By Murtaza Hussain and Cora Currier, Tsarin kalma
SIRRIN KARATUN FBI ya gano cewa fushin da sojojin Amurka suka yi a kasashen waje shi ne abin da ya fi daukar hankalin mutanen da ke da hannu a lamarin ta'addanci na 'yan gida. Rahoton ya kuma gano babu wani tsari mai ma'ana da ya dace da "tsattsauran ra'ayi," inda ya karkare da cewa ya kasance kusa da wuya a iya hasashen ayyukan tashin hankali na gaba.
Binciken, wanda The Intercept ya sake duba shi, an gudanar da shi a cikin 2012 da wani sashe na sashen yaki da ta'addanci na FBI da kuma binciken manazarta na leken asiri da jami'an FBI na musamman a duk fadin Amurka wadanda ke da alhakin kusan shari'o'i 200, duka a bayyane da kuma rufe, wadanda suka hada da "'yan tsattsauran ra'ayi na gida. .” Amsoshin binciken sun karfafa matakin da hukumar ta FBI ta dauka na cewa irin wadannan mutane "yawanci sun yi imani da cewa sojojin Amurka na aikata ta'asa a kasashen musulmi, ta yadda suke tabbatar da mugun nufi."
Dangantaka ta yanar gizo da kuma fallasa farfagandar 'yan gwagwarmaya ta harshen Ingilishi da kuma "masu akidar" kamar Anwar al-Awlaki ana kuma ambata su a matsayin "muhimman abubuwan da ke haifar da tsattsauran ra'ayi. Amma korafe-korafe game da matakin sojan Amurka ya kai sama da kowane abu, wanda ya kai kashi 18 cikin 2009 na dukkan shari'o'in, tare da karin wasu kararrakin da suka yi nuni da "yaki da ake yi da Musulunci," "wanda ake ganin ana nuna wariya," ko kuma wasu takamaiman al'amura. Rahoton ya yi nuni da cewa a tsakanin shekara ta 2012 zuwa 10, 16 cikin XNUMX da aka yi yunkurin kai harin ta’addanci ko kuma nasarar da aka samu a Amurka sun kai hari kan cibiyoyin soji ko ma’aikata.
Gabaɗaya, binciken ya tabbatar da "daidaitaccen yanayin tsarin radicalization," wani binciken da ya yi daidai da waje malanta akan batun.
"Mutane da yawa, ayyuka, ko gogewa na iya ba da gudummawa ga tsattsauran ra'ayi," in ji rahoton. "Yana iya zama da wahala, idan ba zai yiwu ba, a iya hasashen kowane mutum ko wane dalili ko hadewar abubuwan da za su haifar da tsattsauran ra'ayi ko yunkurin mutumin zuwa tashin hankali."
Rahoton mai taken "Masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a cikin gida: Bincike Ya Tabbatar da Mahimman Assessments, Ya Bayyana Sabbin Hankali game da Radicalization." An yi kwanan watan Disamba 20, 2012. Wata ƙungiyar FBI mai suna "Americas Fusion Cell" ta bincika jami'an da ke da alhakin 198 "na yanzu da kuma wargaza [masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na gida]," wanda rahoton ya ce yana wakiltar wani yanki na duk "wanda ake jiran, Sunni na Amurka. lokuta masu tsattsauran ra'ayi” a lokacin. Da alama an tsara binciken ne don duba tsattsauran ra'ayin musulmi kawai. (FBI ta ki cewa komai.)
An tambayi wakilai sama da 100 tambayoyi game da batutuwan su don "gano wace rawa, idan akwai," musamman abubuwan da suka taka a cikin tsattsauran ra'ayi - da aka jera a matsayin "sanantattun masu tsattsauran ra'ayi," farfagandar tsattsauran ra'ayi, shiga cikin dandalin yanar gizo, 'yan uwa, " alaƙa da addini. , dalibi, ko ƙungiyoyin jama'a inda aka bayyana ra'ayoyin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi," balaguron balaguro na ƙasashen waje, kurkuku ko ƙwarewar soja, da "muhimman abubuwan rayuwa da / ko koke-koke."
Daga cikin abubuwan da ba su "ba da gudummawa sosai" ga tsattsauran ra'ayi, binciken da aka gano, shine lokacin kurkuku, aikin soja, da balaguron ƙasa. Ko da yake, rahoton ya ce, "a tarihi hukumar FBI ta damu da yuwuwar tarwatsa gidan yari," a zahiri, "sakamakon bincike ya nuna cewa ɗaurin kurkuku ba shi da tasiri sosai." Rahoton ya ƙare tare da shawarwarin da jami'ai suka mayar da hankali kan shafukan yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon, da shafukan yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon, da kuma sauran shafukan yanar gizo na yanar gizo, da kuma ci gaba da sa ido kan "sananan masu tayar da hankali" da wadanda suka tuntube su.
Binciken ya yi daidai da binciken da aka yi a baya, gami da tantance bayanan sirri na FBI na 2011, kwanan nan An sake shi zuwa MuckRock ta hanyar buƙatun bayanan jama'a, wanda ya kammala da cewa "faɗaɗɗen kasancewar sojojin Amurka a ƙasashen waje" wani abu ne mai motsa rai na haɓakar hare-haren da aka shirya, musamman yaƙe-yaƙe a Iraki da Afghanistan. Wannan binciken kuma ya sami "babu tsarin alƙaluma" a tsakanin masu yin makirci.
John Mueller, babban masanin kimiyyar bincike tare da Cibiyar Nazarin Tsaro ta kasa da kasa ta Mershon a Jami'ar Jihar Ohio kuma marubucin "inji John Mueller ya ce "Idan har akwai wani dalili da za a iya gane shi a mafi yawan wadannan lokuta yana da nasaba da fushin abin da ke faruwa a kasashen waje." Neman fatalwowi: Harkokin Ta'addanci."
"Mutane suna karanta rahotannin labarai game da cin zarafi kuma suna fushi," in ji Mueller, ya kara da cewa sau da yawa ana ganin irin wadannan rahotanni a matsayin harin da aka kai a cikin rukuni, addini, ko al'adun gargajiya. "Ba dole ba ne ya zama bayanai daga gidan yanar gizo na masu jihadi da ke fusatar da wani, yana iya zama rahoton New York Times game da harin da jirgin sama mara matuki ya yi wanda ya kashe gungun fararen hula a Afghanistan."
Masu kai hare-hare na baya-bayan nan sun yi la'akari da manufofin ketare na Amurka don tabbatar da tashin hankali. Mujallar Ahmad Rahami da ake zargi da kai harin bama-bamai a Manhattan da New Jersey a watan da ya gabata, ta ba da misali da yake-yake a Iraki, Siriya da Afghanistan. A wata waya mai lamba 911, Omar Mateen, wanda ya kashe mutane 49 a wani gidan rawa na Orlando a farkon wannan shekarar, ya yi ikirarin cewa shi ne. amsa a matsayin ramuwar gayya kan harin da Amurka ta kai kan mayakan ISIS. Tamerlan Tsarnaev ya fadawa masu binciken cewa yake-yaken da aka yi a Iraki da Afganistan ne suka sa shi da dan uwansa suka kai hari a gasar gudun Marathon ta Boston.
A yawancin wadannan lokuta, masana da 'yan siyasa mai da hankali kan rawar da addini ke takawa, wani abu Marc Sageman, tsohon jami'in CIA kuma marubucin "Jihad maras Jagora: Ta'addanci Networks a cikin karni na ashirin da ɗaya," ya bayyana a matsayin "jajayen dabba," yana ambaton tarihin canza akidu da aka yi amfani da su don tabbatar da 'yan ta'adda. ayyuka.
Gwamnatin Amurka ta sanar da shirin kashe miliyoyin daloli kan tsare-tsare na "Kare Rikicin Ta'addanci", wadanda ya kamata su hada al'umma wajen ganowa da kuma dakatar da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi. An soki wadannan tsare-tsare da cewa na nuna wariya, domin kusan sun fi mayar da hankali ne kan al’ummar Musulmi, tare da yin watsi da manufofin siyasa da ke tattare da tsattsauran ra’ayi.
"'Yan siyasa suna ƙoƙari sosai don kada su yi magana game da manufofin kasashen waje ko aikin soja na zama babban mai ba da gudummawa ga ta'addanci na gida," in ji Sageman, ya kara da cewa jajircewar da gwamnati ta yi na raba albarkatun ta'addanci tare da jami'o'i ya hana yin nazari kan batun.
Iyaka na CVE mai da hankali kan shigar da al'umma a bayyane yake a cikin mutane kamar Rahami, waɗanda halayensu ya ɗaga jajayen tutoci ga waɗanda ke kewaye da su; Mahaifin Rahami ya mika shi ga FBI. A nasa shari'a, hukumomi ba su sami isassun shaidun da suka shafi kai harin ba don kama shi, yana mai nuni da irin wahalar da ke tattare da kutsawa mutanen da kungiyoyin 'yan ta'adda za su samu kwarin gwuiwa duk da cewa babu wata alaka ta hakika da su.
Sageman ya ce gazawar tsarin CVE yana nuna rashin fahimtar abin da ke haifar da tashin hankalin siyasa.
"Ta'addanci ya samo asali ne daga mutanen da ke bayyana kansu a cikin wata ƙungiya da ke nuna cewa ana kai hari tare da mayar da martani ga hakan," in ji shi. "Ci gaba da matakin soji na Amurka ba makawa zai haifar da ayyukan ta'addanci a wannan kasa, saboda wasu mazauna yankin za su bayyana kansu tare da wadanda abin ya shafa a kasashen waje."
An samo labarin asali akan The Intercept: https://theintercept.com/2016/10/11/us-military-operations-are-biggest-motivation-for-homegrown-terrorists-fbi-study-finds/
