Amurka ta A (rms): Fasahar Makamai a Zamanin Trump

Daga William D. Hartung, Oktoba 14, 2020

daga TomDispatch.com

Amurka tana da shakku tsakanin duniya jagoran dillalan makamai. Ya mamaye kasuwancin duniya a cikin salon tarihi kuma babu inda wannan mulkin ya cika cikakke kamar na Gabas ta Tsakiya da ke fama da yaƙi. A can, yi imani da shi ko a'a, Amurka controls kusan rabin kasuwar makamai. Daga Yemen zuwa Libya zuwa Masar, tallace-tallace da wannan ƙasa da kawayenta ke yi na taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen rura wutar wasu rikice-rikice masu ɓarna a duniya. Amma Donald Trump, tun kafin Covid-19 ya buge shi kuma ya tura shi zuwa Walter Reed Medical Center, ba zai iya kula da hankali ba, muddin yana tunanin irin wannan fataucin kayan aikin mutuwa da lalatawa zai taimaka wa burinsa na siyasa.

Duba, misali, a kwanan nan “al'ada”Na alakar da ke tsakanin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa (UAE) da Isra’ila ya taimaka wajan kulla yarjejeniya, wanda hakan ya sa aka samu karuwar fitar da makaman Amurkawa. Don jin Trump da magoya bayansa sun fada, shi ya cancanci kyautar Nobel ta zaman lafiya don yarjejeniyar, dubbed "Yarjejeniyar Ibrahim." A zahiri, ta amfani da shi, ya yi ɗokin bayyana kansa a matsayin "Donald Trump, mai kawo zaman lafiya" a gabanin zaɓen Nuwamba. Wannan, yi imani da ni, ya zama wauta a fuskarta. Har sai da annobar ta mamaye komai a Fadar White House, wata rana ce kawai a cikin Duniyar Trump da kuma wani misali na son shugaban kasa na amfani da manufofin kasashen waje da na soji don amfanin kansa na cikin gida.

Idan babban mai fada a ji na gaskiya ya yi gaskiya don canjin, da zai sanya wa wadancan Yarjejeniyar ta Abraham "Yarjejeniyar Sayen Makamai." Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, a wani bangare, an sa ta shiga cikin fatan hakan samun Jirgin yaƙi na F-35 na Lockheed Martin da drones da keɓaɓɓun makamai a matsayin lada. A nasa bangaren, bayan wasu gunaguni, Firayim Ministan Isra’ila Benjamin Netanyahu ya yanke shawarar bai wa Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa damar neman sabuwar $ 8 biliyan kunshin makamai daga gwamnatin Trump, gami da wasu karin tawaga na F-35s na Lockheed Martin (sama da wadanda aka riga aka ba su umarni), jiragen yaki masu saukar ungulu na Boeing, da sauransu. Idan waccan yarjejeniyar za ta gudana, babu shakka za ta kunshi karuwa a Isra'ila fiye da wadataccen taimakon agaji daga Amurka, wanda tuni aka tsara shi baki daya $ 3.8 biliyan kowace shekara don shekaru goma masu zuwa.

Ayyuka, Ayyuka, Ayyuka

Wannan ba shine karo na farko da Shugaba Trump yayi kokarin cin gajiyar siyar da makamai zuwa Gabas ta Tsakiya ba don karfafa matsayinsa na siyasa a gida da kuma matsayin da yake a matsayin mai mulkin wannan kasar ta hanyar kyau. Irin wannan isharar ta fara ne a watan Mayu 2017, a lokacin jami'insa na farko tafiya kasashen waje zuwa Saudi Arabia. Saudiya gaishe shi sannan tare da nuna son kai, yana sanya banuna masu dauke da fuskarsa tare da hanyoyin da ke kaiwa zuwa babban birnin su, Riyadh; kera babban hoton wannan fuska a kan otal din da yake sauka; tare da gabatar masa da lambar yabo a wani bikin mika wuya a daya daga cikin manyan gidajen masarautar. A nasa bangaren, Trump ya zo dauke da makamai a cikin wani yanayi da ake tsammani $ 110 biliyan kunshin makamai. Karka damu cewa girman yarjejeniyar ya kasance ƙari ƙari. Ya ba shugaban kasa damar murna cewa cinikin sa na can na nufin “ayyuka, ayyuka, ayyuka” a Amurka. Idan dole ne ya yi aiki tare da ɗayan gwamnatocin da suka fi zalunci a duniya don kawo waɗannan ayyukan gida, wa ya damu? Ba shi bane kuma tabbas ba surukinsa bane Jared Kushner wanda zai haɓaka a dangantaka ta musamman tare da azzalumin Yariman Saudiyya kuma mai jiran gadon sarauta, Mohammed bin Salman.

Trump ya ninka kan batun aikinsa a wata ganawa ta Fadar White House da Maris din 2018 tare da bin Salman. Shugaban ya zo da makamai dauke da kayan kyamarori: a map na Amurka da ke nuna wa jihohin cewa (ya yi rantsuwa) zai fi amfana daga sayar da makaman na Saudiyya, gami da - ba za ka yi mamakin koyo ba - mahimman jihohin da ke kada kuri'a a jihohin Pennsylvania, Ohio, da Wisconsin.

Hakanan ba zai ba ku mamaki ba cewa ayyukan da Trump ke yi na iƙirarin waɗannan tallace-tallace na Saudiyya kusan yaudara ce kawai. A cikin yanayi mai kyau, har ma ya dage cewa yana ƙirƙirar da yawa kamar rabin miliyan ayyukan da ke da nasaba da fitar da makamai zuwa waccan gwamnatin danniya. Lambar gaske ita ce Kadan fiye da kashi ɗaya cikin goma na adadin - kuma mafi nisa fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa goma na kashi ɗaya na aikin Amurka. Amma me yasa bari gaskiyar ta shiga cikin hanyar labari mai kyau?

Rarraba Makamai na Amurka

Donald Trump ya yi nesa da shugaban farko da ya tura dubunnan biliyoyin daloli na makamai zuwa Gabas ta Tsakiya. Misali Gwamnatin Obama, tayi tarihi $ 115 biliyan a cikin tayin makamai da aka ba Saudiyya a tsawon shekaru takwas da ta yi tana mulki, gami da jiragen yaki, jirage masu saukar ungulu, motoci masu sulke, jiragen ruwa na soja, tsarin kariya daga makamai masu linzami, bama-bamai, bindigogi, da alburusai.

Waɗannan tallace-tallace sun ƙarfafa Washington matsayi kamar yadda Saudis ke samarda makamai. Kashi biyu bisa uku na sojojin saman ta sun hada da jirgin Boeing F-15, yawancin tankokin yakin sa kuwa su ne Janar Dynamics M-1s, kuma galibin makamai masu linzami na sama zuwa kasa daga Raytheon da Lockheed Martin suke. Kuma ku tuna, waɗannan makamai ba kawai suna zaune a cikin ɗakunan ajiya ba ne ko kuma ana nuna su a cikin faretin soja. Sun kasance daga cikin manyan masu kisan gilla a cikin mummunan rikicin Saudiyya a Yemen wanda ya haifar da mummunan bala'in bala'i na duniya.

Wani sabon Rahoton daga Shirin Makamai da Tsaro a Cibiyar Manufofin Kasa da Kasa (wanda na rubuta tare) ya nuna yadda Amurka ta mamaye kasuwar makamai ta Gabas ta Tsakiya. Dangane da bayanan da aka samu daga rumbun adana kayan makamai da Cibiyar Nazarin Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya ta Stockholm ta tattara, a tsakanin shekarun 2015 zuwa 2019 Amurka ta dauki kaso 48% na manyan makaman da aka kai Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka, ko kuma (kamar yadda wannan yanki mai girma yake wani lokacin ana sani acronymically) MENA. Waɗannan ƙididdigar suna barin isar da kayayyaki daga manyan masu samarwa na gaba cikin ƙura. Suna wakiltar kusan sau uku makaman da Rasha ta ba MENA, sau biyar abin da Faransa ta ba da gudummawa, sau 10 abin da Kingdomasar Ingila ta fitar, da kuma gudummawar Sin sau 16.

Watau, mun haɗu da manyan masu yaƙin makamai a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka kuma mu ne.

Tasirin makaman Amurka a wannan yanki mai fama da rikice-rikice an sake bayyana ta wata hujja mai ban mamaki: Washington ita ce kan gaba wajen samar da kayayyaki ga kasashe 13 daga cikin 19 da ke can, gami da Maroko (kaso 91% na shigo da makamai), Isra'ila (78%), Saudi Arabia (74%), Jordan (73%), Lebanon (73%), Kuwait (70%), UAE (68%), da Qatar (50%). Idan gwamnatin Trump ta ci gaba da shirinta na rikici na sayar da F-35s da jiragen yaki marasa matuka ga Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa da dillalan da suka danganci cinikin makamai na dala biliyan 8 da Isra’ila, rabonta da shigo da makamai zuwa wadannan kasashen biyu zai kasance mafi girma a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. .

Lalacewar Sakamakon

Babu ɗayan manyan playersan wasa a yaƙe-yaƙen yaƙe-yaƙe na yau a Gabas ta Tsakiya da ke samar da nasu makami, wanda ke nufin cewa shigo da kayayyaki daga Amurka da sauran masu samar da kayayyaki shine ainihin man da ke kiyaye waɗannan rikice-rikicen. Masu ba da shawara game da tura makamai zuwa yankin MENA galibi suna bayyana su a matsayin karfi don “kwanciyar hankali,” hanya ce ta kulla kawance, adawa da Iran, ko kuma galibi kayan aiki don samar da daidaiton iko wanda ke sa shigar da makamai cikin sauki.

A cikin wasu rikice-rikice masu mahimmanci a yankin, wannan ba komai ba ne face yaudara ce ga masu samar da makamai (da gwamnatin Amurka), saboda yawan yaƙin da ake ci gaba da haifar da rikice-rikice ne kawai, ya ta da cin zarafin 'yancin ɗan adam, kuma ya haifar da farar hula da yawa mace-mace da raunuka, yayin haifar da yaɗuwar halaka. Kuma ka tuna cewa, yayin da ba kawai ke da alhaki ba, Washington ita ce babban mai laifi idan aka zo batun makamin da ke rura wutar yakin basasa da yawa.

A Yemen, shiga tsakanin Saudiya / UAE wanda ya fara a watan Maris na 2015 yana da, zuwa yanzu, haifar da mutuwar dubban fararen hula ta hanyar kai hare-hare ta sama, sanya miliyoyin cikin barazanar yunwa, kuma ya taimaka wajen samar da mummunan yanayi don barkewar cutar kwalara mafi muni a cikin ambaton rayuwa. Wannan yakin ya riga ya kashe fiye da 100,000 rayuwar kuma Amurka da Ingila sun kasance manyan masu samar da jirgin yaki, bama-bamai, helikopta masu kai hare-hare, makamai masu linzami, da motocin sulke da ake amfani da su a wurin, canja wurin da aka kimanta cikin dubunnan biliyoyin daloli.

An yi a kaifi tsalle a gaba daya isar da makamai zuwa Saudiyya tun lokacin da aka fara wannan yakin. Ba da daɗewa ba, jimillar makamai da aka aika zuwa Masarautar ya ninka ninki biyu tsakanin lokacin 2010-2014 da shekarun 2015 zuwa 2019. Tare, Amurka (74%) da Burtaniya (13%) suka ɗauki kaso 87% na dukkan makaman da aka aika zuwa Saudi Arabiya a cikin wannan wa'adin shekaru biyar.

A Misira, jiragen yakin yaki, da tankokin yaki, da helikwafta masu kai hari Amurka sun kasance used a cikin abin da ake zaton aiki ne na ta'addanci a yankin arewacin Sinai, wanda a zahiri, kawai ya zama yaƙi galibi akan fararen hula na yankin. Tsakanin 2015 da 2019, makaman Washington sun baiwa Masar duka $ 2.3 biliyan, tare da ƙarin biliyoyin ƙarin cikin yarjejeniyar da aka yi a baya amma an kawo su a waɗannan shekarun. Kuma a cikin Mayu 2020, Hukumar Hadin gwiwar Tsaro ta Pentagon sanar cewa tana bayar da fakitin jirgin sama masu saukar ungulu na Apache zuwa Misira wanda yakai dala biliyan $ 2.3.

Bisa lafazin bincike wanda kungiyar Human Rights Watch ta gudanar, an kame dubunnan mutane a yankin na Sinai a cikin shekaru shida da suka gabata, daruruwa sun bace, sannan an kori dubun dubata da karfi daga gidajensu. Da makamai ga hakora, sojojin na Misira sun kuma aiwatar da “kame-kame da yaduwa ba tare da izini ba - gami da yara - tilasta bacewar mutane, azabtarwa, kisan gilla, ba da hukunci ba, da kuma tilasta masu kora.” Har ila yau akwai wasu shaidu da ke nuna cewa sojojin na Masar sun yi luguden wuta ta sama da ta kasa wadanda suka kashe dimbin fararen hula.

A cikin rikice-rikice da yawa - misalai na yadda irin wannan jigilar makamai na iya haifar da tasiri da tasirin da ba a tsammani - makaman Amurka sun ƙare a hannun ɓangarorin biyu. Lokacin da sojojin Turkiya suka mamaye arewa maso gabashin Siriya a watan Oktoba na 2019, alal misali, sun fuskanci mayaƙan Siriya da ke jagorancin Kurdawa waɗanda suka karɓi wasu daga cikin $ 2.5 biliyan a cikin makamai da horo da Amurka ta bai wa sojojin adawar Syria a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata. A halin yanzu, duka Baturke kaya na jirgin yaƙi ya ƙunshi F-16s da Amurka ta ba da kuma fiye da rabin motocin sulke na asalin Amurka ne.

A cikin Iraki, lokacin da sojojin daular Islama, ko ISIS, suka ratsa wani yanki mai muhimmanci na wannan kasar daga arewa a cikin 2014, sun kama Makamai masu linzami na Amurka da motoci masu sulke da darajarsu ta kai biliyoyin daloli daga jami'an tsaron Iraki da wannan ƙasa ta ba su makamai da horo. Hakanan, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an mika makaman Amurka daga sojojin Iraki zuwa mayakan sa-kan da ke samun goyon bayan Iran da ke aiki tare da su wajen yakar ISIS.

A halin yanzu, a Yemen, yayin da Amurka ta yi amfani da makamai kai tsaye ga kawancen Saudiyya da UAE, a zahiri makaman nata suna da, ya ƙare da duk bangarorin da ke rikicin suka yi amfani da shi, gami da abokan hamayyarsu na Houthi, da mayaka masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, da kungiyoyin da ke da alaka da Al-Qaeda a yankin Larabawa. Wannan yaduwar damammakin makaman Amurkan ya faru ne sakamakon canjin makamai da tsoffin membobin sojan Yemen da Amurka ta bayar da kuma ta Sojojin UAE waɗanda suka yi aiki tare da ƙungiyoyi masu yawa a yankin kudancin ƙasar.

Wanene Ya Amfana?

Kamfanoni guda huɗu - Raytheon, Lockheed Martin, Boeing, da Janar Dynamics - ne kawai da hannu a cikin mafi yawan cinikayyar makamai na Amurka da Saudi Arabia tsakanin 2009 da 2019. A zahiri, aƙalla ɗaya ko fiye daga waɗannan kamfanonin sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tayin 27 da suka fi dala biliyan 125 (daga cikin adadin 51 da aka ba da dala biliyan 138) . A takaice dai, dangane da sha'anin kudi, sama da kashi 90% na makaman Amurka da aka baiwa Saudi Arabia sun hada da akalla daya daga cikin manyan masu kera makaman.

A cikin mummunan yakin da take yi a Yemen, Saudis din na da kashe dubunnan fararen hula da makaman da Amurka ta samar. A cikin shekaru tun lokacin da Masarautar ta ƙaddamar da yakinta, hare-haren iska ba tare da nuna bambanci ba ta kawancen da Saudiyya ke jagoranta sun mamaye kasuwanni, asibitoci, unguwannin fararen hula, cibiyoyin kula da ruwan sha, har da motar makaranta da ke cike da yara. Sau da yawa an yi amfani da bama-bamai da Amurka ta kera a irin wannan lamarin, gami da harin da aka kai wa bikin aure, inda mutane 21, yara a cikinsu suka kasance kashe ta hanyar GBU-12 Paveway II shiryayye bam da Raytheon ya ƙera.

Anyi amfani da Bom din General Dynamics 2,000-laban bam tare da Boeing JDAM system a cikin watan Maris 2016 yajin a kasuwar da ta kashe fararen hula 97, ciki har da yara 25. Wani bam ne mai jagorantar laser Lockheed Martin ya kasance amfani a cikin harin da aka kai a watan Agustan 2018 a kan wata motar makaranta da ta kashe mutane 51, ciki har da yara 40. A Satumba 2018 Rahoton ta kungiyar Mwatana ta kare hakkin Dan-Adam ta gano hare-hare ta sama sau 19 kan fararen hula inda aka yi amfani da makaman da Amurka ke bayarwa, tana mai nuni da cewa lalata wannan motar bas din “ba wani lamari ba ne na daban, amma na baya-bayan nan ne cikin mummunan tashin hankali [Saudi- hare-haren hadin gwiwar da suka hada da makaman Amurka. ”

Ya kamata a lura cewa sayar da irin wannan makamin bai faru ba tare da juriya ba. A 2019, majalisun tarayya biyu zabe ƙasa sayar da Bom din da aka yi wa Saudiyya saboda zaluncin da ta yi a Yemen, don kawai kokarinsu ya dakile bya shugaban kasa veto. A wasu lokuta, kamar yadda ya dace da tsarin sarrafawar ta Trump, wadancan tallace-tallace sun hada da dabarun siyasa. ,Auki, alal misali, Mayu 2019 sanarwar na “gaggawa” wanda aka yi amfani dashi don turawa ta hanyar wani $ 8.1 biliyan yi ma'amala da Saudis, UAE, da Jordan don shiryayyun bama-bamai da sauran kayan aikin da suka keta hanyoyin kula da Majalisar Wakilai gaba daya.

Dangane da umarnin Majalisa, Ofishin Sufeto Janar na Ma'aikatar Gwamnati sannan ya bude bincike kan yanayin da ke tattare da waccan sanarwar, a wani bangare saboda ta kasance tura ta wani tsohon mai magana da yawun Raytheon da ke aiki a Ofishin Gwamnati na Lauyan Shari'a. Koyaya, sufeto janar mai kula da binciken, Stephen Linick, bai jima ba kora da Sakataren Gwamnati Mike Pompeo ya yi saboda tsoron kada binciken nasa ya gano kuskuren gwamnati sannan, bayan ya tafi, babban binciken da aka gudanar ya zama abin mamaki - mamaki! - farin fata, exonerating gudanarwar. Duk da haka, rahoton ya lura cewa gwamnatin Trump tayi gaza don kulawa sosai don kauce wa cutar fararen hula da makaman Amurka da aka bai wa Saudis.

Ko da wasu jami'an gwamnatin Trump sun yi rawar gani game da yarjejeniyar Saudiyya. Da New York Times yana ruwaito da yawa daga cikin Ma'aikatan Gwamnatin sun damu game da ko wata rana za su iya zama abin dogaro kan taimakawa da kuma haifar da laifukan yaki a Yemen.

Shin Amurka za ta ci gaba da kasancewa Babbar Dillalin Makamai a Duniya?

Idan aka sake zaban Donald Trump, to, kada ku yi tsammanin tallace-tallace na Amurka ga Gabas ta Tsakiya - ko illar kisan su - za su ragu nan kusa ba da jimawa ba. Abin a yaba masa ne, Joe Biden ya yi alkawalin a matsayinsa na shugaban kasa don kawo karshen makaman Amurka da goyon baya ga yakin Saudiyya a Yemen. Ga yankin baki daya, duk da haka, kada ku firgita idan, ko a cikin shugabancin Biden, irin waɗannan makamai suna ci gaba da shigowa ciki kuma ya ci gaba da kasancewa kamar yadda aka saba ga manyan meran kasuwar wannan makamai don cutar da mutanen Gabas ta Tsakiya. . Sai dai idan kai Raytheon ne ko Lockheed Martin, sayar da makamai yanki ne guda ɗaya wanda babu wanda ya isa ya ci gaba da Amurka “mai girma.”

William D. Hartung shi ne darektan Shirin Makamai da Tsaro a Cibiyar Manufofin Duniya kuma marubucin marubucin “Bazaar Baƙin Mideast: Manyan liersan Makamai ga Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka 2015 zuwa 2019. "