By Pat Tsohon, Fabrairu 1, 2019
Jamus na fuskantar matsalar kiwon lafiyar jama'a tare da miliyoyin mutane masu yuwuwar fuskantar ruwan sha wanda ya gurɓata da abubuwan Per da Poly Fluoroalkyl, ko PFAS.
Babban mabuɗin wannan ƙwayar sinadaran ya fito ne daga fim mai ban sha'awa mai nauyin kumfa (AFFF) ana amfani dashi a horo a kan sansanin soja na Amurka. Bayan sunyi watsi da wuta, sannan kuma suna yin wuta mai tsanani tare da murya mai fatalwa wanda ke dauke da PFAS, asalin Amurka na ba da izinin shiga cikin ruwa don gurɓata al'ummomi da ke kusa da su wanda ke amfani da ruwa a rijiyoyin su da kuma tsarin ruwa na birni.
A cewar Hukumar Kare Muhalli, (EPA), kamuwa da cutar ta PFAS “na iya haifar da mummunan illa ga lafiya, gami da ci gaban ci gaban 'yan tayi yayin daukar ciki ko kuma ga jarirai masu shayarwa (misali, rashin nauyin haihuwa, saurin balaga, bambancin kwarangwal), kansar (misali , testicular, koda), cutar hanta (misali, lalacewar nama), illolin rigakafi (misali, samar da antibody da rigakafi), cututtukan thyroid da sauran sakamako (misali, cholesterol ya canza). PFAS shima yana ba da gudummawa micro-azzakari, da ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin maza.
Tabbatar da takardun aikin soja na Amurka sun kulla Jaridar mujallar Jamus ta Volksfreund a 2014 ya nuna cewa ruwan karkashin kasa a Ramstein Airbase yana dauke da 264 ug / L ko kashi 264,000 a cikin tiriliyan (ppt.) na PFAS. Sauran samfuran a Ramstein sun kasance aka nuna su ƙunshi 156.5 ug / l ko156,500 ppt. Shirin saka idanu na ruwa na jihar Rhineland-Palatinate a kusa da filin jirgin saman Spangdahlem ya sami PFAS a ƙananan 1.935 ug / l ko 1,935 ppt. Tsarin shinge a Spangdahlem har yanzu yana yaduwa da sunadaran.
Harbard masana kimiyya sun ce Permancin Octane Sulfonate (PFOS) da Perfluoro Octanoic Acid (PFOA), biyu daga cikin mafi yawan cututtuka na PFAS, zasu iya zama cutarwa ga lafiyar dan Adam a yayin da ake 1 ɓangare da trillion (ppt) a cikin ruwan sha. Koguna, kogunan ruwa da koguna da ke kusa da filin jiragen sama a Jamus sun kasance sun gurbata fiye da sau dubu fiye da yadda ya kamata su kasance bisa ka'idojin EU.
Fiye da 3,000 masu illa sunadarai PFAS sun ci gaba.
Yana da kyau a kwatanta matakan da aka samu a cikin ruwa a Jamus tare da wannan DOD rahoton kan cutar PFAS a sansanin soja na Amurka. Kamar yawancin asusun Amurka a nahiyar Amurka, Ramstein da Spangdahlem suna da gurbata sosai.
Sojojin Amurka ba su da alhaki kuma basu yarda su biyan kuɗin tsaftace matsalar da ya haifar ba. Babban Jami'in Harkokin Jakadancin Andrew Wiesen, babban daraktan likitancin DOD na Ofishin Harkokin Kiwon Lafiyar, ya bayyana cewa, nauyin na EPA ne. "Ba mu yin binciken farko a wannan yanki," in ji shi Marine Corps Times. "EPA ne ke da alhakin hakan," in ji shi. "DoD ba ta kallon mahallin da kansa ba kuma ba shi da" ƙarin bincike game da wannan, game da lafiyar PFOS / PFOA, akalla kamar yadda na san. "
Pentagon yana biya kusan dala 100 miliyan daya don kowane sabon jigilar jiragen ruwa da kuma kayan injin da ba su da tsada. Tsarya da nau'in abu da poly fluoroalkyl sune hanyar da ta fi dacewa don kawar da wuta wanda zai iya halakar da daya daga cikin makamai. Sojojin Amurka sun san wadannan sunadarai sune yanci tun 1974 amma sun gudanar da shi a asirce, da yawa, har yanzu.
PFOS & PFOA an san su da "sinadarai na har abada" saboda ba sa ƙasƙantar da yanayin. Branchesungiyoyin sojoji suna kan aiwatar da sauyawa zuwa wasu ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta masu yaƙi da wuta, amma har yanzu mai guba.
Don samar da zane, an rufe Wurtsmith, Michigan Basebase a cikin 1993 yayin da kogunan ruwa da ruwan teku zama m. A ƙarshen 2018, hukumomin kiwon lafiya na Michigan sun ba da shawara na 'Kada ku ci' don 'yar da aka kama a cikin mil biyar na tsohuwar tushe. Yawan shekaru 26 da ruwan sha na ruwa har yanzu yana ciwo.
Wadannan sunadarai ba su kayyade ta EPA ba. Wadansu suna yin la'akari da wannan saboda aikace-aikacen soja. Maimakon haka, EPA ya sa shawarwari ga jihohi da hukumomin ruwa game da wadannan sunadaran. Ƙwararren lafiyar lafiyar rayuwar ta EPA (LHA) ta ƙarancen sunadaran 70 ne, mahalarta muhalli sun ce yana da haɗari.
Hukumar Kula da Guba da Rajistar Cututtuka ta Amurka (ATSDR) ta sanya matakan ruwan sha na rayuwa 11 ya dace da PFOA da 7 na PFOS. A gaskiya, to, me yasa jihohin da dama sun dakatar da jiran EPA na tayar da ƙaho don aiki kuma sun kwanta kwanan nan ƙananan ƙananan ƙofofin don kare lafiyar jama'a.
A halin yanzu, Jamus ta kafa kyakkyawar darajar jagorancin kiwon lafiyar ga PFOA + PFOS a 300 ppt. Kungiyar Tarayyar Turai ta ba da shawarar samar da ruwan sha a matakan 100 ppt. ga kowane PFAS da 500 ppt. don yawan kuɗin PFAS. Dubi wannan ginshiƙi don jagororin PFOS / PFAS a Amurka da Turai.
Hotuna na Ramstein a sama yana nuna filin jirgin sama mai cikawa tare da kumfa mai kashe wuta. Dokar Sojan Sama ta Amurka a Ramstein, ya bayyana, "Muna da galan dubu 4,500 na ruwa yana fitowa a minti daya daga tankin galan 40,000." Labarin ya ruwaito, "An tsara hangar ne don kula da gurbatar yanayi ta hanyar hanyar sadarwar karkashin kasa da ke tara ruwan sannan a sake shi a cikin shara mai tsafta a cikin adadi mai yawa kuma ana sarrafa shi ne ta hanyar maganin tsabtace ruwa a Landstuhl."
Dalilin da ya sa hakan ya faru shi ne cewa dakarun Amurka da aka ba da bayani game da makamai masu linzami na B-B (mil-F-24385) yana buƙatar yin amfani da sunadarai mai tsabta.
Kwancen PFAS ba'a iyakance ga Ramstein da Spangdahlem ba.
A Bitburg, an nuna ruwan sama a cikin nauyin PFAS a matakan 108,000 ppt. Kamar Wurtsmith, sojojin Amurka sun yi tafiye-tafiyen Bitburg a 1994, amma gyaran lalacewar muhalli ba zai ƙare ba. Wadannan magunguna sun kamu da su a tsohuwar NATO na filin jirgin sama na NATO, Büchel bashar da filin jiragen saman Sembach da Zweibrücken.
Bisa lafazin Volksfreund, wani rafi kusa da Bitburg ya ƙunshi 7700 sau fiye da PFAS fiye da EU ya ɗauki yarda. Günther Schneider, wani manomi da mai kula da muhalli daga Binsfeld kusa da shi, yana da tsoffin hotuna wanda ya nuna yadda rafin da yake gudana ta hanyar Binsfeld ya yi kama da launi mai laushi mai launin furanni.
Shafin hoto na yaduwar kumfa yana da wuya a Jamus, amma a Amurka, yana da yawa.
A gabashin gabashin Bitburg, wadannan raguna suna ɗauke da ruwa mai kwakwalwa.
Sludge daga tsire-tsire masu magunguna na Spangdahlem da kuma filin jiragen sama na Bitburg sun kasance sun gurbata sosai ba za'a iya amfani da su ba. Maimakon haka, 'yan Jamus suna ƙaddamar da shi, suna haifar da mummunar lalacewar muhalli.
Günther Schneider ya yi kira ga dakatar da PFAS da gyaran wuraren da aka gurbata. A halin yanzu, kasar Jamus tana rawar da hankali ga wannan babbar matsalar muhalli. Suna tambayar ita ko sojojin Amurka sunyi aiki a karkashin dokar kasa da kasa don su bi ka'idodin dokoki.
