Amsurukan Yaki na kashe gobara mai guba: Neman utionsarin Magungunan da ke Ruwa

Ta Pat Elder, Disamba 3, 2019

Binciken soja na kumfar iska mai ƙarancin muhalli yayin da akwai wasu zaɓuɓɓuka masu yiwuwa - kuma ana amfani da su ko'ina cikin duniya.

Wani yanki na Ma'aikatar Tsaro na kwanan nan, Binciken Na'urar Bincike Naval Na'urar Bincike Na Neman Kwakwalwa ta Wuta ta PFAS-Free ya ci gaba da yada labaran karya na Pentagon cewa tatsuniyar da ba ta da fitilun zaren da ake samu a kasuwa yanzu ita ce hanyar da ba ta cancanta da tarkunanan cututtukan da suke amfani da su a halin yau da kullun ba.

Sojojin Amurka na amfani da tauraron dan adam masu yin fim (AFFF) don kashe gobarar mai, musamman wadanda suka shafi jirgin sama. Rahoton DOD a cikin Nuwamba, labarin 2019:

“Muhimmin abu wanda ke sanya kwari suyi tasiri sune fluorocarbon Katarine Hinnant, injiniyan sinadarai a Naval Laboratory Bincike a Washington. Matsalar fluorocarbons ita ce basa kaskantarwa da zarar anyi amfani dasu. Kuma wannan ba alheri bane ga mutane, ita ya ce. "

Wannan sauti ne na gaske, amma magana ce ta wuce gona da iri da ta fito daga wata cibiya wacce ta san cewa waɗannan sunadarai masu guba ne ga ƙarni biyu, ya gurɓata manyan sassan duniya da su, kuma yana da niyyar ci gaba da amfani da su. Abin damuwa ne cewa yawancin duniya sun wuce bayan kumfa masu haifar da cutar kansa kuma sun fara amfani da ƙwarewa sosai gari-kyauta foams yayin da sojojin Amurka suka dage game da ci gaba da amfani da sinadarin carcinogens. 

Dole ne mu fahimci ilimin Pentagon. Bayan bayanin injiniyan sunadarai da ke sama, DOD ya ambaci EP “tsawon rayuwar shan ruwan sha na bada shawara ga abubuwa guda biyu cikin dangin PFAS: perfluorooctane sulfonate, ko PFOS, da acid na perfluorooctanoic, ko PFOA.”  

Sojoji da masu kare kamfani na amfani da gurɓataccen iska mai guba mai kama da wuta wanda ke kutsawa cikin ƙasa da gurɓata ruwan sha na cikin gida galibi suna mai da hankali kan amfani da PFOS da PFOA. Waɗannan su ne nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan lalacewar dangin sama da 5,000 da ake zargi da cutar PFAS (per-da poly fluoroalkyl). Waɗanda suka ba mu guba za su so mu taɓa sanin yawan biliyoyin galan na ruwa a cikin akwatinan mu - ko yadudduka na ƙasarmu sun gurɓata ta waɗannan kemikal ɗin guda biyu, tare da wasu nau'ikan sauran magungunan sunadarai na PFAS.

Don haka, suna dakile sakon kuma sun daina amfani da ire-iren wadannan nau'ikan PFAS guda biyu yayin da suke ci gaba da amfani da wasu ire-iren abubuwan maye gurbi na cututtukan fata. Ga yadda suka sanya shi:  

"A wannan shekara, Rundunar Sojan ruwa ta sabunta bayanin aikin soja na rundunar ta AFFF iyaka ga PFOS da PFOA a mafi ƙarancin matakan ganowa kuma cire buƙatun fluorine. Labarin Binciken Naval yana kokarin nemo a musanyawa ga AFFF wanda yake tasiri ne don kashe gobarar mai amma bashi da PFAS. ”

Gyara gyare-gyare na kwanan nan yana cire buƙatun fluorine yana canza ƙayyadaddun aiki wanda yake aiki tun 1967. Navy ya fara kafawa Mil Spec -F-24385,  da takamaiman bayani dakaru na Sojoji na shirya Fim, suna bayar da umarnin amfani da kwari masu haifar da cutar kansa. Ana iya ganin wannan a matsayin ci gaba, kodayake sojoji ba a zahiri su keɓar da ɓarna a kan carcinogenic da ake amfani da su a duk duniya.

Mafi yawan duniya suna bin jagorancin Civilungiyar Civilungiyoyin Aviwararru ta Duniya (ICAO) don sarrafawa da gudanar da tafiyar jirgin sama na duniya. Hukumar ICAO ta amince da rukunin wutar fitilun kashe goge da yawa (wanda aka sani da F3) wanda ya yi daidai da aikin AFFF da sojojin Amurka suka yi amfani da shi. F3 foams ana amfani da su sosai a manyan filayen jirgin saman duniya, ciki har da manyan cibiyoyin kasa da kasa irin su Dubai, Dortmund, Stuttgart, London Heathrow, Manchester, Copenhagen, da Auckland Koln, da Bonn. Dukkanin manyan filayen jirgin saman 27 a Ostiraliya sun ƙaura zuwa F3 foams. Kamfanoni na kamfanoni masu amfani da F3 foams sun hada da BP da ExxonMobil.

Turawa da golaaths na masana'antu sun fi damuwa da lafiya da amincin duniyar su fiye da Pentagon. 

Turawa suna aiki tare da ICAO a bayyane suna nuna rashin jin dadinsu a tsarin Amurka wanda ya ba da riba na kamfanoni sama da lafiyar jama'a. Kungiyar kwararru ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Kafa Cibiyar kawar da gurbata yanayi, (IPEN), an tattara a cikin Rome a 2018. IPEN cibiyar sadarwar duniya ce ta ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu masu sha'awar jama'a da ke aiki tare don duniyar da ba a samar da magunguna masu guba ko amfani da su ta hanyoyin da ke cutar da lafiyar ɗan adam da mahalli. Panelungiyar ta ba da rahoto game da kumfa masu yaƙar wuta. Rahotonsu ya nuna halin ko in kula game da halin ko in kula na Amurka da wannan cuta ta lafiyar mutane. 

"Akwai babban juriya daga bukatun masu amfani da kungiyoyin masu kauracewar wakiltar masana'antar sunadarai ta Amurka ga waɗannan canje-canje, tare da mutane da yawa ikirari mara tushe ko tatsuniyoyi da tatsuniyoyi, suna watsi da tasiri da kuma aiki mai inganci ko amincin rigunan inzain rashin lafiya. ”

Akwai yaƙe-yaƙe tsakanin Turai da Amurka game da amfani da waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta, gabaɗaya ƙarshen radar na kafofin watsa labarun Amurka na amfani. Sakamakon lafiyar mutane a duniya yana da matukar rikitarwa. 

Yawancin lokaci akwai kayan zinger a cikin waɗannan abubuwan da DOD ke ɗauka kuma ga wannan a kan onan wasan chemist ɗin Navy wanda ke neman kumburi mara ɓarna: 

“Kodayake EPA ta bayyana PFOS da PFOA a matsayin mai yuwuwar cutarwa a ciki shawararsu ta lafiya, in ji Hinnant, wasu PFAS na iya daukar cutarwa zuwa gaba. Don haka, masana kimiyyar magunguna a dakin bincike na Naval suna nema kumburi mara amfani, ko F3, sauyawa wanda ba cutarwa ga lafiya kuma hakan na iya kashe gobarar cikin sauri, in ji ta. ”

"Wasu PFAS za a iya ɗaukarsu cutarwa a nan gaba?" Wannan wata sanarwa ce mai ban tsoro saboda yawancin cibiyoyin ilimi na duniya da masana kimiyya, tare da gwamnatocin jihohi da na tarayya, sun sauya zuwa manyan abubuwan da ba za su iya yin maganin cututtukan cututtukan fata ba, wadanda ba su da maganin zazzabi. Wannan saboda sun mai da hankali ga ilimin ne kuma suna motsawa don kare mutanensu. 

Pentagon yana sadarwa da wani abu anan. Lokacin da suka rubuta, “Sauran PFAS ana iya ɗaukar su masu cutarwa a nan gaba,” ba sa nufin kimiyya. Sun san ilimin lalata a cikin shekaru 50. Madadin haka, suna magana ne game da EPA ko Majalisa da kuma iska da ba za a iya hango ta ba na canjin siyasa. Wahalar ɗan adam da lalata muhalli ba zai hana ayyukan Pentagon ba, amma EPA ko Majalisa wataƙila wata rana.  

Sojojin sun fahimci cewa kyale kumatu daga ayyukan kashe gobara na yau da kullun zuwa cikin kasar na haifar da babbar illa ga lafiyar jama'a ga al'ummomi masu zuwa. Sun san cewa carcinogens suna tafiya a cikin ƙasa don gurɓata rijiyoyin birni da masu zaman kansu, suna samar da hanya kai tsaye ga shigar mutum. Sun fahimci cewa PFAS tana wucewa daga madarar uwa zuwa jariri. Sun san yana haifar da koda, hanta da cancer na fata kuma yana haifar da mummunan bala'i da yawancin cututtukan yara. Sun sani kuma basa damuwa. 

Karshen wannan shirin na PFAS mai alaka da PODAS mai alaka da DOD ya ce sojoji za su ci gaba da binciken kwakwaf marasa amfani, "Spencer Giles, wani kamfanin binciken kimiyyar Naval Research in based based Washington, ya ce idan wani abu ya nuna alkawura, to za a isar da shi ga dakin binciken Navy a Maryland, Inda aka yi gwajin ƙonewa mai girma. ”

Dakin binciken Naval, Chesapeake Bay Detachment (NRL-CBD)

Wannan dakin binciken shine Cibiyar Binciken Naval, Chesapeake Bay Detachment (NRL-CBD) a cikin Chesapeake Beach, Maryland, cibiyar da aka gurbata sosai kusan mil mil 35 kudu maso gabashin Washington. NRL-CBD tana samar da wurare ga NRL da ke Washington don binciken kashe-kashe.

Tarihin soja na wurin, tare da kyakkyawan kallo sama da Chesapeake, ya koma zuwa 1941. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Sojojin Ruwa suna amfani da shafin don tarin gwaje-gwajen lalata muhalli, gami da amfani da uranium na halitta, uranium da ya lalace (DU) , da kuma thorium. Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta gudanar da DU a cikin tasirin tasirin saurin gudu a cikin Gina 218C da Ginin 227.  Amfani da DU na ƙarshe a bakin Chesapeake ya kasance a faɗin 1992. Amfani da PFAS a cikin gwaje-gwajen kashe gobara, duk da haka, shine mafi munin laifin muhalli na Rundunar Sojan Ruwa a wannan kyakkyawan yankin Maryland. 

Tun daga 1968, An yi amfani da Yankin Koyar da Wuta don gwada kashe masu aiki akan gobarar da ta fara daga maɓuɓɓukan mai. An gudanar da gwaje-gwajen ne ta hanyar kirkirar wuta a kan wani matattarar gwaji ta hanyar kona kayan mai da suka hada da fetur, dizal, da mai. Dangane da rahoto kan PFAS ta hanyar CH2M Hill a 2017:

Wadannan ayyukan suna amfani da wuraren bude kone biyu da gidajen shan taba. Wuta wadanda aka gwada wajan sun hada da AFFF [finafinan finafinai mai cike da kumfa], PKP (bicarbonate potassium), halons, da kumfa mai gina jiki (“miyan wake”). Yawanci, ruwan sha da ke ɗauke da waɗannan mafita an saka shi cikin rami mai riƙe da a yarda ya sha a hankali a cikin ƙasa.  

Wannan laifi ne ga bil'adama da qasa. 

A cikin 2018 da DOD sun haɗa da Chesapeake Bay Detachment akan jerin rukunin wuraren sojoji da aka lalata da PFAS.  An nuna ruwan karkashin kasa yana dauke da sassan 241,010 da tiriliyan (ppt) na PFOS / PFOA.

EPA da jihar Maryland ba su da ƙa'idodin aiwatarwa a cikin su don kiyaye mulkin sojan, halayen lalata. A halin yanzu, wasu jihohi suna iyakance sinadaran da ke cikin ƙasa zuwa matakan ƙarƙashin 20 ppt. NRL-CBD na matakan PFAS mai ban mamaki da ban mamaki, musamman don tushe ba tare da titin titi ba. Shekaru biyu masu fasahar Navy ke ta zirga-zirga daga Washington zuwa “rairayin bakin teku” don gudanar da gwaje-gwaje. 

Rundunar Sojojin Sama ta ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayin wata yar karamar martaba game da gurbatawar. Yawancin mutane a cikin Chesapeake Beach ba su da masaniya da matsalar, yayin da 'yan jaridun Kudancin Maryamu suka yi watsi da batun. Babu wani binciken da jama'a suka yi game da shirin gwajin makami na Navy na rijiyoyin masu zaman kansu a cikin al'umman da ke kewaye.  

A duk faɗin ƙasar, Sojojin Sama sun gwada rijiyoyin a cikin al'ummomin kusa da wuraren aikinsu. A Kogin Chesapeake Navy bai taɓa gwada rijiyoyin maƙwabta ba waɗanda ke rayuwa game da ƙafafun 1,000 daga ramin mai ƙone da aka yi amfani da shi shekaru da yawa.

a cikin wannan Canjin 2017, wakilan sashen Maryland Dept na muhalli da kuma rundunar sojan ruwa sun tattauna ko gurbatar daga saman ruwa, wato, ruwan karkashin kasa mafi kusa da farfajiyar, daga 3 'zuwa 10' a ƙasa, zai iya isa zurfin ramin, wanda mafi yawan rijiyoyin yankin suke diban ruwan su. Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta ce rijiyoyin cikin gida na arewacin Chesapeake Beach base "an yi imanin cewa za a duba su a cikin Piney Point Aquifer," kuma wannan yana kasa da wani yanki, "an yi imanin cewa za a ci gaba ta yadda za a ci gaba.

Don zama a bayyane, Navy yana jayayya cewa babu wata hanyar da gurɓataccen zai iya kaiwa zuwa ƙananan ruwa yayin da ma'aikatar muhalli ta Maryland ke cewa "ba za a iya fayyace cewa wannan yanki yana ƙarƙashin cikakkiyar ma'anar da kuma ci gaba a gaba ba." A wani kalmomi, jihar tana cewa mai yuwuwa ga masu ƙwaƙwalwa daga horon wuta don isa wurin ruwan mutane.

Gabaɗaya, Sojojin Ruwa sunyi samfurin rijiyoyi 40 a yankin. An sami rijiyoyi uku daga cikin duka 40 dauke da PFAS, kodayake Navy ba ya bayyana ainihin matakan. A bayyane yake, rafuffukan ba sa rabuwa ta hanyar “ci gaba da tsare su gaba daya,” In ba haka ba ba za a sami gurbi ba. 

Ya kasance kwatsam farkawa a cikin Amurka game da waɗannan sinadaran a cikin 'yan watannin da suka gabata, kodayake sojoji sun tsere da yawa daga cikin binciken. 

Kafofin watsa labaru ba su yi jinkiri ba don ɗaukar hoto, yayin da Pentagon ta ɗauki nauyin yanar gizo mai ruɗi.