Ta hannun David Swanson, Oktoba 5, 2020
An cire daga Barin yakin duniya na Biyu
Hitler a bayyane yake yana shirin yaƙi tun kafin ya fara shi. Hitler ya sake sanya Rhineland, ya hade da Ostiriya, ya kuma yi barazanar Czechoslovakia. Manya-manyan jami'ai a cikin sojan na Jamus da "leken asiri" sun yi niyyar juyin mulki. Amma Hitler ya sami farin jini da duk wani matakin da ya dauka, kuma rashin samun kowane irin adawa daga Birtaniyya ko Faransa ya ba da mamaki da kuma karya gwiwar masu kokarin juyin mulkin. Gwamnatin Birtaniyya tana sane da makarkashiyar juyin mulkin kuma tana sane da shirye-shiryen yakin, amma duk da haka ta zabi kin goyon bayan masu adawa da 'yan Nazi na siyasa, ba goyon bayan masu yunkurin juyin mulkin ba, ba shiga yakin ba, ba barazanar shiga yakin, ba don katange Jamus ba, ba da hankali ba game da daina ba wa Jamus kayan aiki, ba don kiyaye yarjejeniyar Kellogg-Briand ta hanyar shari'ar kotu irin wadanda za su faru bayan yakin Nuremberg amma suna iya faruwa kafin yakin (aƙalla tare da waɗanda ake tuhuma in absentia) game da harin da Italiya ta kai wa Habasha ko harin da Jamus ta kai wa Czechoslovakia, ba don neman Amurka ta shiga cikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ba, ba wai neman Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi aiki ba, ba da yada farfaganda ga al'ummar Jamusawa don nuna goyon baya ga turjiya, ba kwashewa ba wadanda aka yi musu barazanar kisan kare dangi, ba don gabatar da taron zaman lafiya a duniya ko kirkirar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ba, kuma kada su kula da abin da Tarayyar Soviet ke fada.
Tarayyar Soviet tana ba da shawarar yarjejeniya kan Jamus, yarjejeniya tare da Ingila da Faransa don yin aiki tare idan an kai musu hari. Ingila da Faransa ba su da ɗan sha'awar ma. Tarayyar Soviet ta gwada wannan hanyar tsawon shekaru har ma ta shiga cikin League of Nations. Ko da Poland ba ta da sha'awa. Tarayyar Soviet ita ce kawai al'umma da ta ba da shawarar shiga don yin yaƙi don Czechoslovakia idan Jamus ta kai mata hari, amma Poland - wacce ya kamata ta san cewa ita ce ta gaba a layin cin zarafin Nazi - ta hana hanyar Soviet ta isa Czechoslovakia. Poland, daga baya kuma Soviet Union ta mamaye, na iya jin tsoron sojojin Soviet ba za su ratsa ta ba amma su mamaye ta. Duk da yake Winston Churchill da alama ya kusan yin ɗokin yaƙi da Jamus, Neville Chamberlain ba wai kawai ya ƙi ba da haɗin kai ga Tarayyar Soviet ba ne ko kuma ya ɗauki duk wani matakin tashin hankali ko nuna ƙarfi a madadin Czechoslovakia, amma a zahiri ya buƙaci Czechoslovakia ba ta ƙi, kuma a zahiri an ba Kadarorin Czechoslovakian a Ingila zuwa ga Nazis. Chamberlain da alama ya kasance a gefen Nazis fiye da abin da zai ba da ma'ana a cikin hanyar zaman lafiya, lamarin da bukatun kasuwancin da ya saba yi a madadin ba su raba shi gaba ɗaya. A nasa bangaren, Churchill ya kasance mai sha'awar fasikanci wanda masana tarihi ke zargin shi daga baya ya yi tunanin girka Duke na Windsor mai tausayawa na Nazi a matsayin mai mulkin fascist a Ingila, amma mafi yawan sha'awar Churchill na shekaru da yawa kamar ya kasance don yaƙi kan zaman lafiya.
Matsayin mafi yawan gwamnatin Birtaniyya daga 1919 har zuwa haɓakar Hitler da bayanta ya kasance daidaitaccen goyon baya don ci gaban gwamnati mai cancanta a cikin Jamus. Duk wani abin da za a yi don hana kwaminisanci da masu ra'ayin barin mulkin Jamus goyan baya. Tsohon Firayim Ministan Biritaniya kuma Shugaban Jam’iyyar Liberal David Lloyd George a ranar 22 ga Satumba, 1933, ya ce: “Na san akwai munanan ayyuka na ta'addanci a Jamus kuma duk muna baƙin ciki da la'antar su. Amma kasar da take ratsawa ta hanyar juyin juya hali koyaushe tana fuskantar abin da ya faru ne saboda hukuncin adalci da wani dan tawaye mai fushi ya kame nan da can. ” Idan kawancen Hadin gwiwar suka hambarar da Naziyanci, Lloyd George ya yi kashedi, “matsananci kwaminisanci” zai maye gurbinsa. "Tabbas wannan ba zai iya zama manufarmu ba," in ji shi.[i]
Don haka, wannan shine matsala tare da Naziyanci: aan munanan apples! Dole ne mutum ya kasance mai fahimta yayin lokutan juyi. Kuma, banda haka, Birtaniyyawa sun gaji da yaƙi bayan WWI. Amma abin ban haushi shine nan da nan bayan ƙarshen WWI, lokacin da babu wanda zai iya gaji da yaƙi saboda WWI, juyin juya hali ya faru - ɗayan tare da rabonsa na mummunan tuffa waɗanda za a iya jurewa da ƙarfi: juyin juya halin a Rasha. Lokacin da juyin juya halin Rasha ya faru, Amurka, Birtaniyya, Faransa, da kawayenta sun aika da tallafi na farko a cikin 1917, sannan kuma sojoji a 1918, zuwa cikin Rasha don tallafawa bangaren yakin neman kawo sauyi. Ta hanyar 1920 waɗannan ƙasashe masu fahimta da son zaman lafiya sun yi yaƙi a Rasha a cikin yunƙurin gazawa don kifar da gwamnatin juyin juya halin Rasha. Duk da yake wannan yaƙin ba safai yake sanya shi cikin littattafan rubutu na Amurka ba, Russia za ta tuna da shi a farkon farkon ƙarni na adawa da ƙiyayya mai ƙarfi daga Amurka da Yammacin Turai, ƙawancen yayin WWII duk da haka.
A cikin 1932, Cardinal Pacelli, wanda a 1939 zai zama Paparoma Pius XII, ya rubuta wasiƙa zuwa ga Zikiri ko Center Party, jam’iyya ta uku mafi girma a cikin Jamusawa. Cardinal din ya damu da yuwuwar karuwar kwaminisanci a Jamus, kuma ya shawarci Centre Party da ta taimaka ta sanya shugabar Hitler. Daga nan kan Zikiri goyi bayan Hitler.[ii]
Shugaba Herbert Hoover, wanda ya rasa mallakar mai na Rasha saboda juyin juya halin Rasha, ya yi imanin cewa Soviet Union na buƙatar murƙushewa.[iii]
Duke na Windsor, wanda shi ne Sarkin Ingila a 1936 har sai da ya sauka daga auren matar da ta auri Wallis Simpson daga Baltimore, ya sha tea tare da Hitler a tsaunin Bavaria na Hitler a 1937. Duke da Duchess sun zagaya masana'antar Jamus da ke kera makamai a ciki shiri don WWII, da kuma “bincika” sojojin Nazi. Sun ci abinci tare da Goebbels, Göring, Speer, da Ministan Harkokin Waje Joachim von Ribbentrop. A cikin 1966, Duke ya tunatar da cewa, “[Hitler] ya sa na fahimci cewa Red Russia ita ce makiyi kaɗai, kuma Burtaniya da duk Turai suna da sha'awar ƙarfafa Jamus su yi fito-na-fito da gabas da kuma murƙushe kwaminisanci gaba ɗaya . . . . Ina tsammanin cewa mu kanmu za mu iya kallon yadda Nazis da Reds za su yaƙi juna. ”[iv]
Shin '' sanyaya rai '' shine hukuncin da ya dace ga mutanen da suke da sha'awar zama 'yan kallo don kisan gilla?[v]
Akwai wani ɗan ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyen ɓoye a cikin WWII, yaƙin da yake da datti da ba za ku yi tunanin zai iya samun ƙaramin ɓoyayyen sirri ba, amma wannan ne: babban abokin gaba na Yamma kafin, lokacin, da kuma bayan yaƙin ya kasance barazanar Rasha ta kwaminisanci . Abin da Chamberlain ya kasance a bayan Munich ba wai kawai zaman lafiya ne tsakanin Jamus da Ingila ba, har ma da yaƙi tsakanin Jamus da Soviet Union. Ya kasance babban buri, buri mai gamsarwa, da kuma burin da a ƙarshe aka cimma nasara. Soviet sun yi ƙoƙarin yin yarjejeniya da Birtaniyya da Faransa amma an juya musu baya. Stalin yana son sojojin Soviet a cikin Poland, waɗanda Birtaniyya da Faransa (da Poland) ba za su yarda da shi ba. Don haka, Tarayyar Soviet ta sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya ba tare da zalunci da Jamus ba, ba kawancen shiga wani yaki da Jamus ba, amma yarjejeniya ba za ta kai wa juna hari ba, da kuma yarjejeniyar raba Turai ta Yamma. Amma, tabbas, Jamus ba ta nufin hakan. Hitler kawai yana so a bar shi shi kadai don kai hari Poland. Kuma haka ya kasance. A halin yanzu, Soviets sun nemi ƙirƙirar abin adana da faɗaɗa daularsu ta hanyar kai hari ga jihohin Baltic, Finland, da Poland.
Mafarkin Yammacin Turai na rusa kwaminisancin Rasha, da amfani da rayukan Jamusawa don aikata shi, ya zama kamar ya fi kusa. Daga Satumba na 1939 zuwa Mayu na 1940, Faransa da Ingila a hukumance suna yaƙi da Jamus, amma ba za su yi yaƙi ba. Tarihi ya san wannan zamanin da “Waƙar Wayo.” A zahiri, Burtaniya da Faransa suna jiran Jamus ta kaiwa Soviet Union hari, abin da ta yi, amma sai bayan ta kai hari Denmark, Norway, Holland, Belgium, Faransa, da Ingila. Jamus ta yaƙi WWII ta ɓangarorin biyu, yamma da gabas, amma galibi gabas. Kusan 80% na raunin da Jamusawa suka yi suna kan gabacin gabas. Rashawa sun rasa, bisa ga lissafin Rasha, rayuka miliyan 27.[vi] Barazanar kwaminisanci, ta tsira.
Lokacin da Jamus ta mamaye Soviet Union a cikin 1941, Sanatan Amurka Robert Taft ya bayyana ra'ayin da aka gudanar a duk faɗin siyasa da na farar hula da jami'ai a cikin sojojin Amurka lokacin da ya ce Joseph Stalin "shi ne mafi zaluncin kama-karya a duniya," kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa “Nasarar kwaminisanci. . . zai zama mafi hatsari fiye da nasarar fascism. "[vii]
Sanata Harry S Truman ya ɗauki abin da za a iya kira daidaitaccen hangen nesa, kodayake bai daidaita tsakanin rayuwa da mutuwa ba: “Idan muka ga cewa Jamus tana cin nasara ya kamata mu taimaki Rasha kuma idan Rasha ta ci nasara ya kamata mu taimaki Jamus, kuma ta wannan hanyar bari suna kashe mutane yadda ya kamata, kodayake ba na son ganin Hitler ya yi nasara a kowane yanayi. ”[viii]
Dangane da ra'ayin Truman, lokacin da Jamus ta hanzarta shiga Tarayyar Soviet, Shugaba Roosevelt ya ba da shawarar tura agaji zuwa Tarayyar Soviet, saboda shawarar da ya samu mummunar la'anta daga waɗanda ke hannun dama a cikin siyasar Amurka, da kuma juriya daga cikin gwamnatin Amurka.[ix] Amurka ta yi alkawarin ba da taimako ga Soviet, amma kashi uku cikin huɗu - aƙalla a wannan matakin - bai iso ba.[X] Soviets suna yin lahani ga sojojin Nazi fiye da sauran ƙasashe gaba ɗaya, amma suna gwagwarmaya cikin ƙoƙari. A madadin tallafin da aka yi alkawarinta, Tarayyar Soviet ta nemi amincewar ta riƙe, bayan yaƙin, yankunan da ta ƙwace a Gabashin Turai. Burtaniya ta bukaci Amurka da ta amince, amma Amurka, a wannan lokacin, ta ki.[xi]
A madadin tallafin da aka yi alkawalin ko sassaucin yanki, Stalin ya yi roƙo na uku daga Birtaniyya a watan Satumba na 1941. Wannan ita ce: yi yaƙi da mummunan harin! Stalin yana son buɗewa ta biyu a kan 'yan Nazi a yamma, mamayewar Birtaniyya da Faransa, ko kuma madadin sojojin Burtaniya da aka tura don taimakawa gabas. Soviet ba su da irin wannan taimako, kuma sun fassara wannan ƙin a matsayin sha'awar ganin sun raunana. Kuma suka raunana; duk da haka sun yi nasara. A lokacin bazarar 1941 da damuna mai zuwa, Sojojin Soviet sun juya kan 'yan Nazi a wajen Moscow. Rashin nasarar Jamusawa ya fara ne tun kafin Amurka ma ta shiga yakin, kuma kafin duk mamayar yamma ta Faransa.[xii]
Wannan mamayewar dogon lokaci ne mai zuwa. A watan Mayu na 1942 Ministan Harkokin Wajen Soviet Vyacheslav Molotov ya sadu da Roosevelt a Washington, kuma sun ba da sanarwar shirye-shiryen buɗe gaban yamma a bazarar. Amma hakan bai kasance ba. Churchill ya shawo kan Roosevelt maimakon ya mamaye Arewacin Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya inda Nazis ke barazanar mallakar mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya da bukatun mai.
Abin mamaki, a lokacin rani na 1942, gwagwarmayar Soviet game da Nazis ta sami irin wannan kyakkyawar labarin a cikin Amurka, cewa yawancin mutane sun fi son buɗewar Amurka da Birtaniyya na gaba gaba kai tsaye. Motocin Amurka suna ɗauke da sanduna masu ɗauke da rubutun “Second Front Now”. Amma gwamnatocin Amurka da na Birtaniyya sun yi biris da bukatar. Soviet, a halin yanzu, suna ci gaba da tura Nazi.[xiii]
Idan kun koya game da WWII daga finafinan Hollywood da sanannun al'adun Amurka, ba za ku san cewa Soviet ne suka yi yawancin yaƙi da Nazis ba, cewa idan yaƙin yana da babban mai nasara to lallai Soviet Union ne. Haka kuma ba za ku san cewa yawancin yahudawa sun rayu ba saboda sun yi ƙaura zuwa gabas a cikin Tarayyar Soviet kafin WWII ko suka tsere zuwa gabas a cikin Tarayyar Soviet yayin da Nazi suka mamaye. Ta hanyar 1943, da tsada mai yawa ga ɓangarorin biyu, Russia ta sake tura Jamusawa zuwa Jamus, har yanzu ba tare da taimako mai ƙarfi daga yamma ba. A watan Nuwamba na 1943, a Tehran, Roosevelt da Churchill sun yiwa Stalin alkawarin mamaye Faransa a bazarar da ta biyo baya, Stalin kuma ya yi alƙawarin yaƙar Japan da zaran an ci Jamus. Amma duk da haka, har sai 6 ga Yuni, 1944, sannan sojojin Hadin gwiwar suka sauka a Normandy. A wannan batun, Soviet ta mamaye yawancin Yammacin Turai. Amurka da Birtaniyya sun yi farin ciki saboda Soviet sun aikata yawancin kisa da mutuwa tsawon shekaru, amma ba sa son Soviet su zo Berlin kuma su bayyana nasara su kaɗai.
Nationsasashe uku sun amince da cewa duk masu mika wuya dole ne su kasance duka kuma dole ne a sanya su duka ukun gaba ɗaya. Koyaya, a cikin Italia, Girka, Faransa, da sauran wurare Amurka da Birtaniyya sun yanke Rasha kusan gaba ɗaya, sun hana kwaminisanci, sun daina nuna adawa ga 'yan Nazi, kuma sun sake sanya gwamnatocin haƙƙoƙin da theasar ta Italiya, alal misali, suka kira “fascism ba tare da Mussolini. ”[xiv] Bayan yakin, a cikin shekarun 1950, Amurka, a cikin “Operation Gladio,” za ta “bar baya” da ‘yan leken asiri da‘ yan ta’adda da masu yin zagon kasa a kasashen Turai daban-daban don kauce wa duk wani tasirin kwaminisanci.
An tsara asali don ranar farko ta ganawar Roosevelt da Churchill tare da Stalin a Yalta, Amurka da Birtaniyya sun yi ruwan bama-bamai a garin Dresden, suna lalata gine-ginenta da zane-zane da kuma fararen hula, da alama wata hanya ce ta yin barazanar Rasha.[xv] Daga nan Amurka ta ci gaba kuma ta yi amfani da bama-bamai na nukiliya a biranen Japan, shawarar da aka zartar, a wani bangare, ta son ganin Japan ta mika wuya ga Amurka ita kadai, ba tare da Tarayyar Soviet ba, kuma da burin yin barazanar Tarayyar Soviet.[xvi]
Nan da nan kan mika wuya daga Jamusawa, Winston Churchill ya ba da shawarar amfani da sojojin Nazi tare da sojojin ƙawance don kai hari kan Tarayyar Soviet, al'ummar da ta yi yawancin aikin fatattakar Nazis.[xvii] Wannan ba tsari ne na kashe-da-cuff ba. Amurka da Birtaniyya sun nemi cimma nasarar mika wuya ga Jamusawa, sun sa sojojin na Jamus makamai kuma suna a shirye, kuma sun tattauna da kwamandojin Jamusawa kan darussan da suka koya daga gazawar su da Russia. Farwa Rashawa da wuri ba da daɗewa ba ra'ayi ne wanda Janar George Patton, da wanda ya maye gurbin Hitler Admiral Karl Donitz, ba tare da ambaton Allen Dulles da OSS ba. Dulles ya samar da wata zaman lafiya daban da Jamus a Italiya don yankewa Russia, kuma ya fara lalata dimokiradiyya a Turai nan da nan tare da ƙarfafa tsoffin 'yan Nazi a Jamus, tare da shigar da su cikin sojojin Amurka don mayar da hankali kan yaƙi da Rasha.[xviii]
Lokacin da sojojin Amurka da na Soviet suka fara haɗuwa a Jamus, ba a gaya musu cewa suna yaƙi da juna ba tukuna. Amma a cikin tunanin Winston Churchill sun kasance. Ba za a iya ƙaddamar da yaƙi mai zafi ba, shi da Truman da wasu sun ƙaddamar da na sanyi. (Asar Amirka ta yi aiki don tabbatar da cewa kamfanonin Yammacin Jamus za su sake ginawa da sauri amma ba za su biya bashin bashin bashin Tarayyar Soviet ba. Yayin da Soviets suke son ficewa daga ƙasashe kamar Finland, buƙatunsu na ajiye tsakanin Rasha da Turai ya taurare yayin Yakin Cacar Baki ya haɓaka kuma ya zo ya haɗa da “diflomasiyyar nukiliya” ta iska. Yakin Cacar Baki ya kasance abin nadama ne, amma zai iya zama mafi muni. Yayin da ita kadai ke da mallakar makaman nukiliya, gwamnatin Amurka, karkashin jagorancin Truman, ta tsara tsare-tsaren yakin nukiliya mai karfi a kan Tarayyar Soviet, kuma ta fara kera tarin makamai da makaman nukiliya da B-29s don isar da su. Kafin 300 da ake son bama-bamai na nukiliya suka kasance a shirye, masana kimiyya na Amurka a asirce suka ba da Tarayyar Soviet asirin bam - wani yunƙuri da ƙila ya cika abin da masana kimiyya suka ce sun yi niyya, maye gurbin kisan gilla tare da tsayawa.[xix] Masana kimiyya a yau sun san abubuwa da yawa game da yuwuwar sakamakon faduwa bama-bamai 300 na nukiliya, wanda ya haɗa da hunturu makaman nukiliya na duniya da yunwa mai yawa ga ɗan adam.
Rashin jituwa, makaman nukiliya, shirye-shiryen yaƙi, sojoji a Jamus, duk suna nan, kuma yanzu haka suna da makamai a Gabashin Turai har zuwa iyakar Rasha. Yaƙin Duniya na II ya kasance mai halakarwa mai ban mamaki, duk da haka duk da rawar da Tarayyar Soviet ke takawa a cikin ta ba ta da wani lahani ko ɓacin rai ga ra'ayin Soviet da ke Washington. Rushewar Tarayyar Soviet daga baya da ƙarshen kwaminisanci yana da irin wannan tasirin na rashin tasiri ga ƙiyayya da riba ga Rasha.
An cire daga Barin yakin duniya na Biyu.
Darasi na mako shida akan layi akan wannan batun farawa a yau.
NOTES:
[i] FRASER, “Cikakken rubutu na Labarin Kasuwanci da Kudi: Satumba 30, 1933, Vol. 137, A'a. 3562, "https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/commercial-financial-chronicle-1339/september-30-1933-518572/fulltext
[ii] Nicholson Baker, Hayakin Dan Adam: Farkon Karshen wayewa. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 32.
[iii] Charles Higham, Ciniki Tare da Abokan gaba: Bayyanar da Makircin Kudin Nazi-Amurkawa 1933-1949 (Dell Publishing Co., 1983) shafi. 152.
[iv] Jacques R. Paulels, Labari na Kyakkyawan Yaƙi: Amurka a Duniya ta Biyu Yaƙi (James Lorimer & Kamfanin Ltd. 2015, 2002) p. 45.
[v] The New York Times yana da shafi game da Appeasement of Nazis tare da bayanin mai karatu na dindindin da aka nuna a ƙasa da shi (ba a ba da ƙarin bayani ba) yana da'awar cewa ba a koyi darasin ba ne saboda Vladimir Putin ya pearfafa a cikin Crimea a cikin 2014. Gaskiyar cewa mutanen Crimea sun jefa ƙuri'a don sake komawa Rasha , a wani bangare saboda Neo-Nazis yana musu barazana, ba a ambaci ko'ina ba: https://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/30/sept-30-1938-hitler-granted-the-sudentenland-by-britain-france-and-italy
[vi] Wikipedia, "Yaƙe-yaƙe na Yaƙin Duniya na II," https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_casualties
[vii] John Moser, Ashbrook, Jami'ar Ashland, "Ka'idoji Ba tare da Shirye-shirye ba: Sanata Robert A. Taft da Manufofin Kasashen Waje na Amurka," Satumba 1, 2001, https://ashbrook.org/publications/dialogue-moser/#12
[viii] Time Magazine, "Harkokin Kasa: Tunawa da Tunawa da Shekara," Litinin, 02 ga Yuli, 1951, http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,815031,00.html
[ix] Oliver Stone da Peter Kuznick, Tarihin Ba da Labari na Amurka (Simon & Schuster, 2012), shafi. 96.
[X] Oliver Stone da Peter Kuznick, Tarihin Ba da Labari na Amurka (Simon & Schuster, 2012), shafi na 97, 102.
[xi] Oliver Stone da Peter Kuznick, Tarihin Ba da Labari na Amurka (Simon & Schuster, 2012), shafi. 102.
[xii] Oliver Stone da Peter Kuznick, Tarihin Ba da Labari na Amurka (Simon & Schuster, 2012), shafi. 103.
[xiii] Oliver Stone da Peter Kuznick, Tarihin Ba da Labari na Amurka (Simon & Schuster, 2012), shafi na 104-108.
[xiv] Gaetano Salvamini da Giorgio La Piana, La sorte dell'Italia (1945).
[xv] Karin Wilkins, Mafarki Na Kowa, "Dabbobin daji da Bama-bamai: Tunani kan Dresden, Fabrairu 1945," Fabrairu 10, 2020, https://www.commondreams.org/views/2020/02/10/beasts-and-bombings-reflecting-dresden-february- 1945
[xvi] Duba Babi na 14 na Barin yakin duniya na Biyu.
[xvii] Max Hastings, Daily Mail, "Ayyukan da ba za a iya tsammani ba: Ta yaya Churchill ya so ya tara sojojin Nazi da aka fatattaka ya fatattaki Rasha daga Gabashin Turai," 26 ga Agusta, 2009, https://www.dailymail.co.uk/debate/article-1209041/Operation-unthinkable-How- Churchill-ya so-daukar-aiki-wanda ya sha kashi-sojojin-Nazi-da-Rasha-Gabashin-Turai.html
[xviii] Dawuda Talbot, Kwamitin Chess na Shaidan: Allen Dulles, CIA, da Tashin Gwamnatin Asirin Amurka, (New York: HarperCollins, 2015).
[xix] Dave Lindorff, "hinididdigar Projectan leƙen asirin Manhattan da Yakin Cacar Baki, MAD - da shekaru 75 na babu yaƙin nukiliya - cewa ƙoƙarin su ya ba mu," Agusta 1, 2020, https://thiscantbehappening.net/rethinking-manhattan-project- 'yan leƙen asirin-da-sanyi-yaƙi-mahaukaci-da-shekaru-75-na-ba-nukiliyar-yaƙin-cewa-ƙoƙarin-su-baiwa-mu
