George Lakey, Waging Nonviolence, Fabrairu 28, 2022
A cikin tarihi, mutanen da ke fuskantar mamaya sun shiga cikin ikon gwagwarmayar rashin tashin hankali don dakile maharan.
Kamar yadda ya kasance da yawa a duniya, ciki har da dubban jajirtattun Rashawa da ke zanga-zangar nuna rashin amincewa da mumunar mamayar da kasarsu ta yi wa makwabciyarta Ukraine, ina sane da rashin isassun albarkatun kare ‘yancin kai na Ukraine da fatan samun dimokuradiyya. Biden, kasashen NATO, da sauran su suna da karfin tattalin arziki, amma da alama bai isa ba.
Hakika, tura sojoji zuwa ciki zai kara dagula lamarin. Amma idan akwai albarkatun da ba a amfani da su don yin amfani da wutar lantarki wanda ba a yi la'akari da shi ba fa? Idan yanayin albarkatun ya kasance kamar haka: Akwai wani ƙauye wanda shekaru aru-aru ya dogara ga rafi, kuma saboda sauyin yanayi yanzu yana bushewa. Idan aka yi la’akari da albarkatun da ake da su, ƙauyen ya yi nisa da kogin don gina bututun mai, kuma ƙauyen na fuskantar ƙarshensa. Abin da babu wanda ya lura da shi shi ne wani ƙaramin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa a wani rafi a bayan makabartar, wanda - tare da wasu kayan aikin tono - zai iya zama tushen ruwa mai yawa kuma ya ceci ƙauyen?
A kallo na farko shine yanayin Czechoslovakia a ranar 20 ga Agusta, 1968, lokacin da Tarayyar Soviet ta sake tabbatar da ikonta - ikon soja na Czech ba zai iya ceton ta ba. Shugaban kasar, Alexander Dubcek, ya kulle sojojinsa a barikinsu domin dakile wata arangama da ba ta da amfani da za ta iya haifar da rauni da kisa. A yayin da sojojin yarjejeniyar Warsaw suka shiga kasarsa, ya rubuta wa jami'an diflomasiyyarsa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya umarni da su gabatar da kara a wurin, ya kuma yi amfani da tsakar dare wajen shirya kansa domin kama shi da kuma makomar da ke jiransa a birnin Moscow.
Duk da haka, ba tare da Dubcek ba, ko masu ba da rahoto na kasashen waje ko maharan, akwai kwatankwacin tushen ruwa a cikin rafin bayan makabartar. Abin da ya faru shi ne watannin da suka gabata na faɗakarwar siyasa ta hanyar haɓakar ƙungiyoyin masu adawa da juna don ƙirƙirar sabon tsarin zamantakewa: " zamantakewa tare da fuskar ɗan adam." Yawancin Czechs da Slovaks sun riga sun fara motsi kafin mamayewa, suna yin aiki tare yayin da suke cike da farin ciki da haɓaka sabon hangen nesa.
Ƙarfinsu ya taimaka musu da kyau lokacin da aka fara mamayewa, kuma sun inganta sosai. A ranar 21 ga watan Agusta, an sami ɗan taƙaitaccen tsayawa a Prague da aka bayar da rahoton cewa ɗaruruwan dubbai suka gani. Jami'an filin tashi da saukar jiragen sama na Ruzyno sun ki baiwa jiragen Soviet man fetur. A wurare da dama, jama'a sun zauna a kan hanyar tankuna masu zuwa; A wani kauye, 'yan kasar sun kafa sarka na mutane a kan gadar da ke kan kogin Upa na tsawon sa'o'i tara, wanda hakan ya sa tankunan Rasha su juya wutsiya.
An yi fentin swastikas akan tankuna. An rarraba wasu takardu a cikin harsunan Rasha, Jamusanci da kuma Poland suna bayyana wa maharan cewa sun yi kuskure, kuma an gudanar da tattaunawa marar adadi tsakanin sojojin da suka ruɗe da na tsaro da kuma fusatattun matasan Czech. An bai wa rundunonin sojoji kwatance ba daidai ba, an canza alamomin titi har ma da alamun ƙauye, kuma an ƙi ba da haɗin kai da abinci. Tashoshin rediyo na sirri suna watsa shawarwari da juriya ga jama'a.
A rana ta biyu ta mamayar, rahotanni sun ce mutane 20,000 sun yi zanga-zanga a dandalin Wenceslas da ke Prague; A rana ta uku an dakatar da aikin na awa ɗaya ya bar filin cikin ban tsoro. A rana ta hudu matasa dalibai da ma'aikata sun bijirewa dokar hana fita na Tarayyar Soviet ta hanyar yin zaman dare da rana a wani mutum-mutumi na St. Wenceslas. Tara daga cikin mutane 10 da ke kan titunan birnin Prague na sanye da tutocin kasar Czech a cikin kwanonsu. A duk lokacin da Rashawa suka yi ƙoƙarin sanar da wani abu sai mutane suka ta da irin wannan dinkin ta yadda ba a iya jin Rashawa.
An kashe da yawa daga cikin makamashin juriya na raunana ra'ayi da kuma kara rudani na sojojin mamaya. A rana ta uku, hukumomin sojan Soviet suna ba da takarda ga sojojinsu tare da takaddama ga na Czechs. Washegari aka fara zagayawa, tare da sabbin runduna sun shigo cikin biranen don maye gurbin sojojin Rasha. Sojojin, suna fuskantar kullun amma ba tare da barazanar rauni na mutum ba, narke cikin sauri.
Ga Kremlin, da kuma na Czechs da Slovaks, hadarurruka sun yi yawa. Don cimma manufarta na maye gurbin gwamnati, Tarayyar Soviet ta yi rahoton cewa tana son mayar da Slovakia zuwa jamhuriyar Soviet da Bohemia da Moravia zuwa yankuna masu cin gashin kansu karkashin ikon Soviet. Abin da Soviets suka yi watsi da shi, duk da haka, shine irin wannan iko ya dogara ne akan yarda da mutane don a sarrafa su - kuma ba a iya ganin yarda ba.
An tilasta wa Kremlin yin sulhu. Maimakon kama Dubcek da aiwatar da shirinsu, Kremlin ta amince da sasantawa. Bangarorin biyu sun yi sulhu.
A nasu bangare, Czechs da Slovaks sun kasance ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun masu ƙwaƙƙwara, amma ba su da wani shiri mai mahimmanci - shirin da zai iya haifar da amfani da makamansu mafi ƙarfi na ci gaban tattalin arziƙin ba tare da haɗin kai ba, tare da yin amfani da wasu dabaru marasa ƙarfi. Duk da haka, sun cim ma abin da mafi yawan suka gaskata burinsu mafi muhimmanci: ci gaba da gwamnatin Czech maimakon mulkin kai tsaye na Soviets. Idan aka yi la’akari da yanayin, a lokacin babban nasara ce.
Ga masu kallo da yawa a wasu ƙasashe waɗanda suka yi mamaki game da yuwuwar buga ikon da ba na tashin hankali ba don tsaro, Agusta 1968 ya kasance mai buɗe ido. Koyaya, Czechoslovakia, ba shine karo na farko da barazanar wanzuwar rayuwa ta gaske ke haifar da sabon tunani game da ikon da ba a manta da shi na gwagwarmayar tashin hankali ba.
Danmark kuma sanannen masanin dabarun soja
Kamar yadda ake ci gaba da neman ruwan sha wanda zai iya ci gaba da rayuwa, neman iko marar tashin hankali wanda zai iya kare dimokuradiyya yana jawo hankalin masana fasaha: mutanen da suke son yin tunani game da fasaha. Irin wannan mutumin shi ne BH Liddell Hart, sanannen masanin dabarun soja na Burtaniya da na hadu da shi a 1964 a taron Jami'ar Oxford kan Tsaron Farar Hula. (An gaya mini in kira shi "Sir Basil.")
Liddell Hart ya gaya mana cewa gwamnatin Danish ta gayyace shi jim kaɗan bayan yakin duniya na biyu don tuntuɓar su kan dabarun tsaro na soja. Ya yi haka, ya kuma shawarce su da su maye gurbin sojan su da wani kariyar da ba ta dace ba wadda ta samu horon al’umma.
Shawarar da ya ba ni ta sa in yi nazari sosai a kan abin da ’yan Danish suka yi a lokacin da ’yan Nazi na gaba da Jamus suka mamaye da sojoji a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Gwamnatin Danish ta san tabbas cewa tashin hankali ba shi da amfani kuma zai haifar da mutuwa da yanke ƙauna. Maimakon haka, ruhun juriya ya haɓaka duka sama da ƙasa. Sarkin Danish ya yi tsayin daka da ayyuka na alama, yana hawa dokinsa a kan titunan Copenhagen don ci gaba da haɓaka da kuma sanya tauraro na Yahudawa lokacin da gwamnatin Nazi ta ƙara tsananta wa Yahudawa. Mutane da yawa har yanzu sun san game da gudun hijirar Yahudawa mai nasara sosai zuwa tsaka tsaki Sweden improvised ta Danish karkashin kasa.
Yayin da ake ci gaba da zama, 'yan Denmark sun ƙara fahimtar cewa ƙasarsu tana da daraja ga Hitler don haɓakar tattalin arziki. Musamman ma Hitler ya dogara ga Danewa da su kera masa jiragen yaki, wani bangare na shirinsa na mamaye Ingila.
Danes sun fahimci (ba mu duka bane?) cewa idan wani ya dogara da ku don wani abu, yana ba ku iko! Don haka ma'aikatan Danish a cikin dare sun tafi daga kasancewa mafi ƙwararrun masu kera jiragen ruwa a zamaninsu zuwa mafi ƙanƙanta da rashin samarwa. An jefa kayan aiki "batsa" cikin tashar jiragen ruwa, yoyon fitsari "da kansu" a cikin jiragen ruwa, da sauransu. A wasu lokuta ana tura Jamusawan da ke matsananciyar gudu su ja jiragen da ba a gama ba daga Denmark zuwa Hamburg domin a gama su.
Yayin da tsayin daka ya karu, yajin ya zama ruwan dare, tare da ma'aikata da ke barin masana'antu da wuri saboda "Dole ne in koma kula da lambuna yayin da akwai sauran haske, saboda iyalina za su yi yunwa ba tare da kayan lambu ba."
Danes sun sami hanyoyi dubu da daya don hana amfani da su ga Jamusawa. Wannan yaɗaɗɗen ƙirƙira mai kuzari ya bambanta sosai da madadin soja na sanya juriya na tashin hankali - wanda kashi ɗaya kawai na jama'a ke aiwatarwa - wanda zai raunata kuma ya kashe mutane da yawa kuma ya kawo gaɓoɓin fatara ga kusan kowa.
Factoring a cikin rawar horo
An bincika wasu lokuta na tarihi na ƙwaƙƙwaran juriya mara tashin hankali ga mamayewa. 'Yan Norway, ba don 'yan Denmark sun yi nasara ba, sun yi amfani da lokacinsu a karkashin mulkin Nazi ba tare da tashin hankali ba hana Nazi kwace na tsarin makarantar su. Wannan ya kasance duk da takamaiman umarni daga Nazi na Norwegian da aka sanya a cikin ƙasar, Vidkun Quisling, wanda sojojin mamaya na Jamus suka goyi bayansa na mai siyar guda ɗaya ga kowane ɗan Norway 10.
Wani ɗan takarar da na sadu da shi a taron Oxford, Wolfgang Sternstein, ya yi karatunsa a kan Ruhrkampf - 1923 juriya mara tashin hankali daga ma'aikatan Jamus zuwa farmakin da sojojin Faransa da na Beljiyam suka yi a cibiyar samar da kwal da karafa na kwarin Ruhr, wadanda ke kokarin kwace karafa da Jamus ta yi. Wolfgang ya gaya mani gwagwarmaya ce mai matukar tasiri, wanda gwamnatin Jamus ta dimokiradiyya ta wancan lokacin, Jamhuriyar Weimar ta yi kira. A gaskiya ma yana da tasiri sosai cewa gwamnatocin Faransa da na Belgium sun tuno da sojojinsu saboda gaba daya kwarin Ruhr sun shiga yajin aiki. "Bari su tona gawayi da bayonet dinsu," in ji ma'aikatan.
Abin da ya ba ni mamaki game da waɗannan da kuma sauran shari'o'in da aka yi nasara shi ne cewa mayaƙan da ba sa tashin hankali sun tsunduma cikin gwagwarmayarsu ba tare da samun horo ba. Wane kwamandan sojoji ne zai umarci sojoji su yi yaƙi ba tare da horar da su ba?
Na ga irin bambancin da ya yi wa ɗaliban Arewa a Amurka horar da zuwa Kudu zuwa Mississippi da kuma kasadar azabtarwa da kisa a hannun ‘yan bangaran. Lokacin bazara na 'Yanci na 1964 ya ɗauki yana da mahimmanci don horarwa.
Don haka, a matsayina na mai fafutuka mai dogaro da fasaha, ina tunanin ingantacciyar haɗakarwa don tsaro da ke buƙatar dabarun tunani da ingantaccen horo. Sojojin za su yarda da ni. Kuma abin da ke damun hankalina shine babban matakin tasiri na tsaro mara ƙarfi a cikin waɗannan misalan ba tare da fa'ida ko ɗaya ba! Yi la'akari da abin da za su iya cim ma idan an tallafa musu ta hanyar dabaru da horo.
Me ya sa, to, wata gwamnatin dimokuradiyya - ba tare da la'akari da rukunin masana'antu na soja ba - ba za ta so ta bincika yuwuwar tushen tsaro na farar hula ba?
