Me ya sa muke tunanin tsarin zaman lafiya ya yiwu

Tunanin cewa yaki ba zai yiwu ba; wannan annabci ne mai cikawa. Tunanin cewa kawo karshen yakin zai yiwu ya buɗe ƙofa don aiki mai kyau a kan tsarin zaman lafiya.

Akwai Aminci a Duniya fiye da War

Karnin nan na ashirin ya kasance lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe masu firgitarwa, duk da haka yawancin ƙasashe ba sa yaƙi da sauran ƙasashe mafi yawan lokaci. Amurka ta yi gwagwarmayar Jamus tsawon shekaru shida, amma ta kasance da kwanciyar hankali tare da kasar tsawon shekaru casa'in da hudu. Yakin da Japan ta kwashe tsawon shekaru hudu; kasashen biyu sun kasance cikin kwanciyar hankali casa'in da shida.1 Amurka ba ta yi yaƙi da Kanada ba tun 1815 kuma ba ta taɓa yaƙar Sweden ko Indiya ba. Guatemala ba ta taɓa yin yaƙi da Faransa ba. Gaskiyar ita ce mafi yawan duniya suna rayuwa ba tare da yaƙi ba galibin lokaci. A zahiri, tun 1993, tashin hankali na lalacewa ya ragu.2 A lokaci guda, mun yarda da canjin yanayin yaƙi kamar yadda muka tattauna a baya. Wannan sananne ne a cikin yanayin cutarwar fararen hula. A zahiri, an kara amfani da kariya ta kare fararen hula azaman hujja ga ayyukan sojoji (misali, 2011 kifar da gwamnatin Libya).

Mun canza canje-gwaje masu yawa a baya

Babban canjin da ba'a zata ba ya faru a tarihin duniya sau da dama a baya. An katse tsohuwar tsarin bautar a cikin ƙasa da shekaru ɗari. Kodayake ana iya samun sabbin nau'o'in bautar a ɓoye a cikin sasanninta daban-daban na duniya, haramtacce ne kuma a duniya ana ɗaukar abin zargi. A kasashen yamma, matsayin mata ya inganta matuka a cikin shekaru dari da suka gabata. A shekarun 1950 zuwa 1960 sama da kasashe dari suka ‘yanta kansu daga mulkin mallaka wanda ya dauki shekaru aru aru. A cikin 1964 rarrabuwar doka ya ɓace a cikin US A cikin 1993, ƙasashen Turai sun kirkiro Tarayyar Turai bayan sun yaƙi juna sama da shekaru dubu. Matsaloli kamar rikicin bashin da ke gudana a Girka ko kuri'ar Brexit ta 2016 - Burtaniya da ke barin Tarayyar Turai - ana ma'amala da su ta hanyar zamantakewa da siyasa, ba ta hanyar yaƙi ba. Wasu canje-canje ba a tsammani kwata-kwata kuma ba zato ba tsammani ya zama abin mamaki har ma ga masana, gami da rugujewar 1989 na mulkin kama-karya na Yammacin Turai, ya biyo bayan 1991 na rugujewar Tarayyar Soviet. A 1994 mun ga ƙarshen mulkin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu. Shekarar 2011 ta haifar da zanga-zangar “Balaraben Larabawa” don demokradiyya ta ba wa mafi yawan masana mamaki.

Muna Rayuwa ne a cikin Sauyewar Duniya

Matsakaicin da sauyin canji a cikin shekara ɗari da talatin ɗin yana da wuya a fahimta. Wani wanda aka haife shi a 1884, mai yuwuwar kakanin mutane a yanzu yana da rai, an haife shi ne kafin motar, wutar lantarki, rediyo, jirgin sama, talabijin, makamin nukiliya, intanet, wayoyin salula, da drones, da sauransu biliyan ne kawai suka rayu a kan duniya to. An haife su ne kafin ƙirƙirar duka yaƙi. Kuma muna fuskantar manyan canje-canje a nan gaba. Muna kusan zuwa ga adadin mutane biliyan tara ta hanyar 2050, wajibcin dakatar da ƙona burbushin mai, da kuma sauyin yanayin da zai hanzarta canza yanayin teku da ambaliyar biranen bakin teku da ƙananan wuraren kwance inda miliyoyin ke zaune, suna kafawa cikin ƙaurawar motsi girman wanda ba a taɓa ganin sa ba tun bayan faɗuwar Daular Rome. Tsarin aikin gona zai canza, za a jaddada nau'in halitta, gobarar daji za ta zama ta gama gari kuma ta zama tartsatsi, guguwar za ta fi tsananta. Tsarin cutar zai canza. Rashin ruwa zai haifar da rikici. Ba za mu iya ci gaba da ƙara yaƙewa ga wannan yanayin na rikice-rikice ba. Bugu da ƙari, don rage girman da kuma daidaitawa ga mummunan tasirin waɗannan canje-canjen za mu buƙaci samun albarkatu masu yawa, kuma waɗannan na iya zuwa ne daga kasafin kuɗin soja na duniya, wanda a yau ya zama dala tiriliyan biyu a shekara.

A sakamakon haka, ra'ayi na al'ada game da makomar ba za ta riƙe. Canje-canje da yawa a tsarin zamantakewa da zamantakewar tattalin arziki sun fara faruwa, ko ta zabi, ta hanyar yanayi da muka halitta, ko kuma ta hanyar dakarun da ba su da iko. Wannan lokacin rashin tabbas yana da babbar tasiri ga aikin, tsari da aiki na tsarin soja. Duk da haka, abin da ya bayyana shi ne cewa mafita na soja ba zai yiwu ba a nan gaba. Yaƙe-yaƙe kamar yadda muka san shi yana da mahimmanci.

An fuskanci kalubale na kuliya

Patriarchy, tsohuwar tsarin zamantakewar zamantakewa wanda ya ba da damar manyan hanyoyin mata na gudanar da kasuwanci, tsara dokoki, da jagorantar rayuwarmu, yana da matukar wahala. An gano alamun farko na sarki a cikin Neolithic Era, wanda ya ƙare daga kusan 10,200 K.Z. tsakanin 4,500 da 2,000 K.Z., lokacin da danginmu na farko suka dogara da tsarin rarrabuwar kawuna ta inda maza ke farauta da mata suka taru don tabbatar da ci gaban jinsinmu. Maza suna da ƙarfi ta jiki da ƙaddarar halitta don amfani da zalunci da mamayewa don aiwatar da nufinsu, an koya mana, yayin da mata suka fi dacewa da amfani da dabarar “hali da abota” don samun cuɗanya da juna.

Halayen asalin sarki sun haɗa da dogaro da kan sarauta (iko daga sama zuwa ƙasa tare da ɗaya, ko fewan gata, cikin iko), wariya (takamaiman iyakoki tsakanin 'yan' ciki da 'waje'), dogaro da ikon mallaka (“hanyata ko babbar hanya”) azaman gama gari na kowa ne, da gasa (ƙoƙarin samun ko cin wani abu ta zama mafi kyau fiye da waɗanda suke sonta kuma). Wannan tsarin yana ba da damar yaƙe-yaƙe, yana ƙarfafa tattara makamai, ƙirƙira abokan gaba, da ɓata ƙawance don kare matsayin da aka tsara.

Ana la'akari da mata da yara, sau da yawa, kamar yadda suke ƙarƙashin biyan buƙatu na (tsofaffi) na tsofaffi, masu koyon lafiya, malearfin maza (s) masu ƙarfi. Patriarchy wata hanya ce ta kasancewa a cikin duniya wanda takunkumi zai iya kan haƙƙoƙin, wanda ya haifar da kwace albarkatun mai da sake rarraba abubuwa daga manyan masu ba da izini. Yawancin lokaci ana auna abin da kaya, abubuwan, da barorin da aka tara maimakon ta hanyar haɗin haɗin mutum wanda mutum ke nomawa. Ka'idojin Patriarchal da mallakar maza da sarrafa albarkatun mu, hanyoyin siyasa, cibiyoyin tattalin arziki, cibiyoyin addini, da haɗin dangi sune ƙa'idodi kuma an kasance cikin tarihin. An haifar mana da imani cewa yanayin ɗan adam yana da gasa, kuma gasa ita ce ta haɓaka tsarin jari hujja, don haka jari hujja dole ne shine mafi kyawun tsarin tattalin arziƙi. Duk cikin tarihin da aka rubuta, an cire mata mafi yawa daga matsayin jagoranci, duk da cewa sun sasanta rabin al'umman da dole ne su yi biyayya da dokokin da shugabannin suka gindaya.

Bayan ƙarni da yawa na shakkar gaskatawa cewa nau'in tunani, jiki da haɗin zamantakewa sun fi na mata, sabon zamani yana kan gaba. Aikinmu ne na hadin kai don ciyar da canje-canjen da ake buƙata cikin sauri don kiyaye jinsinmu da samar da duniya mai dorewa ga tsararraki masu zuwa.

Kyakkyawan wuri don fara canzawa daga aikin sarki shine ta hanyar ilimin yara da kuma haɓaka ingantattun ayyukan iyaye, amfani da dimokiradiyya maimakon jagororin jagora cikin haɓakar iyalanmu. Ilimin Farko a kan hanyoyin sadarwa mara gaskiya da yanke hukunci game da yanke hukunci zai taimaka wajan samarda Matasan mu game da matsayinsu na masu tsara manufofi nan gaba. Samun nasara game da waɗannan lamuran an riga an tabbatar da su a cikin ƙasashe da yawa waɗanda suka bi ka'idodin tausayi na masanin ilimin halayyar mahalli Marshall Rosenberg a cikin gudanar da mulkin ƙasarsu da kuma manufofin kasa da kasa.

Ilimi a dukkan matakai yakamata ya karfafa tunani mai zurfi da bude baki maimakon kawai inda ya rikita ɗalibai don karɓar matsayin da ya gaza inganta rayuwar mutum da inganta lafiyar al'umma gaba ɗaya. Yawancin ƙasashe suna ba da ilimi kyauta saboda ana ɗaukar 'yan ƙasa a matsayin albarkatun ɗan adam maimakon a matsayin ƙyamar katako a cikin injunan kamfanonin. Zuba jari a cikin koyo na rayuwa zai dauke dukkan kwale-kwale.

Muna bukatar yin zurfin zurfin tunani akan yanayin da muka koya da kuma maye gurbin gurbataccen tunani da tunani mai zurfi. Hanyar zamani na sahun gaba a cikin maza ta zama kamar yadda yake birkita nau'in jinsi na rayuwarmu. Idan zamanin fadakarwa ya kusa, dole ne mu kasance a shirye don gyara halayenmu. Arin gano alamun jinsi yana fitowa, kuma wannan mataki ne mai kyau.

Dole ne mu watsar da tsohuwar sananniyar cewa jinsi yana da tasiri a kimar mutum ga jama'a. An yi manyan hanyoyin ta hanyar katse shingen jinsi a cikin sana'o'i, samun damar, zabi na nishadi, da kuma damar ilimantarwa, amma dole ne a kara yin abubuwa kafin mu tabbatar da cewa maza da mata suna kan daidai.

Mun riga mun lura da canje-canje a rayuwar gida: yanzu akwai aure da yawa fiye da masu aure a Amurka, kuma matsakaici, mata suna yin aure daga baya cikin rayuwa. Mata ba su da niyyar bayyana a matsayin abokiyar gaba ga babban maza a cikin rayuwarsu, suna riƙon da asalinsu.

Microloans suna ba da iko ga mata a cikin ƙasashe masu tarihin tarihin misogyny. Ilmantar da 'yan mata yana da alaƙa da rage darajar haihuwa da inganta matsayin rayuwa. Ana tattaunawa da ƙalubalanci na kaciyar mata a cikin ɓangarorin duniya inda sarrafawa maza koyaushe shine tsarin aiki. Hakanan an ba da shawarar, yayin bin misalin da sabon Firayim Minista na Kanada, Justin Trudeau ya gabatar, a cikin zaɓaɓɓen shugabanci tare da majalisar ministocin maza da mata, cewa yakamata mu bayar da shawarar bayar da umarni, na ƙasa da ƙasa, a cikin dukkanin gwamnatoci, daidaituwa iri ɗaya. ba wai kawai ga dukkanin ofisoshin da aka zaba ba ne kawai amma duk mukamai na ma'aikacin gwamnati kuma.

Ci gaban hakkin mata yana da matukar muhimmanci; cimma cikakkiyar daidaituwa tare da maza zai samarda ingantacciyar lafiya, jin daɗin rayuwa, da samun ingantacciyar al'umma.

Jin tausayi da haɗin kai sune wani ɓangare na Yanayin Adam

Tsarin War ya samo asali ne daga imani na karya cewa gwagwarmaya da tashin hankali sune sakamakon karɓar juyin halitta, rashin fahimtar yaduwar Darwin a karni na sha tara wanda ya nuna hoton "ja da haƙo da haƙozo" da kuma rayuwar ɗan adam a matsayin gasa, zirin -sum wasa inda “nasara” tafi mafi m da tashin hankali. Amma ci gaba a cikin bincike na dabi'un da kimiyyar juyin halitta ya nuna cewa ba a bar mu cikin tashin hankali ta hanyar kwayoyin mu ba, cewa rarraba da tausayi suma suna da tabbataccen tushen juyin halitta. A cikin 1986 Bayanin Seville game da Rikici (wanda ya karyata ra'ayi game da asalin halitta da tsokanar zalunci da ba za a iya warware su ba a matsayin tushen yanayin ɗan adam). Tun daga wannan lokacin akwai wani juyin-juya-hali a cikin binciken kimiyyar halayyar wanda ya mamaye bayanan Seville.3 'Yan Adam suna da iko mai ƙarfi na tausayawa da haɓaka wanda indoctrination soja ke ƙoƙarin yin nasara tare da ƙarancin nasara, kamar yadda yawancin lamurra na tashin hankali bayan tashin hankali da kashe kansu a tsakanin sojoji da suka dawo suka shaida.

Duk da yake gaskiyane cewa 'yan adam suna da iko don tayar da hankali harma da haɗin gwiwa, yaƙi na zamani ba ya taso daga fitina na mutum ɗaya. Kyakkyawan tsari ne kuma tsari ne na tsarin koyo wanda yake bukatar gwamnatoci su yi shirinta kafin lokacin kuma su hada kan jama'a gaba daya domin aiwatar da shi. Batu na gaba shine hadin kai da tausayawa wani bangare ne na yanayin yan Adam kamar tashin hankali. Muna da damar duka biyun kuma ikon zaɓi ko dai, amma yayin da muke zaɓin wannan akan mutum, tushen tunani yana da mahimmanci, dole ne ya haifar da canji a cikin tsarin zamantakewar jama'a.

Yaƙi ba ya komawa da baya har abada cikin lokaci. Yana da farko. Ba mu da wayoyi don yaƙi. Mun koya.
Brian Ferguson (Farfesa na Farfesa)

Muhimmancin Ayyuka na Yakin da Aminci

Bai isa ba mutanen duniya su son zaman lafiya. Yawancin mutane suna yin hakan, amma duk da haka sun goyi bayan yaƙin idan al'ummarsu ko ƙabilarsu suka kira ta. Ko da zartar da dokoki game da yaƙi, kamar ƙirƙirar ofungiyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a 1920 ko sanannen Kellogg-Briand Pact na 1928 wanda ya ƙetare yaƙi kuma manyan ƙasashe na duniya suka rattaba hannu kuma basu taɓa watsi da su ba, basu yi aikin ba.4 Duk waɗannan abubuwan an motsa su biyu an kirkira su ne a cikin Tsarin War War kuma da kansu ba zai iya hana ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe ba. Creatirƙirar League da ƙulla yaƙi sun zama dole amma bai isa ba. Abinda ya isa shine samar da ingantaccen tsari na tsarin zamantakewa, doka da siyasa wanda zasu sami cigaba da kuma kawo karshen yakin. Tsarin War ɗin yana ƙunshe da irin waɗannan tsarukan haɗin gwiwa waɗanda ke sa kullun yaƙi. Don haka wani Tsarin Tsaro na Duniya na Sauyawa don maye gurbin shi dole ne a tsara shi ta hanyar da aka ɗauka. Abin farin ciki, irin wannan tsarin yana ci gaba fiye da karni ɗaya.

Kusan babu wanda yake son yaki. Kusan kowa yana goyon bayan shi. Me ya sa?
Kent Shifferd (Mawallafi, Tarihi)

Yadda Yayi Ayyuka

Abubuwan tsari sune sassan jikin mu wanda kowane bangare ke tasiri dayan bangarorin ta hanyar bayani. Nuna A ba kawai tasirin nuna B ba, amma ciyarwar B ya koma A, da sauransu har maki akan yanar gizo gaba ɗayansu suna da ma'amala. Misali, a cikin Yakin Yakin, rundunar soja za ta yi tasiri a kan ilimi don kafa tsare-tsaren horar da Ma’aikata (ROTC) a manyan makarantu, kuma manyan makarantun tarihi za su gabatar da yaki a matsayin masu kishin kasa, wadanda ba za a iya jurewa da tsari ba, yayin da majami’u ke yin addu’a ga sojoji da 'yan coci-coci suna aiki a masana'antar kera makamai wacce majalisar wakilai ta ba da kudi don samar da ayyukan yi wanda zai sake zaben wakilan Majalisar.5 Jami'an sojan da suka yi ritaya za su jagoranci kamfanonin kera makamai tare da samun kwangiloli daga tsohuwar ma'aikatar su, Pentagon. Batun na karshe shine abinda ake kiransa da sunan “kofar juyin sojoji”.6 Tsarin yana tattare da imani tsakanin juna, dabi'u, fasaha, da kuma sama da komai, cibiyoyin karfafa juna. Duk da yake tsarin yana da tsayayye na dogon lokaci, idan isassun matsa lamba ya ci gaba, tsarin zai iya isa zuwa inda zai iya canzawa da sauri.

Muna zaune a cikin yakin-zaman lafiya na ci gaba, muna jujjuyawa tsakanin Tsayayyar Yaki, Yakin da ba Zaman Lafiya ba, Zaman Lafiya mara aminci, da kwanciyar hankali. Stable War shi ne abin da muka gani a Turai tsawon ƙarni kuma yanzu mun gani a Gabas ta Tsakiya tun daga 1947. Stable Peace shi ne abin da muka gani a Scandinavia na ɗaruruwan shekaru (ban da halartar Scandinavia a yaƙe-yaƙen Amurka / NATO). Hostiyayya da Amurka da Kanada wanda ya ga yaƙe-yaƙe biyar a cikin ƙarni na 17 da 18 ya ƙare ba zato ba tsammani a 1815. Bargawar Yaƙi ya sauya da sauri zuwa Stable Peace. Wadannan canje-canjen lokaci sune ainihin canje-canjen duniya amma an iyakance ga takamaiman yankuna. Menene World Beyond War nema shine amfani da canjin lokaci zuwa ga duk duniya, don motsa shi daga Stable War zuwa Stable Peace, a ciki da tsakanin ƙasashe.

Tsarin zaman lafiya a duniya shine yanayin tsarin zamantakewar ɗan adam wanda zai amintar da zaman lafiya. Haɗuwa da cibiyoyi da yawa, manufofi, halaye, dabi'u, halaye, da halaye na iya haifar da wannan sakamakon. Irin wannan tsarin dole ne ya samo asali daga yanayin da ake ciki.
Robert A. Irwin (Farfesa na Sociology)

Tsarin madadin da ya riga ya bunkasa

Shaida daga ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi da ilmin kimiya na dan adam yanzu sun nuna cewa yakin ya kasance wata dabara ce ta zamantakewa game da shekarun 10,000 da suka gabata tare da hauhawar daula, mulkin mallaka da kuma sarki. Mun koyi yin yaƙi. Amma sama da shekara dubu dari kafin, mutane sun rayu ba tare da tashin hankali ba. Tsarin Yaƙin ya mallaki wasu ƙungiyoyin mutane tun kusan 4,000 BC Amma farawa a 1816 tare da ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyi na farko na asalin ɗan ƙasa waɗanda ke aiki don kawo ƙarshen yaƙi, wani ɓangaren ci gaban juyin juya hali ya faru. Ba mu farawa daga karce ba. Yayin da karni na 20 ya kasance mafi karfin jini a tarihi, zaiyi mamakin yawancin mutane cewa shima lokaci ne mai girma na ci gaba da tsare-tsare, dabi'u, da fasahohin da zasuyi, tare da ci gaba da karfi da karfin iko na mutane, suka zama madadin Tsarin Tsaro na Duniya. Waɗannan abubuwa ne na juyin juya halin da ba a taɓa gani ba cikin dubunnan shekaru waɗanda Tsarin Yaƙe ya ​​kasance hanyar kawai ta magance rikici. A yau akwai tsarin gasar - embryonic, watakila, amma ci gaba. Salamu alaikum.

Duk abin da ya kasance yana yiwuwa.
Kenneth Boulding (Malama Ilmi)

A tsakiyar karni na sha tara sha’awar samun zaman lafiya na duniya yana haɓaka cikin sauri. Sakamakon haka, a cikin 1899, a karo na farko a cikin tarihi, an kirkiro wata cibiyar don magance rikici-matakin duniya. Mashahuri da ake kira da Kotun Duniya, Kotun Internationaloli ta Duniya tana wanzu don yanke hukunci tsakanin rikici. Sauran cibiyoyin sun biyo baya cikin hanzari ciki har da ƙoƙarin farko a majalisar duniya don magance rikice-rikicen rikice-rikice, Kungiyar Kasashen Duniya. A cikin 1945 an kafa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kuma a cikin 1948 an sanya hannu akan sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam na Duniya. A cikin 1960s an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin makaman nukiliya guda biyu - Yarjejeniyar Yarjejeniyar Gwada Banki a 1963 da yarjejeniyar Tsarin Nukiliya wanda aka bude don sa hannu a 1968 kuma ya shiga karfi a cikin 1970. Kwanan nan, Yarjejeniyar Yarjejeniyar Kasuwancin Gwaji a cikin 1996, yarjejeniyar miƙewa (Yarjejeniyar Yarjejeniyar Yarjejeniyar Yarjejeniyar Yarjejeniyar) a cikin 1997, kuma a cikin 2014 an karɓi Yarjejeniyar Kasuwancin Arms. An yi yarjejeniya kan abin da ya shafi yarjejeniya ta hanyar nasarar diflomasiyya ta hanyar kasa da kasa wacce ake kira "Ottawa tsari" inda kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu tare da gwamnatoci suka sasanta da kuma aiwatar da yarjejeniyar wasu don sanya hannu da kuma tabbatarwa. Kwamitin Nobel ya amince da} o} arin Yakin Duniya na Ban Landmines (ICBL) a matsayin “misalin mai gamsarwa game da ingantacciyar manufa ta zaman lafiya” ya kuma ba da lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel ga ICBL da mai gudanarwa Jody Williams.7

An kafa Kotun Kasa da Kasa ta 1998. An yi yarjejeniya game da amfani da sojoji yara a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.

Ƙungiyar zaman lafiya: Cibiyar Aminci

Yayinda waɗannan ke ci gaba, Mahatma Gandhi sannan Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. da sauransu sun kirkiro wata hanya mai ƙarfi ta tsayayya da tashin hankali, hanyar rashin tashin hankali, wanda yanzu aka gwada kuma aka sami nasara a cikin rikice-rikice da yawa a cikin al'adu daban-daban a duniya. Gwagwarmaya mara tashin hankali na canza dangantakar iko tsakanin zalunci da danniya. Hakan yana canza alaƙar da ba ta dace ba, kamar misali a cikin batun '' kawai '' ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da Red Army a Poland a cikin 1980s (Solungiyar Solidarity karkashin jagorancin Lech Walesa ta ƙare mulkin danniya; Walesa ya ƙare a matsayin shugaban 'yanci kuma dimokiradiyya Poland), kuma a cikin wasu lamura da yawa. Ko da ta fuskar abin da ake ɗauka ɗayan mafi munin tsarin kama-karya da mugunta a tarihi - tsarin mulkin Nazi na Jamusawa - tashin hankali ya nuna nasarori a matakai daban-daban. Misali, a cikin 1943 matan Jamusawa kirista sun gabatar da wata zanga-zanga ba tashin hankali har sai da aka saki mazajen Yahudawa kusan 1,800 da ke kurkuku. Wannan kamfen din yanzu ana kiransa da suna Rossenstrasse Protest. A wani matakin mafi girma, Danes sun ƙaddamar da kamfen na shekaru biyar na rashin jituwa ta ƙi don taimakawa na'urar yaƙi ta Nazi ta amfani da hanyoyin da ba na tashin hankali ba kuma daga baya ceton yahudawan Denmark daga tura su sansanonin taro.8

Rashin tausayi yana bayyana ainihin dangantakar ikon, wanda shine duk gwamnatoci sun dogara da yardar masu mulki kuma ana iya janye yarda koyaushe. Kamar yadda zamu gani, ci gaba da rashin adalci da amfani da karfi yana canza halayyar zamantakewar mutane game da rikicin rikici kuma ta haka ne ya lalata nufin azzalumi. Tana mayar da gwamnatocin zalunci marasa taimako kuma ya sanya mutane basu iya yin komai. Akwai wurare da yawa na zamani na ingantacciyar amfani da rashin tausayi. Gene Sharp ya rubuta cewa:

Akwai babban tarihin mutane waɗanda, da ba su yarda da tabbacin cewa 'ƙarfin da ke tattare da' ikon da suke da ikon mallaka ne, ba su da ikon yin komai, masu adawa da tsayayyun masu mulki, masu baƙi na ƙasashen waje, azzalumai cikin gida, tsarin zalunci, da masu amfani da ciki da kuma masanan tattalin arziki. Akasin yadda aka saba, wadannan hanyoyin gwagwarmaya ta hanyar nuna adawa, rashin gudanar da aiki da kuma rikice rikice sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin duniya a duk sassan duniya. . . .9

Erica Chenoweth da Maria Stephan sun nuna ƙididdiga cewa daga 1900 zuwa 2006, rashin jituwa yana da nasara sau biyu kamar ƙarfin juriya kuma yana haifar da ingantattun dimokiradiyya tare da ƙarancin damar juyawa zuwa tashin hankali na ƙasa da ƙasa. A takaice, rashin tausayi yana aiki fiye da yaƙi.10 An nada Chenoweth a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Masu Babban Ra'ayoyin Duniya na 100 ta Tsarin Foreignasashen Waje a cikin 2013 "don tabbatar da Gandhi da gaskiya." Mark Engler da littafin Paul Engler na 2016 Wannan Tawaye Ne: Yadda Rashin Tawaye da Rashin Isabi'a yake Shafar ƙarni na farko safiyo dabarun aiwatar da aiki kai tsaye, yana fitar da yawancin karfi da raunin kokarin masu fafutuka don aiwatar da babban canji a Amurka da a duniya baki daya tun kafin karni na ashirin da daya. Wannan littafin ya ba da hujjoji cewa ƙungiyoyi masu rikice-rikice suna da alhakin ingantaccen canji na zamantakewa fiye da na 'majalisa ta yau da kullun' da ta biyo baya.

Ƙunƙwirar wani abu ne mai amfani. Rashin amincewa da juna, tare da cibiyoyin zaman lafiya, yanzu ya ba mu damar tserewa daga yakin basasa wanda muka kama kanmu shekaru dubu shida da suka gabata.

Sauran ci gaban al'adu sun ba da gudummawa ga haɓakar motsi zuwa tsarin zaman lafiya gami da ƙaƙƙarfan motsi don 'yancin mata (gami da ilimantar da girlsan mata), da bayyanar dubun dubatan ƙungiyoyin' yan ƙasa waɗanda aka sadaukar don yin aiki don zaman lafiyar duniya, kwance ɗamarar yaƙi, ƙarfafa zaman lafiya na duniya da wanzar da zaman lafiya. cibiyoyi. Wadannan kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna tura wannan juyin juya halin zuwa ga zaman lafiya. Anan zamu iya ambaton wasu 'yan kadan kamar su Fellowship of Reconciliation, Women International League for Peace and Freedom, Kwamitin Sabis na Abokai na Amurka, Unitedungiyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Tsoffin Sojoji don Zaman Lafiya, Gangamin Internationalasa na Kashe Makaman Nukiliya, ,ararrakin Hague don Aminci , Studiesungiyar Nazarin Zaman Lafiya da Adalci da yawa, da yawa wasu da sauƙi a same su ta hanyar binciken intanet. World Beyond War Lissafi akan rukunin yanar gizon ɗaruruwan ƙungiyoyi da dubban mutane daga ko'ina cikin duniya waɗanda suka sanya hannu kan alƙawarinmu na yin aiki don kawo ƙarshen yaƙe-yaƙe.

Dukkanin kungiyoyi na gwamnati da wadanda ba na gwamnati ba sun fara aikin wanzar da zaman lafiya, ciki har da Helmets na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da wasu kabilu daban-daban na asali, irin su Nonviolent Peaceforce da Peace Brigades International. Ikklisiya sun fara samar da kwamitocin zaman lafiya da adalci. A lokaci guda an sami saurin yaduwar bincike a cikin abin da ke kawo sulhu da saurin yaduwar ilimin zaman lafiya a kowane matakai. Sauran abubuwan da suka faru sun hada da yaduwar addinai da ke haifar da zaman lafiya, ci gaban yanar gizo ta Duniya, da rashin yiwuwar daulolin duniya (da tsada sosai), karshen ikon mallaka, karuwar karuwar rashin biyayya saboda yaki, sabbin dabaru na warware rikici. , Jaridar aminci, cigaban motsin taron duniya (tarurrukan da suka shafi zaman lafiya, adalci, muhalli, da cigaban)11, motsi na muhalli (gami da yunƙurin kawo ƙarshen dogaro kan yaƙe-yaƙe da yaƙe-yaƙe mai cin abinci), da haɓaka ma'anar dattako a duniyarmu.1213 Wadannan su ne kawai daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke nuna alamar kai tsaye, Tsarin Tsaro na Duniya na da kyau kan hanya zuwa cigaba.

1. Amurka tana da sansanonin 174 a Jamus da 113 a Japan (2015). Ana ɗaukar waɗannan asasai a matsayin "ragowar" na Yaƙin Duniya na II, amma sune abubuwan da David Wine ya bincika a cikin littafinsa Base Nation, nuna cibiyar sadarwa ta Amurka a matsayin dabarar soja da ake tambaya.

2. Babban aiki akan raguwar yaƙe-yaƙe: Goldstein, Joshua S. 2011. Samun Yaƙin Kan Waraƙƙarfan Yaki: linearkewar Rikicin Mako a Duniya.

3. Bayanin Seville akan Rikici wani rukuni na masana kimiyyar halayyar halayyar halayyar halayyar halayyar halayyar halayyar halayyar halayyar halayyar halayyar halayyar halayyar halayyar halayyar halayyar halayyar mutane suka nuna “ra’ayin cewa shirya tashin hankali na dan adam an yanke shi ne ta hanyar ilimin halitta”. Ana iya karanta duka bayanin a nan: http://www.unesco.org/cpp/uk/declarations/seville.pdf

4. a Lokacin da Duniya ta Kashe War (2011), David Swanson ya nuna yadda mutane a duk duniya suka yi aiki don kawar da yaƙi, ƙaƙƙarfan yaƙi tare da yarjejeniya da har yanzu ke kan littattafai.

5. Duba http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps for Reserve Officers Training Corps

6. Akwai wadataccen bincike a cikin ilimi da kuma sanannen binciken albarkatun aikin jarida wanda ke nuni ga ƙofar juyin. Kyakkyawan aikin ilimi shine: Pilisuk, Marc, da Jennifer Achord Rountree. 2015. Tsarin Harkokin Rikici: Abinda Ya Amfana daga Rikicin Duniya da War

7. Duba ƙarin bayani game da ICBL da diflomasiyyar ƙasa a Banning Landmines: Rushewa, Citizen Diplomacy, da kuma Tsaro na 'Yan Adam (2008) ta Jody Williams, Stephen Goose, da Mary Wareham.

8. An tsara wannan shari'ar da kyau a cikin Cibiyar Bayar da Tallafi ta Duniya ta Duniya (http://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/danish-citizens-resist-nazis-1940-1945) Forcearfi mafi .arfi (www.aforcemorepowerful.org/).

9. Duba Gene Sharp's (1980) Kawar da warƙar ya zama manufa ta gaske

10. Chenoweth, Erica, da Maria Stephan. 2011. Dalilin da yasa Rashin Tsarin Mulki yake Aiki: Tsarin dabarun Rikice-rikicewar Rashin Addini.

11. A cikin shekaru ashirin da biyar da suka gabata an gudanar da taron karawa juna sani a matakin duniya da nufin samar da duniya mai adalci da adalci. Wannan bayyanar motsin taron duniya, wanda Babban Taron Duniya ya fara a Rio de Janeiro a Brazil a 1992, ya aza harsashin tafiyar taron duniya na zamani. Yana mai da hankali kan muhalli da ci gaba, ya samar da sauyi mai ban mamaki ga kawar da gubobi a cikin samarwa, ci gaban madadin makamashi da sufuri na jama'a, girke girken daji, da sabon sa'ilin da karancin ruwa. Misalai sune: Babban Taron Duniya Rio 1992 akan muhalli da ci gaba mai dorewa; Rio + 20 ya tara dubun dubatar mahalarta daga gwamnatoci, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da sauran kungiyoyi, don tsara yadda mutane zasu iya rage talauci, haɓaka daidaituwar jama'a da tabbatar da kariya ta muhalli a duniyar da take cike da jama'a; Taron Tunawa da Ruwa na Duniya na Triennial a matsayin babban taron kasa da kasa a fagen ruwa don wayar da kan al'amuran ruwa da mafita (an kirkiro da 1997); Rokon Hague don Taron Zaman Lafiya na 1999 a matsayin babban taron zaman lafiya na kasa da kasa ta hanyar kungiyoyin fararen hula.

12. An gabatar da wadannan halaye ne sosai a cikin littafin jagorar "Juyin Juyawar Tsarin Tsarin Duniya na Zaman Lafiya" da kuma gajeren kayen rubuce-rubucen da Tsarin Kawancen Yaki ke yi a. http://warpreventioninitiative.org/?page_id=2674

13. Wani bincike na 2016 ya gano cewa kusan rabin masu amsawa a duk faɗin ƙasashe masu sa ido na 14 sun ɗauki kansu a matsayin 'yan ƙasa na duniya fiye da citizensan asalin ƙasarsu. Dubi Citizensan ƙasa da Aasari Aasar Cutar Haɓaka Tsakanin Citizensan ƙasa na Emerasashen tattalin arzikin ƙasa: Polariyar Globalasa ta Duniya a http://globescan.com/news-and-analysis/press-releases/press-releases-2016/103-press-releases-2016/383-global-citizenship-a-growing-sentiment-among-citizens-of-emerging-economies-global-poll.html

 

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