
Bayan da sojojin da Amurka ke jagoranta suka janye, yakin da ake yi da Iraqi ya ci gaba da habaka tattalin arziki ta hanyar da Amurka da Birtaniya suka kakaba wa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya takunkumi, bisa hujjar hana Saddam Hussein kayayyakin da ake bukata na kera makaman kare dangi. Abubuwan da aka haramta daga Iraki a ƙarƙashin wannan dalili sun haɗa da ɗimbin abubuwan da ake buƙata don rayuwar yau da kullun.
Alkaluman Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ba a ce uffan ba sun nuna hakan Mutanen Iraqi miliyan 1.7 sun mutu saboda muguwar tsarin sanya takunkumin da kasashen yamma suka yi, wadanda rabinsu yara ne.
Mutuwar jama'a da alama an yi niyya ne. Daga cikin abubuwan da takunkumin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya haramta sun hada da sinadarai da kayan aiki masu mahimmanci ga tsarin kula da ruwa na kasar Iraki. Wani takardan sirri na Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Amurka (DIA) da Farfesa Thomas Nagy na Makarantar Kasuwanci a Jami'ar George Washington ya gano, ya ce, "Tsarin farko na kisan kare dangi a kan mutanen Iraki".
a cikin takarda na Kungiyar Malaman Kisan Kisan Kisan da aka yi a Jami'ar Manitoba, Farfesa Nagi ya bayyana cewa takardar DIA ta bayyana "bayanan mintuna na cikakken hanyar da za a iya yin aiki don 'kaskantar da tsarin kula da ruwa' na al'umma gaba daya" a cikin shekaru goma. Manufar takunkumin za ta haifar da "sharadi na yaduwar cututtuka, gami da cikkaken annoba," don haka "sharar da wani kaso mai tsoka na al'ummar Iraki".
Wannan yana nufin cewa a Iraki kadai, yakin da Amurka ta jagoranta daga 1991 zuwa 2003 ya kashe 'yan Iraki miliyan 1.9; sannan daga 2003 zuwa gaba kusan miliyan 1: jimilla a kasa da miliyan 3 'yan Iraqi sun mutu sama da shekaru ashirin.
Afghanistan
A Afganistan, kiyasin PSR na yawan asarar rayuka kuma na iya zama mai ra'ayin mazan jiya. Watanni shida bayan yakin harin bam a 2001, Jonathan Steele na The Guardian saukar cewa a ko'ina tsakanin 1,300 zuwa 8,000 'yan Afganistan aka kashe kai tsaye, kuma fiye da mutane 50,000 sun mutu ba zato ba tsammani sakamakon yakin kai tsaye.
A cikin littafinsa, Ƙididdigan Jiki: Yawan Mutuwar Duniya Mai Gujewa Tun 1950 (2007), Farfesa Gideon Polya ya yi amfani da wannan dabarar da The Guardian ya yi amfani da ita ga Sashin Yawan Jama'a na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na shekara-shekara don ƙididdige ƙididdiga masu ma'ana na yawan mace-mace. Wani masanin kimiyyar halittu mai ritaya a Jami'ar La Trobe da ke Melbourne, Polya ya kammala cewa jimillar mutuwar Afganistan da za a iya gujewa tun daga 2001 a karkashin yakin da ake ci gaba da yi da kuma hana mamayewa ya kai kusan mutane miliyan 3, kusan 900,000 daga cikinsu jarirai ne 'yan kasa da shekaru biyar.
Kodayake binciken Farfesa Polya ba a buga shi a cikin mujallar ilimi ba, na 2007 jikin Count Masanin ilimin zamantakewa na Jami'ar Jihar California Farfesa Jacqueline Carrigan ya ba da shawarar binciken a matsayin "babban bayanin yanayin mace-mace a duniya" review Jaridar Routledge, Socialism and Democracy ta buga.
Kamar yadda yake a Iraki, shigar Amurka a Afganistan ya fara tun kafin ranar 9 ga Satumba ta hanyar ba da taimakon soji, dabaru da kudi ga Taliban tun daga shekara ta 11 zuwa gaba. Wannan Taimakon Amurka ya haifar da mummunan mamayar da Taliban ta yi wa kusan kashi 90 cikin XNUMX na yankin Afganistan.
A cikin rahoton Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa ta 2001, Ƙaurawar Ƙaura da Mutuwa, babban masanin ilimin cutar Steven Hansch, darektan Relief International, ya lura cewa yawan mace-mace a Afghanistan saboda tasirin yaki a kai tsaye a cikin 1990s na iya kasancewa a ko'ina tsakanin 200,000 da 2 miliyan. . Tarayyar Soviet, ba shakka, ita ma ta ɗauki alhakin rawar da take takawa wajen lalata ababen more rayuwa na farar hula, wanda hakan ya ba da damar mutuwar mutane.
Gabaɗaya, wannan yana nuna cewa jimillar adadin mutanen da suka mutu a Afganistan sakamakon tasirin sa kai tsaye da kuma kai tsaye da Amurka ta jagoranta tun farkon shekaru casa'in har zuwa yanzu zai iya kai miliyan 3-5.
Tauye
Bisa ga alkalumman da aka bincika a nan, jimillar mace-mace daga shiga tsakani na yammacin Turai a Iraki da Afganistan tun daga shekarun 1990 - daga kisan kai tsaye da kuma tasirin da aka yi na yakin basasa - mai yiwuwa ya kasance kusan miliyan 4 (miliyan 2 a Iraki daga 1991-2003). da miliyan 2 daga "yakin da ta'addanci"), kuma zai iya kai mutane miliyan 6-8 lokacin da ake lissafin ƙididdiga masu yawa na mutuwa a Afghanistan.
Irin waɗannan alkalumman na iya yin girma da yawa, amma ba za su taɓa sani ba. Sojojin Amurka da na Burtaniya, a matsayin al'amari na siyasa, sun ki ci gaba da bin diddigin adadin fararen hula da suka mutu a ayyukan soji - rashin dacewa ne.
Saboda tsananin rashin bayanai a Iraki, kusan kammala rashin samun bayanai a Afganistan, da kuma halin ko in kula da gwamnatocin yammacin duniya ke yi na mutuwar fararen hula, ba zai yiwu a iya tantance hakikanin asarar rayuka ba.
Idan babu ko da yuwuwar tabbatarwa, waɗannan alkalumman suna ba da ƙididdiga masu ma'ana dangane da amfani da daidaitattun hanyoyin ƙididdiga zuwa mafi kyawun, idan akwai ƙarancin shaida. Suna ba da alamar ma'aunin lalacewa, idan ba madaidaicin daki-daki ba.
Yawancin wannan mutuwa ta tabbata ta fuskar yaki da zalunci da ta'addanci. Amma duk da haka godiya ga shuruwar kafafen yada labarai, galibin mutane ba su da masaniya kan hakikanin girman ta'addancin da ake tafkawa da sunan su ta zaluncin Amurka da Birtaniya a Iraki da Afghanistan.
Source: Gabas ta Tsakiya Eye
Ra'ayoyin da aka bayyana a cikin wannan labarin na marubucin ne kuma ba lallai ba ne su yi daidai da manufofin edita na Dakatar da Hadin gwiwar Yaki.
Nafisa Ahmed PhD wani ɗan jarida ne mai bincike, masanin harkokin tsaro na duniya kuma marubuci mai ba da labari wanda ke bin abin da ya kira 'rikicin wayewa.' Shi ne wanda ya yi nasara a Kyautar Aikin Censored Project don Fitaccen Aikin Jarida na Bincike don rahotonsa na Guardian game da rikice-rikicen muhalli, makamashi da tattalin arziki na duniya tare da geopolitics da rikice-rikice. Ya kuma rubuta wa The Independent, Sydney Morning Herald, The Age, The Scotsman, Manufofin Harkokin Waje, The Atlantic, Quartz, Prospect, New Stateman, Le Monde diplomatique, New Internationalist. Ayyukansa kan tushen tushe da ayyukan ɓoye da ke da alaƙa da ta'addanci na ƙasa da ƙasa sun ba da gudummawa a hukumance ga Hukumar ta 9/11 da Binciken Coroner na 7/7.
daya Response
Me yasa ba a ambaci kisan kiyashin da kasashen yamma suka haddasa a Syria ba?