Ruwan Mai Tsarkakakkiyar Leak a Pearl Harbor

By David Swanson, World BEYOND War, Nuwamba 30, 2022

Stephen Dedalus ya yi imanin fage gilashin kallon bawa ya yi kyakkyawar alama ta Ireland. Idan dole ne ka sanya sunan alamar Amurka, menene zai kasance? Mutum-mutumin 'Yanci? Maza sanye da rigar kamfai akan giciye a gaban McDonald's? Ina tsammanin zai zama wannan: man da ke fitowa daga jirgin ruwan yaƙi a Pearl Harbor. Wannan jirgi, Arizona, daya daga cikin biyun da har yanzu ke zuba mai a Pearl Harbor, an bar shi a can a matsayin farfagandar yaki, a matsayin hujjar cewa babban dillalin makamai na duniya, babban maginin gini, babban mai kashe kudi, kuma babban mai samar da wutar lantarki ba wanda aka azabtar da shi. Kuma an bar man ya ci gaba da zubewa saboda wannan dalili. Wannan shaida ce ta sharrin makiyan Amurka, ko da makiya sun ci gaba da canzawa. Mutane sun zubar da hawaye suna jin tutoci suna daga cikin cikinsu a kyakkyawan wurin da man ya ke, aka ba su damar ci gaba da gurbata Tekun Fasifik a matsayin shaida na yadda muke daukar farfagandar yakinmu da gaske. Wannan yakin shine babbar hanya a cikin abin da muka lalatar da mazaunin duniya na iya ko ba za a rasa a kan mahajjata zuwa wurin. Anan akwai gidan yanar gizon yawon shakatawa akan yadda ake ziyartar tsarkakken mai:

“Yana da sauƙi ɗaya daga cikin wurare masu tsarki a Amurka. . . . Ka yi la'akari da shi ta wannan hanya: kana ganin man fetur wanda mai yiwuwa an cika shi kwana daya kafin harin kuma akwai kawai wani abu na gaske game da wannan kwarewa. Har ila yau yana da wuya a ji alamar daga baƙar hawaye masu ƙyalli yayin da suke tsaye a hankali a kan abin tunawa - kamar dai har yanzu jirgin yana baƙin ciki daga harin. "

"Mutane suna magana game da yadda yake da kyau ganin mai yana walƙiya a saman ruwan da kuma yadda yake tunatar da su rayukan da aka rasa." inji wani gidan yanar gizo.

"Mutane suna kiransa 'baƙar hawaye na Arizona.' Za ka ga mai ya tashi sama, yana yin bakan gizo akan ruwa. Kuna iya jin warin kayan. A halin yanzu, man zai ci gaba da zubewa daga cikin Arizona har tsawon shekaru 500, idan jirgin bai wargaje gaba daya ba kafin wannan.” -wani rahoto.

Idan kana zaune kusa da Pearl Harbor, akwai dadi mai daɗi na jirgin saman sojan ruwa na Amurka a cikin ruwan sha. Ba ya fito daga jiragen ruwa ba, amma shi (kuma sauran bala'o'in muhalli akan wannan shafin) yayi bayar da shawarar cewa watakila ana kallon gurɓataccen ruwa a matsayin kyakkyawan ƙarshen da sojojin Amurka ke yi, ko kuma aƙalla lafiyar ɗan adam ba ta da wani sha'awa.

Wasu daga cikin mutanen da suka dade suna yin gargadi game da wannan barazanar mai na jet na dogon lokaci, sun kuma yi gargadi game da babbar barazanar kisa da labaran da mutane ke ba juna a ranar Pearl Harbor da kuma lokacin da suka ziyarci wurin ibada na baƙar fata. hawaye na tsarkakewa yaki.

Idan kana zaune kusa da talabijin ko kwamfuta, a ko'ina a duniya, kana cikin haɗari.

Daya daga cikin mafi kyawun ranaku na shekara yana gabatowa da sauri. Shin kun shirya don 7 ga Disamba? Shin za ku tuna ainihin ma'anar ranar Pearl Harbor?

Gwamnatin Amurka ta yi shiri, ta shirya, da tsokana yaki da Japan na tsawon shekaru, kuma ta kasance ta hanyoyi da dama a yakin, tana jiran Japan ta harba harbin farko, lokacin da Japan ta kai hari a Philippines da Pearl Harbor. Abin da ke ɓacewa a cikin tambayoyin ainihin wanene ya san abin da a cikin kwanakin kafin waɗannan hare-haren, da kuma wane nau'i na rashin iyawa da rashin tausayi ya ba su damar faruwa, shine gaskiyar cewa an dauki manyan matakai zuwa yaki amma babu wanda aka dauka zuwa zaman lafiya. . Kuma matakai masu sauƙi don yin zaman lafiya ya yiwu.

Tushen Asiya na zamanin Obama-Trump-Biden yana da abin koyi a cikin shekarun da suka gabata kafin WWII, yayin da Amurka da Japan suka gina sojojinsu a cikin tekun Pacific. Amurka tana taimakon China a yakin da take yi da Japan tare da katange Japan don hana ta da muhimman albarkatun kasa kafin harin da Japan ta kai kan sojojin Amurka da yankunan daular. Rundunar sojan Amurka ba ta 'yantar da Japan alhakin alhakinta na soja, ko akasin haka, amma tatsuniyar wanda ba shi da laifi wanda aka kai masa hari daga cikin shuɗi ba shi da gaske fiye da tatsuniyar yaƙi don ceton Yahudawa.

Kafin Pearl Harbor, Amurka ta ƙirƙiri daftarin, kuma ta ga babban juriya, kuma ta kulle daftarin daftarin aiki a cikin gidajen yari inda nan da nan suka fara yaƙin neman zaɓe don raba su - shugabanni, ƙungiyoyi, da dabaru masu tasowa waɗanda daga baya za su zama Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama. wani motsi da aka haifa kafin Pearl Harbor.

Lokacin da na tambayi mutane su ba da hujjar WWII, koyaushe suna cewa "Hitler," amma idan yakin Turai ya kasance mai sauƙin gaske, me yasa Amurka ba za ta shiga cikinta ba a baya? Me yasa jama'ar Amurka suka yi kakkausar suka ga shigar Amurka cikin yakin har sai bayan Disamba 7, 1941? Me yasa yakin da Jamus da ake zaton ya kamata a shiga dole ne a nuna shi a matsayin yakin tsaro ta hanyar tunani mai zurfi cewa Japan ta harba harbi na farko, ta haka (ko ta yaya) yin ((ko ta yaya)tatsuniya) yakin neman kawo karshen Holocaust a Turai tambaya ta kare kai? Jamus ta shelanta yaki da Amurka, tana fatan Japan za ta taimaka wa Jamus a yakin da ake yi da Tarayyar Soviet. Amma Jamus ba ta kai wa Amurka hari ba.

Winston Churchill ya so Amurka ta shiga WWII, kamar yadda ya so Amurka ta shiga yakin duniya na biyu. The Lusitan Jamus ta kai wa Jamus hari ba tare da faɗakarwa ba, a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, an gaya mana a cikin littattafan rubutu na Amurka, duk da cewa Jamus ta buga gargaɗi a jaridu da jaridu na New York a Amurka. An buga waɗannan gargaɗin kusa da tallace-tallace don tuƙi a kan Lusitan kuma ofishin jakadancin Jamus ya sanya hannu.[i] Jaridu sun rubuta labarai game da gargaɗin. An tambayi kamfanin Cunard game da gargadin. Tsohon kyaftin din Lusitan Tuni dai ya yi murabus - a cewar rahotanni saboda damuwar da ke cikin jirgin ruwa a cikin abin da Jamus ta ayyana yankin yaki a bainar jama'a. A halin yanzu Winston Churchill ya rubuta wa Shugaban Hukumar Kasuwancin Biritaniya, "Yana da mahimmanci a jawo hankalin jigilar kayayyaki zuwa gaɓar tekunmu a cikin bege musamman na haɗa Amurka da Jamus."[ii] A karkashinsa ne ba a ba da kariya ga sojojin Burtaniya da aka saba ba wa Lusitan, duk da cewa Cunard ya bayyana cewa yana la'akari da wannan kariyar. Cewa Lusitan yana dauke da makamai da dakaru don taimakawa Birtaniya a yakin da Jamus ta yi da Jamus da sauran masu lura da al'amura, kuma gaskiya ne. nutsewa da Lusitan Mummunan aikin kisan gilla ne, amma ba wani abin mamaki ba ne ta hanyar mugun nufi ga tsarkakakken nagarta.

1930s

A watan Satumba na shekara ta 1932, Kanar Jack Jouett, tsohon matukin jirgin Amurka, ya fara koyar da ’yan wasa 80 a sabuwar makarantar tukin soja a kasar Sin.[iii] Tuni, yaƙi ya kasance cikin iska. Ranar 17 ga Janairu, 1934, Eleanor Roosevelt ya yi jawabi: "Duk wanda ya yi tunani, dole ne ya yi tunanin yakin na gaba a matsayin kashe kansa. Irin wawancin da muke da shi da cewa za mu iya yin nazarin tarihi kuma mu rayu ta cikin abin da muke rayuwa a ciki, kuma ba tare da jinkiri ba mu ƙyale dalilai iri ɗaya su sake saka mu cikin abu iri ɗaya. "[iv] Lokacin da Shugaba Franklin Roosevelt ya ziyarci Pearl Harbor a ranar 28 ga Yuli, 1934, Janar Kunishiga Tanaka ya rubuta a cikin littafin. Japan Advertiser, ƙin gina jiragen ruwa na Amurka da kuma samar da ƙarin sansani a Alaska da tsibirin Aleutian: "Irin wannan halin rashin kunya yana sa mu fi shakku. Yana sa mu yi tunanin babban tashin hankali ana ƙarfafa shi da gangan a cikin Pacific. Wannan ya yi nadama matuka.”[v]

A cikin Oktoba 1934, George Seldes ya rubuta a Harper Magazine: "Yana da wata hujja cewa kasashe ba su da makamai don yaki amma don yaki." Seldes ya tambayi wani jami'in a kungiyar Navy League:
"Kuna yarda da maganganun jiragen ruwa da kuka shirya don yin yaki da wani jirgin ruwa?"
Mutumin ya ce "I".
"Shin kuna kallon yakin da na Birnin Birtaniya?"
"Babu shakka, babu."
"Shin kuna kallon yaki da Japan?"
"Na'am."[vi]

A shekara ta 1935 Smedley Butler, shekaru biyu bayan juyin mulkin da aka yi wa Roosevelt, da kuma shekaru hudu bayan an gurfanar da shi a gaban kotu saboda ba da labarin wani lamari da Benito Mussolini ya yi kan wata yarinya da motarsa.[vii], aka buga don gagarumin nasara wani ɗan gajeren littafi mai suna War ne Racket.[viii] Ya rubuta:

"A kowace zaman taro na majalisa, tambaya ta kara haɓaka jiragen ruwa ya zo. Wadanda ba su da kwarewa ba su yi ihu ba cewa 'Muna buƙatar kuri'a na yaki da wannan al'umma ko wannan al'umma.' Oh, a'a. Da farko dai, sun sanar da cewa Amurka ta kaddamar da karfi ne ta hanyar karfin jiragen ruwa. Kusan kowace rana, wadannan admirals za su gaya maka, babban jirgi na wannan mai zaton makiya za su yi nasara ba zato ba tsammani kuma su halakar da mutanen 125,000,000. Kamar wannan. Sa'an nan kuma suka fara kuka ga manyan jiragen ruwa. Don me? Don yaki da abokan gaba? Oh, ba, a'a. Oh, a'a. Don dalilan tsaro kawai. Sa'an nan kuma, ba zato ba tsammani, sun sanar da maneuvers a cikin Pacific. Don kare. Oh, huh.

“Pacific babban babban teku ne. Muna da babban bakin teku a cikin Pacific. Shin motsin zai kasance daga bakin tekun, mil ɗari biyu ko uku? Oh, a'a. Tafiya za ta kasance dubu biyu, i, watakila ma mil ɗari talatin da biyar, daga bakin tekun. Jafanawa, mutane masu girman kai, ba shakka za su yi farin ciki fiye da magana don ganin jiragen ruwan Amurka kusa da gabar tekun Nippon. Ko da kamar yadda mazauna California za su yi farin ciki idan ba za su fahimta ba, a cikin hazo na safiya, jiragen ruwa na Japan suna wasa a wasannin yaƙi a Los Angeles. "

A cikin Maris 1935, Roosevelt ya ba Wake Island a kan Sojojin ruwa na Amurka kuma ya ba Pan Am Airways izinin gina titin jiragen sama a Wake Island, Midway Island, da Guam. Kwamandojin sojojin Japan sun sanar da cewa sun damu kuma suna kallon wadannan hanyoyin jirgin a matsayin barazana. Haka kuma masu fafutukar zaman lafiya a Amurka. A wata mai zuwa, Roosevelt ya shirya wasannin yaƙi da motsa jiki a kusa da tsibiran Aleutian da Midway Island. A wata mai zuwa, masu fafutukar zaman lafiya sun yi tattaki a birnin New York suna ba da shawarar abokantaka da Japan. Norman Thomas ya rubuta a shekara ta 1935: “Mutumin da ke ƙasar Mars da ya ga yadda mutane suka sha wahala a yaƙin da ya gabata da kuma yadda suke shirya don yaƙi na gaba da kuma yadda suka san cewa zai fi muni, zai kammala cewa yana kallon waɗanda suka ƙi. na mahaukata mafaka.”

A ranar 18 ga Mayu, 1935, dubu goma sun haura Titin Fifth Avenue a New York tare da fastoci da alamun adawa da gina yaƙi da Japan. An sake maimaita irin wannan yanayin sau da yawa a wannan lokacin.[ix] Jama’a sun yi wannan batu don samar da zaman lafiya, yayin da gwamnati ke da makamin yaki, ta gina sansanoni don yaki, ta yi gwajin yaki a yankin tekun Pasifik, da yin baƙar fata da fakewa daga hare-hare ta sama don shirya mutane yaƙi. Sojojin ruwa na Amurka sun tsara shirye-shiryensu na yaki da Japan. Sigar waɗannan tsare-tsare na ranar 8 ga Maris, 1939, ya kwatanta “yaƙin da ya daɗe yana ɗaurewa” wanda zai lalata sojoji kuma ya tarwatsa rayuwar tattalin arzikin Japan.

Har ila yau sojojin Amurka sun shirya kai wa Japan hari a Hawaii, wanda a tunaninta ka iya farawa da mamaye tsibirin Ni'ihau, inda jirage za su tashi su kai farmaki ga sauran tsibiran. Rundunar Sojojin Amurka Laftanar Kanar Gerald Brant ya tunkari dangin Robinson, wadanda suka mallaki Ni'ihau kuma har yanzu suna da. Ya bukace su da su yi noman ramuka a fadin tsibirin a cikin grid, don mayar da shi mara amfani ga jiragen sama. Tsakanin 1933 zuwa 1937, wasu mazan Ni'ihau uku ne suka yanke furrows da garma da alfadarai ko dawakai suka ja. Kamar yadda ya faru, Japanawa ba su da niyyar yin amfani da Ni'ihau, amma a lokacin da wani jirgin saman Japan da ke cikin harin da aka kai wa Pearl Harbor ya yi saukar gaggawa, sai ya sauka a Ni'ihau duk da kokarin da aka yi. alfadarai da dawakai.

A ranar 21 ga Yuli, 1936, dukkan jaridun Tokyo suna da kanun labarai iri ɗaya: gwamnatin Amurka tana ba wa China rancen Yuan miliyan 100 don sayen makaman Amurka.[X] A ranar 5 ga Agusta, 1937, gwamnatin Japan ta ba da sanarwar cewa ta damu matuka cewa jiragen saman Amurka 182, kowannensu tare da makanikai biyu, za su tashi da jiragen sama a kasar Sin.[xi]

Wasu jami'an Amurka da Japan, da kuma da yawa masu fafutukar zaman lafiya, sun yi aiki don samar da zaman lafiya da abota a cikin wadannan shekaru, tare da ja da baya kan ci gaban yaki. Wasu misalan su ne a wannan haɗin.

1940

A watan Nuwamban shekarar 1940, Roosevelt ya ba wa kasar Sin rancen dala miliyan dari don yaki da kasar Japan, kuma bayan tuntubar Birtaniya, sakataren baitul malin Amurka Henry Morgenthau, ya yi shirin aikewa da masu bama-bamai na kasar Sin tare da ma'aikatan Amurka don yin amfani da bama-bamai a birnin Tokyo da sauran biranen Japan. A ranar 21 ga watan Disamba, 1940, ministan kudi na kasar Sin TV Soong da Kanar Claire Chennault, wani jirgin sojan Amurka mai ritaya, wanda ke yi wa Sinawa aiki, kuma ya bukace su da su yi amfani da matukan jirgin Amurka wajen tayar da bam a birnin Tokyo tun a kalla 1937, sun hadu a dakin cin abinci na Morgenthau. don tsara tashin gobarar Japan. Morgenthau ya ce zai iya samun mutanen da aka sako daga aiki a cikin rundunar sojojin Amurka Air Corps idan Sinawa za su iya biyan su $1,000 a kowane wata. Soong ya amince.[xii]

A cikin 1939-1940, Sojojin ruwa na Amurka sun gina sabbin sansanonin yankin Pacific a Midway, Johnston, Palmyra, Wake, Guam, Samoa, da Hawaii.[xiii]

A cikin Satumba, 1940, Japan, Jamus, da Italiya sun rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya don taimakon juna a yaƙi. Wannan yana nufin cewa Amurka tana yaƙi da ɗayansu, wataƙila za ta yi yaƙi da duka ukun.

A ranar 7 ga Oktoba, 1940, darektan Ofishin Leken asirin Ruwa na Amurka Sashen Gabashin Asiya Arthur McCollum ya rubuta wata sanarwa.[xiv] Ya damu da yiwuwar barazanar Axis a nan gaba ga rundunar jiragen ruwa na Burtaniya, ga daular Burtaniya, da kuma ikon da kawancen ke da shi na toshe Turai. Ya yi hasashe game da harin Axis na gaba a kan Amurka. Ya yi imanin matakin yanke hukunci zai iya haifar da "rushewar farko na Japan." Ya ba da shawarar yaki da Japan:

“Yayin da . . . Babu wani abu kaɗan da Amurka za ta iya yi don dawo da halin da ake ciki a Turai nan da nan, Amurka za ta iya kawar da tsaurin ra'ayin Japan yadda ya kamata, kuma ta yi hakan ba tare da rage taimakon kayan Amurka ga Burtaniya ba.

“. . . A cikin yankin tekun Pasifik Amurka tana da matsayi mai karfi na tsaro da kuma sojojin ruwa da na ruwa a halin yanzu a cikin wannan tekun da ke da ikon kai farmaki mai nisa. Akwai wasu abubuwan da a halin yanzu suke da karfi a gare mu, wato:

1. Har yanzu tsibiran Philippines na hannun Amurka.
2. Ƙwaƙwalwar abokantaka da yuwuwar gwamnatin ƙawance mai iko da Indies Gabas ta Holland.
3. Har yanzu Birtaniyya tana riƙe da Hong Kong da Singapore kuma suna da amfani a gare mu.
4. Muhimman sojojin kasar Sin har yanzu suna cikin fagen daga a kasar Sin da Japan.
5. Karamin Rundunar Sojan Ruwan Amurka da ke da ikon yin barazana ga hanyoyin samar da kayayyaki na Kudancin Japan tuni a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo.
6. Babban sojojin ruwa na Dutch yana cikin Gabas wanda zai zama mai fa'ida idan an haɗa shi da Amurka

"Yin la'akari da abin da ya gabata ya kai ga yanke shawarar cewa, matakin da Amurka ta dauka na kai farmaki kan Japan zai sa Japan ba za ta iya ba da wani taimako ga Jamus da Italiya a harin da suka kai wa Ingila ba kuma ita kanta Japan za ta fuskanci halin da ake ciki. Sojojin ruwanta za a iya tilasta musu yin yaki bisa wasu sharuddan da ba su dace ba ko kuma su amince da rugujewar kasar da wuri ta hanyar katanga. Sanarwar yaki da gaggawa da wuri bayan shigar da shirye-shirye masu dacewa tare da Ingila da Holland, zai zama mafi tasiri wajen kawo rugujewar farko na Japan kuma don haka kawar da abokan gabanmu a cikin pacific kafin Jamus da Italiya su iya kai mana hari yadda ya kamata. Bugu da ƙari, kawar da Japan dole ne ya ƙarfafa matsayin Birtaniya a kan Jamus da Italiya kuma, ƙari ga haka, irin wannan mataki zai kara amincewa da goyon bayan dukan al'ummomin da ke son zama abokantaka a gare mu.

"Ba a yi imani da cewa a halin da ake ciki na ra'ayin siyasa gwamnatin Amurka za ta iya shelanta yaki da Japan ba tare da wani karin sha'awa ba; kuma da kyar cewa kwazon da muka yi zai iya sa Jafanawa su gyara halayensu. Don haka, ana ba da shawarar hanyoyin da za a bi:

1. Yi shiri tare da Burtaniya don amfani da sansanonin Birtaniyya a cikin Pacific, musamman Singapore.
2. Yi tsari tare da Holland don amfani da kayan aiki na tushe da kuma samun kayayyaki a cikin Indies Gabas ta Holland.
3. Ba da duk wani taimako ga gwamnatin kasar Sin ta Chiang-Kai-Shek.
4. Aika rarrabuwa na manyan jiragen ruwa masu nauyi zuwa Gabas, Philippines, ko Singapore.
5. Aika sassa biyu na jiragen ruwa zuwa Gabas.
6. Kiyaye babban ƙarfin rundunar sojojin Amurka a yanzu a cikin tekun Pacific a kusa da tsibiran Hawai.
7. Nace cewa Dutch ɗin sun ƙi ba da buƙatun Japan don rangwamen tattalin arziƙin da bai dace ba, musamman mai.
8. Kakabawa dukkan harkokin kasuwancin Amurka takunkumi da Japan gaba daya, tare da hadin gwiwar irin wannan takunkumin da Daular Birtaniyya ta kakaba.

"Idan ta wannan hanya za a iya kai Japan zuwa aikata wani aikin yaki, zai fi kyau. A duk abubuwan da suka faru dole ne mu kasance da cikakken shiri don amincewa da barazanar yaki."

A cewar masanin tarihin sojan Amurka, Conrad Crane, “Karatun na kusa [na bayanin da ke sama] ya nuna cewa ya kamata shawararta ta hana kuma ta ƙunshi Japan, yayin da ya fi shirya Amurka don rikicin gaba a cikin Pacific. Akwai wani furuci na nuna rashin amincewa da cewa aikin yaƙin Japan na zahiri zai sauƙaƙa samun goyon bayan jama'a game da ayyukan da ake yi wa Japan, amma manufar takardar ba ita ce tabbatar da faruwar lamarin ba."[xv]

Rikici tsakanin fassarorin wannan bayanin da takardu makamantansu abu ne mai sauki. Babu wanda ya yi imanin bayanin da aka ambata a sama yana da nufin yin shawarwarin zaman lafiya ko kwance damara ko kafa doka kan tashin hankali. Wasu na ganin an so a fara yaki amma za su iya dora laifin a kan Japan. Wasu suna tunanin manufar ita ce a shirya don yaƙi don farawa, da ɗaukar matakan da za su iya tunzura Japan don fara ɗaya, amma mai yiwuwa a maimakon haka - abu ne mai yiwuwa kawai - tsoratar da Japan daga hanyoyin soja. Wannan kewayon muhawara yana juya taga Overton zuwa rami mai maɓalli. Muhawara ce wacce kuma aka karkatar da ita cikin mayar da hankali kan ko daya daga cikin shawarwari takwas da ke sama - wanda game da kiyaye jiragen ruwa a Hawaii - ya kasance wani bangare na mugun makirci don samun karin jiragen ruwa da aka lalata a wani hari mai ban mamaki (ba makircin nasara na musamman ba. , domin jiragen ruwa biyu ne kawai aka lalata su har abada).

Ba kawai wannan batu ɗaya ba - wanda ke da mahimmanci tare da ko ba tare da irin wannan makirci ba - amma duk shawarwari takwas da aka yi a cikin bayanin ko aƙalla matakan kama su an bi su. Waɗannan matakan an yi niyya ne da gangan ko kuma da gangan (banbancin mai kyau ne) fara yaƙi, kuma da alama sun yi aiki. Aiki kan shawarwarin, kwatsam ko a'a, ya fara ne a ranar 8 ga Oktoba, 1940, washegarin washegari bayan an rubuta bayanin. A wannan rana, ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka ta gaya wa Amurkawa da su fice daga gabashin Asiya. Har ila yau, a wannan ranar, Shugaba Roosevelt ya ba da umarnin ajiye jiragen ruwa a Hawaii. Admiral James O. Richardson ya rubuta daga baya cewa ya yi kakkausar suka ga wannan shawara da kuma manufarta. "Ko ba dade ko ba dade," in ji Roosevelt yana cewa, "Jafanawa za su yi wani mummunan aiki a kan Amurka kuma al'ummar za su kasance a shirye su shiga yakin."[xvi]

FARKON 1941

An sauke Richardson daga aikinsa a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1941, don haka watakila ya yi ƙarya game da Roosevelt a matsayin tsohon ma'aikaci mai takaici. Ko kuma wataƙila fita daga irin waɗannan ayyuka a cikin Pacific a wancan zamanin ya kasance sanannen motsi daga waɗanda za su iya ganin abin da ke zuwa. Admiral Chester Nimitz ya ƙi ba da umarni ga Jirgin ruwan tekun Pacific. Ɗansa, Chester Nimitz Jr. daga baya ya shaida wa tashar Tarihi ta Tarihi cewa tunanin mahaifinsa ya kasance kamar haka: “Ina tsammanin Japanawa za su kai mana hari a wani harin ba-zata. Za a yi kyama a kasar nan ga duk masu rike da madafun iko a teku, kuma za a maye gurbinsu da masu rike da mukamai a gabar teku, ni ma ina son in kasance a bakin teku, ba a teku ba, idan hakan ta faru.”[xvii]

A farkon shekara ta 1941, hafsoshin sojojin Amurka da na Birtaniya sun hadu don tsara dabarunsu na fatattakar Jamus da Japan, da zarar Amurka ta shiga yakin. A cikin watan Afrilu, Shugaba Roosevelt ya fara sa jiragen ruwan Amurka sanar da sojojin Biritaniya wuraren da jiragen U-kwale da jiragen saman Jamus suke. Daga nan sai ya fara ba da izinin jigilar kayayyaki ga sojojin Birtaniya a Arewacin Afirka. Jamus ta zargi Roosevelt da "ƙoƙarta da duk hanyoyin da yake da ita don tada tarzoma da nufin ba da Amurkawa cikin yaƙi."[xviii]

A Janairu 1941, da Japan Advertiser ya bayyana bacin ransa game da ginin sojojin Amurka a Pearl Harbor a cikin wani edita, kuma jakadan Amurka a Japan ya rubuta a cikin littafin tarihinsa cewa: "Akwai maganganu da yawa a cikin gari da cewa Jafanawa, idan sun yi hutu tare da shi. Amurka, na shirin fita gaba daya a wani harin ba-zata da aka kai kan Pearl Harbor. Tabbas na sanar da gwamnatina."[xix] Ranar Fabrairu 5, 1941, Rear Admiral Richmond Kelly Turner ya rubuta wa Sakataren War Henry Stimson cewa ya yi gargadin yiwuwar wani hari mai ban mamaki a Pearl Harbor.

A ranar 28 ga Afrilu, 1941, Churchill ya rubuta wata doka ta asirce ga majalisarsa ta yaƙi: “Za a iya ɗauka kusan cewa shigar Japan cikin yaƙi zai biyo bayan shigar Amurka nan da nan a wajenmu.” A ranar 24 ga Mayu, 1941 New York Times ya ba da rahoto game da horar da sojojin saman kasar Sin da Amurka ke yi, da kuma samar da "jirgin sama masu yawa na yaki da bama-bamai" ga kasar Sin da Amurka da Birtaniya suka yi. “Ana Sa ran tashin bama-bamai a garuruwan Japan” karanta ƙaramin kanun labarai.[xx] A ranar 31 ga Mayu, 1941, a cikin Kare Amurka daga Yaƙin War Congress, William Henry Chamberlin ya ba da gargaɗi mai tsanani: “Aauracewa tattalin arzikin Japan gabaɗaya, dakatar da jigilar mai alal misali, zai tura Japan cikin hannun Axis. Yakin tattalin arziki zai kasance share fage ne na yakin ruwa da na soja. ”[xxi]

Ranar 7 ga Yuli, 1941, sojojin Amurka ya mamaye Iceland.

A watan Yuli, 1941, Hukumar Hadin gwiwar Sojoji-Navy ta amince da shirin da ake kira JB 355 don tayar da bam a Japan. Wani kamfani na gaba zai sayi jiragen Amurka da masu sa kai na Amurka za su yi jigilarsu. Roosevelt ya amince da shi, kuma masaninsa na kasar Sin Lauchlin Currie, a cikin kalmomin Nicholson Baker, "ya sanya Madame Chiang Kai-Shek da Claire Chennault wata wasiƙar da ta nemi 'yan leƙen asirin Japan su kama su." Rukunin sa kai na farko na Amurka (AVG) na rundunar sojojin saman kasar Sin, wanda aka fi sani da Flying Tigers, ya ci gaba da daukar ma'aikata da horarwa nan da nan, an ba wa kasar Sin kafin Pearl Harbor, kuma an fara yaki a ranar 1 ga Disamba, 20.[xxii]

A ranar 9 ga Yuli, 1941, Shugaba Roosevelt ya nemi manyan jami'an sojan Amurka da su tsara shirin yaki kan Jamus da kawayenta da kuma Japan. An nakalto wasiƙarsa ta yin haka gabaɗaya a cikin rahoton labarai a ranar 4 ga Disamba, 1941 - wanda shi ne karo na farko da jama'ar Amurka suka ji wani abu game da shi. Dubi Disamba 4, 1941, a ƙasa.

A ranar 24 ga Yuli, 1941, Shugaba Roosevelt ya ce, “Idan muka yanke man, da [Jafanawa] da wataƙila sun gangara zuwa Indies Gabas ta Gabas shekara guda da ta wuce, kuma da kun yi yaƙi. Yana da matukar mahimmanci daga namu ra'ayin son kai na tsaro don hana yaƙi farawa a Kudancin Pacific. Don haka manufarmu ta ketare tana ƙoƙarin hana yaƙin ya barke a can.”[xxiii] 'Yan jarida sun lura cewa Roosevelt ya ce "ya" maimakon "shine." Kashegari, Roosevelt ya ba da umarnin zartarwa na daskare kadarorin Japan. Amurka da Biritaniya sun yanke mai da karafa zuwa kasar Japan. Radhabinod Pal, masanin shari'a dan kasar Indiya wanda ya yi aiki a kotun hukunta laifukan yaki bayan yakin, ya gano takunkumin a matsayin wata barazana da za ta iya tunzura kasar Japan.[xxiv]

A ranar 7 1941, XNUMX, da Japan Advertiser ya rubuta cewa: "Da farko an halicci wani abu mai ban tsoro a Singapore, sojojin Britaniya da Empire sun ƙarfafa su sosai. Daga wannan ɗakin an gina wata babbar ƙafa kuma an haɗa shi da asusun Amurka don samar da babbar murya a cikin babban yanki a kudu da yamma daga Philippines ta hanyar Malaya da Burma, tare da haɗin ginin da ke cikin yankunan tsibirin Thailand. Yanzu an samar da shi ne don hada da ruɗun da ke kewaye da shi, wanda ke zuwa Rangoon. "[xxv]

Ranar 12 ga Agusta, 1941, Roosevelt ya sadu da Churchill a asirce a Newfoundland (yayin da ya yi watsi da roko daga Firayim Ministan Japan don taron) kuma ya tsara Yarjejeniya ta Atlantika, wanda ya tsara yakin da ake nufi da yakin da Amurka ba ta kasance a hukumance ba tukuna. in. Churchill ya nemi Roosevelt ya shiga yakin nan take, amma ya ki. Bayan wannan ganawar ta sirri, a ranar 18 ga watan Agusta^thChurchill ya gana da majalisar ministocinsa a baya a lamba 10 Downing Street a Landan. Churchill ya gaya wa majalisar ministocinsa, bisa ga mintunan: “Shugaban [Amurka] ya ce zai yi yaki amma ba zai ayyana shi ba, kuma zai kara tayar da hankali. Idan Jamusawa ba su ji daɗi ba, za su iya kaiwa sojojin Amurka hari. Dole ne a yi duk abin da za a yi don tilasta ‘hatsarin’ da zai kai ga yaƙi.”[xxvi]

Daga baya Churchill (Janairu 1942) ya yi magana a cikin House of Commons: “Manufar majalisar za ta kasance a kowane hali don guje wa yin sulhu da Japan har sai mun tabbata cewa Amurka ma za ta shiga tsakani. . . A gefe guda kuma yiwuwar, tun lokacin taron Atlantic wanda na tattauna wadannan batutuwa tare da Shugaba Roosevelt, cewa United Slates, ko da ba ita kanta ta kai hari ba, za ta shiga yakin gabas mai nisa, don haka ya tabbatar da nasara ta ƙarshe, da alama ya kawar da wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ke cikin damuwa kuma wannan tsammanin bai gurbata da abubuwan da suka faru ba."

Masu yada farfagandar Burtaniya kuma sun yi ta jayayya tun aƙalla 1938 don amfani da Japan don kawo Amurka cikin yaƙi.[xxvii] A taron Atlantic a ranar 12 ga Agusta, 1941, Roosevelt ya tabbatar wa Churchill cewa Amurka za ta kawo matsin tattalin arziki ga Japan.[xxviii] A cikin mako guda, a gaskiya ma, Hukumar Tsaro ta Tattalin Arziki ta fara takunkumin tattalin arziki.[xxix] A ranar 3 ga Satumba, 1941, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta aika wa Japan bukatar cewa ta amince da ka'idar "rashin damuwa da halin da ake ciki a cikin Pacific," ma'ana ta daina mayar da yankunan Turai zuwa yankunan Japan.[xxx] A watan Satumba na 1941, manema labaru na Japan ya yi fushi da cewa Amurka ta fara sayar da man fetur a kusa da Japan zuwa Rasha. Kasar Japan, jaridarta ta ce, tana mutuwa ne da jinkirin mutuwar "yaki da tattalin arziki."[xxxi] A cikin Satumba, 1941, Roosevelt ya sanar da manufar "harbin gani" game da kowane jiragen ruwa na Jamus ko Italiya a cikin ruwan Amurka.

A YAKI SALLAH

Ranar 27 ga Oktoba, 1941, Roosevelt ya yi jawabi[xxxii]:

“Watannin biyar da suka gabata a daren yau na shelanta wa jama’ar Amurka cewa akwai dokar ta baci mara iyaka. Tun daga nan abubuwa da yawa sun faru. Sojojinmu da na ruwa na ɗan lokaci ne a Iceland don kare Yammacin Hemisphere. Hitler ya kai hari kan jigilar kayayyaki a yankunan da ke kusa da Amurka a Arewa da Kudancin Atlantic. Yawancin jiragen ruwa mallakar Amurka sun nutse a kan manyan tekuna. An kai wa wani Ba’amurkiya hari a watan Satumba na hudu. An kai wani hari kuma an kai hari a ranar sha bakwai ga Oktoba. ’Yan Nazi sun kashe jarumai XNUMX masu aminci na Sojojin Ruwanmu. Mun yi fatan mu guji harbi. Amma an fara harbin. Kuma tarihi ya rubuta wanda ya yi harbin farko. A cikin dogon lokaci, duk da haka, duk abin da zai damu shine wanda ya harba harbi na karshe. An kai wa Amurka hari. The USS Kearny ba jirgin ruwa ne kawai ba. Ita ce ta kowane namiji, mace da yaro a wannan al'ummar. Illinois, Alabama, California, North Carolina, Ohio, Louisiana, Texas, Pennsylvania, Georgia, Arkansas, New York, Virginia - waɗancan jihohin ne na matattu da suka ji rauni. Kearny. An yi wa duk wani Ba’amurke, ko yana zaune a bakin tekunmu, ko kuma a cikin tsakiyar al’umma, nesa da teku da kuma nesa da bindigogi da tankokin yaƙi na gungun masu tada zaune tsaye na masu cin nasara a duniya. Manufar harin Hitler shine don tsoratar da jama'ar Amurka daga manyan tekuna - don tilasta mana mu yi rawar jiki. Wannan dai ba shi ne karo na farko da ya yi wa ruhin Amurka kuskure ba. Wannan ruhun ya tashi yanzu.”

Jirgin ya nutse a ranar 4 ga Satumba shine Greer. Babban Hafsan Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka Harold Stark ya shaida a gaban kwamitin kula da harkokin ruwa na Majalisar Dattijai cewa Greer ya kasance yana bin diddigin wani jirgin ruwa na Jamus tare da mika wurinsa zuwa wani jirgin saman Birtaniyya, wanda ya yi watsi da tuhume-tuhume a kan jirgin ba tare da samun nasara ba. Bayan sa'o'i ana bin sawun ta Greer, jirgin karkashin ruwa ya juya ya harba.

Jirgin ya nutse a ranar 17 ga Oktoba, da Kearny, ya kasance maimaituwa na Greer. Wataƙila a zahiri ya kasance na ruhun kowane Ba'amurke da sauransu, amma ba shi da laifi. Ana cikin wani yakin da Amurka ba ta shiga a hukumance ba, al'ummar Amurka sun yi kakkausar suka kan shiga, amma shugaban na Amurka ya kosa ya ci gaba. Shugaban ya ci gaba da cewa:

“Da a ce tsoron harbi ya mamaye manufofinmu na kasa, to da sai an daure dukkan jiragen ruwan mu da na ‘yan uwanmu ‘yan jamhuriyar mu a tashar jiragen ruwa na gida. Sojojin ruwan mu dole ne su kasance cikin mutunta-ba-bayan duk wani layin da Hitler zai iya yanke hukunci akan kowane teku kamar yadda nasa tsarin yankin yakin nasa. A dabi'ance mun ƙi waccan shawarar banza da zagi. Mun ƙi shi saboda son ranmu, saboda girman kanmu, domin, mafi girma duka, na kanmu na gaskiya. ’Yancin teku a yanzu, kamar yadda aka saba, shi ne ainihin manufar gwamnatin ku da tawa.”

Wannan gardamar ‘yan baranda ta ta’allaka ne da tunanin cewa an kai wa jiragen ruwa marasa laifi da ba su shiga yakin ba, kuma mutuncin mutum ya ta’allaka ne da aika jiragen yaki zuwa tekun duniya. Ƙoƙari ne na ban dariya na gaskiya don sarrafa jama'a, wanda da gaske Roosevelt ya kamata ya biya kuɗin sarauta ga masu farfagandar WWI. Yanzu mun zo ga da'awar cewa Shugaban kasa yana tunanin zai karkatar da batunsa don yaki. Shari'a ce ta kusan tabbas akan jabun Birtaniyya, wanda ya sa ya zama mai yiwuwa a zahiri cewa Roosevelt ya yarda da abin da yake cewa:

"Hitler ya sha nuna rashin amincewa da cewa shirinsa na cin galaba ba ya wuce iyakar Tekun Atlantika. Amma jiragen ruwan nasa da maharan sun tabbatar da akasin haka. Haka ma tsarin sabon tsarinsa na duniya yake. Alal misali, ina da taswirar sirri da gwamnatin Hitler ta yi a Jamus—na masu tsara tsarin sabuwar duniya. Taswirar Kudancin Amurka ce da kuma wani yanki na Amurka ta tsakiya, kamar yadda Hitler ya ba da shawarar sake tsara ta. A yau a wannan yanki akwai kasashe daban-daban goma sha hudu. Kwararru a fannin yanki na Berlin, duk da haka, sun lalata duk layukan iyakokin da ke akwai; kuma sun raba Kudancin Amurka zuwa kasashe biyar masu cin gashin kansu, inda suka mayar da nahiyar gaba daya karkashin mulkinsu. Kuma sun tsara shi don haka yankin ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan sabbin ƴan tsana ya haɗa da Jamhuriyar Panama da babban layin rayuwarmu - Canal Panama. Shirinsa kenan. Ba zai taba aiki ba. Wannan taswirar ta bayyana tsarin Nazi ba kawai a kan Kudancin Amurka ba amma a kan Amurka kanta. "

Roosevelt ya gyara wannan jawabin don cire wani tabbaci game da sahihancin taswirar. Ya ki nuna taswirar ga manema labarai ko jama'a. Bai fadi daga ina taswirar ta fito ba, yadda ya hada ta da Hitler, ko kuma yadda ta ke nuna wani tsari da aka yi wa Amurka, ko kuma - ga wannan al'amari - yadda mutum zai yanki Latin Amurka kuma bai hada da Panama ba.

Lokacin da ya zama Firayim Minista a 1940, Churchill ya kafa wata hukuma mai suna British Security Coordination (BSC) tare da manufar yin amfani da duk wata dabara mai datti don shigar da Amurka cikin yakin. Wani dan kasar Canada mai suna William Stephenson ya kare BSC daga hawa uku na Cibiyar Rockefeller da ke New York - abin koyi ga James Bond, a cewar Ian Fleming. Ta gudanar da nata gidan rediyon, WRUL, da kuma kamfanin dillancin labarai, Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Overseas (ONA). Daruruwan ko dubunnan ma'aikatan BSC, daga baya ciki har da Roald Dahl, sun shagaltu da aika jabu ga kafafen yada labarai na Amurka, da samar da masana taurari don hasashen mutuwar Hitler, da kuma haifar da jita-jita na karya na sabbin makamai masu karfi na Burtaniya. Roosevelt ya san aikin BSC, kamar yadda FBI ke yi.

A cewar William Boyd, wani marubuci wanda ya binciki hukumar, "BSC ta haifar da wani wasa mai ban sha'awa da ake kira 'Vik' - "sabon shagala mai kayatarwa ga masoya dimokuradiyya". Ƙungiyoyin 'yan wasan Vik a duk faɗin Amurka sun sami maki dangane da matakin kunya da fushi da suka haifar da masu goyon bayan Nazi. An yi kira ga 'yan wasan da su shiga cikin jerin ƙananan zalunci - kira na 'lambar kuskure' na dare; matattun berayen da aka jefa a cikin tankunan ruwa; ba da odar kyautai masu wahala da za a kai, tsabar kuɗi a kan bayarwa, zuwa adiresoshin da aka yi niyya; lalata tayoyin motoci; daukar mawakan titi don yin wasan ‘Allah Save the King’ a wajen gidajen ‘yan Nazi, da sauransu.”[xxxiii]

Ivar Bryce, wanda surukin Walter Lippman ne kuma abokin Ian Fleming, ya yi aiki da BSC, kuma a cikin 1975 ya buga wani abin tunawa da cewa ya samar da daftarin farko na taswirar Nazi na wariyar launin fata na Roosevelt, wanda Stephenson ya amince da shi sannan kuma Gwamnatin Amurka ta shirya ta samu tare da labarin karya game da asalinsa.[xxxiv] Ko FBI da/ko Roosevelt sun shiga cikin dabara ba a bayyana ba. Daga cikin duk abubuwan da wakilan "hankali" suka jawo a tsawon shekaru, wannan shine ɗayan mafi nasara, kuma mafi ƙarancin ƙaho, kamar yadda ya kamata Birtaniyya ta kasance abokiyar Amurka. Masu karanta littattafan Amurka da masu kallon fina-finai daga baya za su jefar da dukiya don su sha'awar James Bond, ko da a hakikanin rayuwarsa ya yi ƙoƙari ya yaudare su zuwa yaƙi mafi muni da duniya ta taɓa gani.

Tabbas, Jamus tana fama da yaƙi da Tarayyar Soviet, kuma ba ta kuskura ta mamaye Ingila ba. Karɓar Kudancin Amurka ba zai faru ba. Babu wani tarihin taswirar batsa da ya taba fitowa a Jamus, kuma hasashe cewa ko ta yaya za a iya samun wata inuwar gaskiya ga alama ta yi tsami musamman a cikin sashe na gaba na jawabin Roosevelt, wanda a cikinsa ya yi iƙirarin mallakar wata takarda da ta bayyana. shi ma bai taba nuna kowa ba kuma wanda watakila bai taba wanzuwa ba, kuma abin da ke cikinsa bai kasance mai ma'ana ba:

“Gwamnatin ku tana hannunta da wani takarda da gwamnatin Hitler ta yi a Jamus. Yana da cikakken shiri, wanda, saboda dalilai masu ma'ana, Nazis ba su so kuma ba sa so su yada har yanzu, amma wanda a shirye suke su sanya - kadan daga baya - a kan mamaye duniya - idan Hitler ya ci nasara. Wani shiri ne na kawar da duk addinan da ake da su - Furotesta, Katolika, Mohammedan, Hindu, Buddhist, da Bayahude. Reich da 'yan tsana za su kwace kadarorin duka majami'u. Gicciye da duk sauran alamomin addini sun kasance haramun ne. Za a rufe limaman coci har abada a sakamakon hukuncin da za a yi wa sansanonin fursuna, inda a yanzu ma ake azabtar da maza da yawa marasa tsoro domin sun fifita Allah a kan Hitler. A wurin majami'u na wayewarmu, za a kafa Cocin Nazi ta Ƙasashen Duniya - cocin da masu magana da yawun gwamnatin Nazi za su aika. A wurin Littafi Mai-Tsarki, kalmomin Mein Kampf za a tilasta su kuma a tilasta su azaman Rubuce Mai Tsarki. Kuma a maimakon giciyen Kristi za a sanya alamomi biyu - swastika da takobi tsirara. Allah na Jini da Ƙarfe ne zai maye gurbin Allahn ƙauna da jinƙai. Da kyau mu yi tunani a kan wannan magana da na yi a daren yau.”

Ba lallai ba ne a faɗi, wannan ba bisa ga gaskiya ba ne; Ana gudanar da addini a fili a cikin al’ummomin da ‘yan Nazi ke iko da su, a wasu lokuta kuma an sake dawo da su bayan da Soviet ta gindaya wa Allah, kuma lambobin yabo da ‘yan Nazi suka ba manyan magoya bayansu sun kasance kamar giciye. Amma filin shiga yaƙi don ƙauna da jinƙai ya kasance mai daɗi. Kashegari, wani ɗan jarida ya nemi ya ga taswirar Roosevelt kuma an ƙi. Kamar yadda na sani, babu wanda ko da ya nemi ganin wannan wata takarda. Mai yiyuwa ne mutane sun fahimci wannan ba wai da'awar zahiri ce ta samun ainihin takarda a mallaka ba, a'a, kare addini mai tsarki daga mugunta - ba wani abu da za a yi tambaya da shakku ko mahimmanci ba. Roosevelt ya ci gaba da cewa:

"Wadannan munanan gaskiyar da na gaya muku game da shirye-shiryen yanzu da na gaba na Hitler ba shakka za a musunta su da zafi yau da gobe a cikin latsawa da rediyo na Axis Powers. Kuma wasu Amurkawa - ba da yawa ba - za su ci gaba da nacewa cewa shirye-shiryen Hitler bai kamata su damu da mu ba - kuma kada mu damu da kanmu da duk wani abu da ya wuce harbin bindiga a gabarmu. Zanga-zangar wadannan ’yan Amurkan - kadan ne - kamar yadda aka saba, za a yi ta tafi da su ta kafafen yada labarai da rediyo a cikin 'yan kwanaki masu zuwa, a kokarin shawo kan duniya cewa galibin Amurkawa suna adawa da zaben da suka zaba. Gwamnati, kuma a gaskiya suna jira ne kawai don tsalle kan motar Hitler idan ta zo ta wannan hanya. Dalilin irin wadannan Amurkawa ba shine batun batun ba."

A'a, abin da ake nufi shi ne a iyakance mutane zuwa zabi biyu da shigar da su cikin yaki.

"Gaskiyar lamarin ita ce farfagandar Nazi ta ci gaba da neman karbe irin wadannan kalamai na kebantu a matsayin hujjar rashin hadin kan Amurka. 'Yan Nazi sun yi jerin sunayen jaruman Amurka na zamani. Yana da, sa'a, ɗan gajeren jeri. Na yi farin ciki cewa bai ƙunshi sunana ba. Dukkanmu Amurkawa, na kowane ra'ayi, muna fuskantar zaɓi tsakanin irin duniyar da muke son rayuwa a ciki da kuma irin duniyar da Hitler da dakarunsa za su dora mana. Babu ɗayanmu da yake so ya binne a ƙarƙashin ƙasa kuma ya zauna cikin duhu sosai kamar tawadar ɗan adam. Za a iya dakatar da tattakin gaba na Hitler da na Hitler - kuma za a dakatar da shi. Sauƙaƙe sosai kuma a zahiri - mun yi alƙawarin ja da kanmu cikin halakar Hitler. Kuma idan mun taimaka wajen kawo karshen la’anar Hitler, za mu taimaka wajen kafa sabuwar salama wadda za ta ba wa mutanen kirki a ko’ina damar rayuwa da ci gaba cikin aminci da ’yanci da bangaskiya. Kowace rana da ta wuce muna samarwa da kuma samar da makamai da yawa ga mutanen da ke fada a fagen fama. Wannan shine babban aikinmu. Kuma nufin al'ummar kasar ne kada a kulle wadannan muhimman makamai da kayayyaki na kowane iri a cikin tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Amurka ko kuma a aika su zuwa kasan teku. Nufin al'umma ne Amurka ta kai kayan. Bisa nuna rashin amincewa da wannan wasiyya, an nutsar da jiragen ruwanmu, an kuma kashe ma’aikatan ruwa.”

Anan Roosevelt ya yarda cewa jiragen ruwan Amurka da Jamus ta nutse suna tallafawa yaki da Jamus. Da alama ya yi imani da cewa yana da mahimmanci a gamsar da jama'ar Amurka cewa an riga an yaƙi yaƙi fiye da ci gaba da iƙirarin cewa jiragen ruwan da aka kai wa hari ba su da wani laifi.

MARIGAYI 1941

A ƙarshen Oktoba, 1941, ɗan leƙen asirin Amirka Edgar Mowrer ya yi magana da wani mutum a Manila mai suna Ernest Johnson, memba na Hukumar Maritime, wanda ya ce yana tsammanin "Japs za su ɗauki Manila kafin in fita." Lokacin da Mowrer ya bayyana mamaki, Johnson ya amsa da cewa, “Shin, ba ka san jirgin ruwa na Jap ya koma gabas ba, mai yiwuwa don kai hari ga rundunarmu a Pearl Harbor?”[xxxv]

A ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, 1941, jakadan Amurka a Japan, Joseph Grew, ya yi ƙoƙari - ba a karon farko ba - don sadar da wani abu ga gwamnatinsa, gwamnatin da ko dai ba ta iya fahimta ba, ko kuma ta tsunduma cikin makircin yaƙi, ko duka biyun. , amma wanda tabbas ba a ma tunanin yin aiki da zaman lafiya ba. Grew ya aike da dogon sakon wayar tarho ga ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka yana gargadin cewa takunkumin tattalin arziki da Amurka ta kakaba na iya tilastawa Japan ta aikata "hara-kiri ta kasa." Ya rubuta: "Rikicin makami da Amurka na iya zuwa da hadari kuma ba zato ba tsammani."[xxxvi]

A cikin littafin 2022 Diflomasiyya & Admirals, Dale A. Jenkins takardun sun maimaita, yunƙurin yunƙurin da Firayim Ministan Japan ya yi Fumimaro Konoe don samun taron kai-tsaye tare da FDR don yin shawarwarin zaman lafiya ta hanyar da gwamnatin Japan da sojojin za su yarda da ita. Jenkins ya ɗauko wata wasiƙa daga Grew yana bayyana imaninsa cewa hakan zai yi tasiri, da Amurka ta amince da taron. Jenkins ya kuma rubuta cewa farar hular Amurka (Hull, Stimson, Knowx), ba kamar shugabannin sojojin Amurka ba, sun yi imanin yaƙi da Japan zai yi sauri kuma zai haifar da nasara cikin sauƙi. Jenkins ya kuma nuna cewa, Sin da Birtaniya sun rinjayi Hull a kan wani abu, in ban da kiyayya da matsin lamba ga Japan.

A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, 1941, Japan ta ba da shawarar wata yarjejeniya da Amurka wadda ta haɗa da janyewar Japan daga China. Amurka ta yi watsi da shawarar a ranar 14 ga watan Nuwamba^th.[xxxvii]

A ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 1941, Babban Hafsan Sojan Amurka George Marshall ya yi wa manema labarai bayani kan wani abu da ba mu tunawa da shi a matsayin “Shirin Marshall.” A gaskiya ba ma tunawa da shi ko kadan. "Muna shirye-shiryen kai hari kan Japan," in ji Marshall, yana neman 'yan jaridar da su ɓoye shi, wanda a iya sanina sun yi da gaske.[xxxviii] Marshall ya gaya wa Majalisa a 1945 cewa Amurka ta ƙaddamar da yarjejeniyoyin Anglo-Dutch-Amurka don ɗaukar mataki ɗaya kan Japan tare da aiwatar da su kafin ranar 7 ga Disamba.^th.[xxxix]

A ranar 20 ga Nuwamba, 1941, Japan ta ba da shawarar sabuwar yarjejeniya da Amurka don zaman lafiya da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin al'ummomin biyu.[xl]

Ranar 25 ga Nuwamba, 1941, Sakataren War Henry Stimson ya rubuta a cikin littafinsa cewa ya sadu a Ofishin Jakadancin tare da Marshall, Shugaba Roosevelt, Sakataren Rundunar Sojan Ruwa Frank Knox, Admiral Harold Stark, da Sakataren Gwamnati Cordell Hull. Roosevelt ya gaya musu cewa Jafanawa za su iya kai hari nan ba da jimawa ba, wataƙila ranar Litinin mai zuwa, 1 ga Disamba, 1941. “Tambayar,” Stimson ya rubuta, “ta yaya za mu yi amfani da su wajen harba harbin farko ba tare da barin haɗari mai yawa ba. ga kanmu. Shawara ce mai wahala.”

A ranar 26 ga Nuwamba, 1941, {asar Amirka ta ba da shawara kan shawarar Japan na kwanaki shida a baya.[xli] A cikin wannan shawara, wani lokaci ana kiranta Hull Note, wani lokacin Hull Ultimatum, Amurka ta buƙaci cikakken janyewar Japan daga China, amma babu janyewar Amurka daga Philippines ko kuma a ko'ina cikin Pacific. Jafanawa sun ki amincewa da wannan shawara. Ga alama, ko wata ƙasa, ba ta saka hannun jarin albarkatun cikin waɗannan shawarwarin da suka yi don shirya yaƙi ba. Henry Luce yayi magana a ciki Life mujalla a ranar 20 ga Yuli, 1942, ga “sinawan da Amurka ta ba da wa’adin da ya kawo Pearl Harbor.”[xlii]

"A ƙarshen Nuwamba," a cewar Gallup jefa ƙuri'a, 52% na Amirkawa sun gaya wa Gallup masu jefa kuri'a cewa Amurka za ta yi yaƙi da Japan "wani lokaci nan gaba."[xliii] Yaƙin ba zai zama abin mamaki ba ga fiye da rabin ƙasar, ko kuma ga gwamnatin Amurka.

Ranar 27 ga Nuwamba, 1941, Rear Admiral Royal Ingersoll ya aika da gargadin yaki tare da Japan zuwa umarni hudu na ruwa. A ranar 28 ga Nuwamba, Admiral Harold Rainsford Stark ya sake aika shi tare da ƙarin umarni: "IDAN KIYAYYA BA ZAI IYA MAIMAITA BA BA ZA A IYA GUJEWA JAHAR AMERICA BURIN JAPAN TA YI DOKA NA FARKO BA.[xliv] A ranar 28 ga Nuwamba, 1941, Mataimakin Admiral William F. Halsey, Jr., ya ba da umurni cewa “harbi duk wani abu da muka gani a sararin sama kuma mu jefa bam a duk abin da muka gani a cikin teku.”[xlv] Ranar Nuwamba 30, 1941, the Mai Tallata Honolulu dauke da kanun labarai "Jafan na iya yajin aiki a karshen mako."[xlvi] A ranar 2 ga Disamba, 1941, New York Times An ba da rahoton cewa "An yanke Japan daga kusan kashi 75 cikin XNUMX na kasuwancinta na yau da kullun ta hanyar shingen kawance."[xlvii] A cikin wata sanarwa mai shafuka 20 a ranar 4 ga Disamba, 1941, Ofishin Leken Asiri na Naval ya yi gargadin cewa, “A cikin sa ran samun barkewar rikici da wannan kasa, Japan na matukar amfani da kowace hukuma da ke akwai wajen tabbatar da bayanan soja, na ruwa da na kasuwanci, tare da mai da hankali sosai ga Kogin Yamma, Canal na Panama, da Yankin Hawaii."[xlviii]

Ranar 1 ga Disamba, 1941, Admiral Harold Stark Admiral Harold Stark, Babban Hafsan Sojojin Ruwa. aika da rediyogram zuwa ga Admiral Thomas C. Hart, Kwamandan Rundunar Sojojin Amurka na Asiya da ke Manila, Philippines: “Shugaban kasar Philippines ya umartar da a yi wadannan abubuwan da wuri-wuri da kuma cikin KWANA BIYU IDAN ZAI YIWU BAYAN SAMU WANNAN AZUMIN. KANNAN JAMI'AN JINJI GUDA UKU DOMIN KASANCEWAR KARSHEN GASKIYA BAYANIN BAYANI. KARAMAR BUKATA DON KAFA ILIMI KAMAR YADDA MAZAN YAKI JIHAR AMURKA SUKE UMURNIN JAMI'IN SOJIN SOJIN SARKI DA SU GUJE KARAMIN BINDIDU DA BIDIDON INJI DAYA ZASU ISA. KUNGIYAR FILIPINO ANA YIWA AIKI DA MARAMAN KIMANIN SOJOJI DOMIN CIKA MANUFAR WANDA AKE KIYAYEWA DA RUWAITO MATSALAR RADIO JAN NAN A TASHIN YAMMA CHINA DA GULF OF SIAM. JIRGIN GUDA DAYA ZA'A TSAYA TSAKANIN HAINAN DA HUE DAYA KESHEN KWASHIN INDO-CHINA TSAKANIN CAMRANH BAY DA CAPE ST. JACQUES DA KWANA DAYA KASHE POINTE DE CAMAU. AMFANIN Isabel SHUGABAN KASA YA YARDA A MATSAYIN DAYA DAGA CIKIN JIRGIN JINI GUDA UKU AMMA BA SAURAN JIRGIN SOJIN BA. SANARWA MATAKAN DA AKA YI DON CIKA DA RA'AYOYIN SHUGABAN KASA. A LOKACI GUDA GUDA SANAR DA MATAKAN SANARWA DA AKE YIWA A TEKU RUWAN KWANA DA SOJOJI DA NAvy KO DA RA'AYIN KU GA INGANTACCEN CIWON WADANNAN. BABBAN SIRRIN."

Ɗaya daga cikin tasoshin da aka ba da aikin da ke sama, da Lanikai, wani mutum mai suna Kemp Tolley ne ya zama kyaftin, wanda daga baya ya rubuta wani littafi da ke ba da shaidar cewa FDR ta yi nufin waɗannan jiragen ruwa a matsayin koto, da fatan Japan za ta kai musu hari. (The Lanikai yana shirin yin kamar yadda aka umarta lokacin da Japan ta kai hari kan Pearl Harbor.) Tolley ya yi iƙirarin cewa Admiral Hart ba kawai ya yarda da shi ba amma ya yi iƙirarin iya tabbatar da hakan. Rear Admiral Tolley mai ritaya ya mutu a shekara ta 2000. Daga 1949 zuwa 1952, ya kasance darektan sashin leken asiri a Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Soja da ke Norfolk, Virginia. A cikin 1992, an shigar da shi cikin Gidan Tsaro Attache Hall of Fame a Washington. A cikin 1993, Shugaba Bill Clinton ya karrama shi a Lambun Rose na White House. An gina bust tagulla na Admiral Tolley a Cibiyar Nazarin Sojojin Ruwa ta Amurka don girmama shi. Kuna iya samun duk wannan an sake kirga su wikipedia, Ba tare da ambaton cewa Tolley ya taɓa faɗi kalma ɗaya ba game da sanya aikin kashe kansa don taimakawa fara WWII. Duk da haka, mutuwarsa a cikin Baltimore Sun da Washington Post Dukansu sun ba da rahoton ainihin abin da ya faɗa ba tare da ƙara kalma ɗaya ba kan ko hujjojin sun goyi bayan hakan. Don kalmomi da yawa akan wannan tambayar, Ina ba da shawarar littafin Tolley, wanda Cibiyar Naval Institute Press ta buga a Annapolis, Maryland, Cruise of the Lanikai: Initit to War.

Ranar 4 ga Disamba, 1941, jaridu, ciki har da Chicago Tribune, da aka buga shirin FDR don cin nasara a yakin. Na rubuta littattafai da labarai kan wannan batu tsawon shekaru kafin in yi tuntuɓe a kan wannan sashe a cikin littafin Andrew Cockburn na 2021, Ganimar Yaƙi: "

"[T] godiya ga ɗigon ruwa wanda ya sa wahayin Edward Snowden ya zama maras muhimmanci idan aka kwatanta, cikakkun bayanan wannan 'Shirin Nasara' ya bayyana a shafin farko na mai ware. Chicago Tribune 'yan kwanaki kafin harin Japan. Zato ya fada kan wani Janar na Sojoji da ake zargi da nuna juyayi na Jamus. Amma da TribuneShugaban ofishin Washington na wancan lokacin, Walter Trojan, ya shaida min shekaru da suka wuce, kwamandan rundunar sojin sama, Janar Henry “Hap” Arnold ne ya mika bayanan ta hannun wani dan majalisar dattawa. Arnold ya yi imanin cewa shirin har yanzu yana da rowa a cikin rabon albarkatun don hidimarsa, don haka yana da niyyar bata shi a lokacin haihuwa."

Waɗannan hotuna guda biyar sun ƙunshi Tribune labarin:

Shirin nasara, kamar yadda aka ruwaito kuma aka nakalto a nan, yawanci game da Jamus ne: kewaye da ita da sojojin Amurka miliyan 5, mai yiwuwa da yawa, suna gwagwarmaya na akalla shekaru 2. Japan ita ce ta biyu, amma tsare-tsaren sun hada da shinge da kai hare-hare ta sama. The Tribune Cikakkun bayanai na ranar 9 ga Yuli, 1941, wasiƙar Roosevelt da aka ambata a sama. Shirin nasara ya hada da yakin Amurka na goyon bayan daular Burtaniya da kuma hana fadada daular Japan. Kalmar nan “Yahudawa” ba ta bayyana ba. An shirya yakin Amurka a Turai don Afrilu 1942, bisa ga "majiya mai tushe" na Tribune. The Tribune sun yi adawa da yaki kuma sun yarda da zaman lafiya. Ya kare Charles Lindbergh daga tuhume-tuhumen juyayin Nazi, wanda a zahiri ya yi. Amma babu wanda, kamar yadda zan iya faɗa, da ya taɓa tambayar sahihancin rahoton kan shirin Harkar Pearl kafin yaƙin WWII na Amurka.

Nakalto daga Samun kuma Basu da na Jonathan Marshall: “A ranar 5 ga Disamba, hafsan hafsoshin Burtaniya sun sanar da Sir Robert Brooke-Popham, kwamandan rundunar sojojin sama na Royal Air Force a Malaya, cewa Amurka ta ba da tallafin soji idan Japan ta kai hari ga yankin Birtaniyya ko kuma Indies Gabas ta Netherlands; Irin wannan alkawari da aka yi idan Birtaniya ta aiwatar da shirin MATADOR. Wannan shirin na ƙarshe ya tanadi wani hari na Birtaniyya da za a iya ɗauka don kwace yankin Kra Isthmus idan Japan ta ƙi wani wani yanki na Thailand. Washegari Kyaftin John Creighton, hafsan sojojin ruwa na Amurka a Singapore, ya kira Admiral Hart, babban kwamandan rundunar jiragen ruwa ta Amurka ta Asiya, ya sanar da shi wannan labarin: “Brooke-Popham ya samu ranar Asabar daga Sashen Yaki na London Quote We have Yanzu mun sami tabbacin tallafin makamai na Amurka a lokuta kamar haka: a) wajibi ne mu aiwatar da shirye-shiryenmu na hana Japs saukowa Isthmus na Kra ko daukar mataki don mayar da martani ga mamayewar Nips kowane bangare na Siam XX b) idan Indies Dutch suka kai hari kuma mu je zuwa ga tsaron su XX c) idan Japs sun kai mana hari Birtaniya XX Don haka ba tare da la'akari da London ba sa shirin aiwatarwa idan da farko kuna da kyakkyawan bayanin balaguron balaguro na Jap yana ci gaba tare da bayyana niyya ta saukowa a Kra na biyu idan Nips sun keta kowane yanki na Thailand Para. Idan an kai wa NEI hari sanya shirye-shiryen da aka amince da su tsakanin Burtaniya da Holland. Cire magana." Marshall ya buga: "Harkokin PHA, X, 5082-5083," ma'ana zaman majalisa kan harin Pearl Harbor. Ma'anar wannan a bayyane yake: Birtaniya sun yi imanin cewa an tabbatar da cewa Amurka ta shiga yakin Japan sun kai hari ga Amurka ko kuma idan Japan ta kai hari ga Birtaniya ko kuma idan Japan ta kai hari ga Holland ko kuma idan Birtaniya ta kai hari Japan.

Tun daga ranar 6 ga Disamba, 1941, babu wani ƙuri'a da ya sami goyon bayan jama'a na Amurka don shiga yakin.[xlix] Amma Roosevelt ya riga ya ƙaddamar da daftarin, ya kunna National Guard, ya kirkiro wani babban sojan ruwa a cikin tekuna biyu, ya sayar da tsofaffin masu ruguzawa Ingila a madadin hayar sansanonin sa a cikin Caribbean da Bermuda, ya ba da jiragen sama da masu horarwa da matukan jirgi zuwa China, ya sanya shi takunkumi mai tsauri a kan Japan, ya shawarci sojojin Amurka cewa an fara yaki da Japan, kuma - kwanaki 11 kacal kafin harin Japan - ya ba da umarnin ƙirƙirar jerin sunayen kowane Ba'amurke ɗan Jafanawa da Ba'amurke a Amurka. (Hurray don fasahar IBM!)

Ranar 7 ga Disamba, 1941, bayan harin Japan, Shugaba Roosevelt ya shirya yakin yaki da Japan da Jamus, amma ya yanke shawarar cewa ba zai yi aiki ba kuma ya tafi tare da Japan kadai. A ranar 8 ga Disamba^th, Majalisa ta kada kuri'a don yaki da Japan, tare da Jeanette Rankin kada kuri'a kawai.

RASHIN HANKALI DA RASHINSU

Robert Stinnett Ranar Ruɗi: Gaskiyar Game da FDR da Pearl Harbor yana da cece-kuce tsakanin masana tarihi, gami da da'awarta game da sanin Amurka game da lambobin Jafananci da lambar sadarwar Jafananci. Ba na tunanin, duk da haka, cewa ko ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke gaba ya kamata ya zama mai jayayya:

1. Bayanin da na riga na gabatar a sama ya riga ya isa a gane cewa Amurka ba wani maras laifi ba ne da aka kai wa hari ba bisa ka'ida ba ko kuma wata jam'iyyar da ke yin wani yunkuri na samar da zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali.
2. Stinnett ya yi daidai da ya sa a cikin ƙoƙarin da ya yi don ƙaddamar da yin takardun gwamnati, kuma dama cewa ba za a iya samun wani uzuri mai kyau ga Hukumar Tsaro ta Ƙasa ba ta ci gaba da kiyaye adadi mai yawa na sojojin ruwa na Japan a asirce a cikin fayilolin sojojin ruwa na Amurka na 1941.[l]

Yayin da Stinnett ya yi imanin cewa mafi mahimmancin bincikensa ne kawai ya sanya shi cikin takarda na 2000 na littafinsa. New York Times nazari na Richard Bernstein na 1999 hardcover ya shahara ga yadda a takaice yake bayyana tambayoyin da ke cikin shakka:[li]

"Masana tarihi na yakin duniya na biyu sun yarda cewa Roosevelt ya yi imanin cewa yaki da Japan ba zai yiwu ba kuma yana son Japan ta harba harbi na farko. Abin da Stinnett ya yi, ya tashi daga wannan ra'ayin, yana tattara shaidun shaida ga tasirin cewa Roosevelt, don tabbatar da cewa harbin farko zai yi tasiri mai ban tsoro, da gangan ya bar Amurkawa ba su da tsaro. . . .

"Muhawarar Stinnett mafi ƙarfi da tada hankali tana da alaƙa da ɗaya daga cikin madaidaitan bayanin nasarar da Japan ta samu na kiyaye harin Pearl Harbor mai gabatowa a asirce: wato rundunar da ke ɗauke da jirgin da ta saki shi ta yi shiru ta hanyar rediyo tsawon makonni uku da suka wuce zuwa Disamba. 7 don haka an guje wa ganowa. A gaskiya ma, Stinnett ya rubuta, Jafanawa sun ci gaba da karya shirun rediyo kamar yadda Amurkawa, ta yin amfani da dabarun gano hanyoyin rediyo, sun sami damar bin jiragen ruwa na Japan yayin da suke kan hanyar zuwa Hawaii. . . .

"Yana yiwuwa Stinnett ya yi daidai game da wannan; Tabbas abubuwan da ya gano ya kamata wasu masana tarihi su sake duba su. Amma duk da haka kasancewar hankali ba zai tabbatar da cewa hankali ya shiga hannun da ya dace ba ko kuma da an yi gaggawar fassara shi daidai.

“Gaddis Smith, masanin tarihi na Jami’ar Yale, ya yi tsokaci game da wannan gazawar wajen kare Philippines daga harin Japan, duk da cewa akwai bayanai da yawa da ke nuna cewa irin wannan harin na zuwa. Babu wanda, ko da Stinnett, da ya yi imanin cewa, akwai wani hakki na ganganci daga kwamandan Amurka a Philippines, Douglas MacArthur. Bayanan da aka samo don wasu dalilai ba a yi amfani da su ba.

"A cikin littafinta na 1962, Pearl Harbor: Gargaɗi da Shawara, Masanin tarihin Roberta Wohlstetter ya yi amfani da kalmar static don gano rudani, rashin daidaito, rashin tabbas da ya shafi tattara bayanan sirri kafin yakin. Yayin da Stinnett ya ɗauka cewa yawancin bayanan da a yanzu suke da mahimmanci za su sami kulawa cikin sauri a lokacin, ra'ayin Wohlstetter shine cewa akwai babban bala'in irin waɗannan shaidu, dubban takardu a kowace rana, kuma cewa ma'aikatan leken asirin da ba su da aiki fiye da kima ba za su iya kawai ba. sun fassara shi daidai a lokacin."

Rashin iya aiki ko rashin iya aiki? Muhawarar da aka saba. Shin gwamnatin Amurka ta kasa sanin hakikanin cikakken bayanin harin da ke zuwa ne saboda ba ta iya ko kuma ba ta son sanin su, ko kuma ba ta son wasu sassan gwamnati su san su? Tambaya ce mai ban sha'awa, kuma duk abu ne mai sauƙi a raina rashin iya aiki, kuma duk yana da kwarin gwiwa don raina lalata. Sai dai babu shakka gwamnatin Amurka ta san cikakken bayani game da harin da ke tafe kuma ta dade tana aiwatar da shi tsawon shekaru ta hanyoyin da suka sa ya fi dacewa.

FILIPPAN

Kamar yadda bitar littafin da ke sama ya ambata, wannan tambaya game da cikakkun bayanai na sanin abin da ya faru da kuma rashin kowace tambaya game da jimillarta gabaɗaya ta shafi ƙasar Philippines dangane da Pearl Harbor.

A haƙiƙa, al’amarin da aka yi da gangan na cin amanar ƙasa zai fi sauƙi ga masana tarihi su yi hasashe game da ƙasar Philippines fiye da batun Hawaii, idan sun kasance masu son haka. "Pearl Harbor" wani bakon gajere ne. Sa'o'i bayan harin a Pearl Harbor - a rana guda amma a zahiri ranar 8 ga Disamba^th saboda Layin Kwanan Wata na Duniya, da kuma jinkirin sa'o'i shida da yanayi - Japanawa sun kai hari ga sojojin Amurka a yankin da Amurka ta mamaye na Philippines, tare da cikakken tsammanin za su yi nasara da shi, ganin cewa mamaki ba zai zama wani abu ba. A gaskiya ma, Douglas MacArthur ya sami kiran waya da ƙarfe 3:40 na safe agogon Philippines yana faɗakar da shi game da harin da aka kai a Pearl Harbor da kuma bukatar yin shiri. A cikin sa'o'i tara da suka wuce tsakanin waccan kiran wayar da harin da aka kai a Philippines, MacArthur bai yi komai ba. Ya bar jiragen Amurka a jere suna jira, kamar yadda jiragen suka kasance a Pearl Harbor. Sakamakon harin da aka kai a Philippines ya kasance, a cewar sojojin Amurka, ya yi barna kamar na Hawaii. Amurka ta yi asarar 18 cikin 35 B-17 da wasu jiragen sama 90, da dama sun lalace.[lii] Akasin haka, a cikin Pearl Harbor, duk da tatsuniyar cewa jiragen yaƙi takwas sun nutse, gaskiyar ita ce, babu wanda zai iya nutsewa a cikin irin wannan tashar jiragen ruwa mara zurfi, biyu sun kasance ba za su iya aiki ba, kuma shida an gyara su kuma sun ci gaba da yaki a WWII.[liii]

A ranar 7 ga watan Disamba^th / 8^th - ya danganta da matsayin Layin Kwanan Wata na Duniya - Japan ta kai hari ga yankunan Amurka na Philippines da Guam, da yankunan Amurka na Hawaii, Midway, da Wake, da kuma yankunan Birtaniya na Malaya, Singapore, Honk Kong, da kuma kasa mai cin gashin kanta ta Thailand. Yayin da harin da aka kai kan Hawaii ya kasance hari daya da ja da baya, a wasu wurare, Japan ta kai hari akai-akai, a wasu lokutan kuma ta kai hari tare da ci. Fadowa karkashin ikon Jafananci a cikin makonni masu zuwa zai kasance Philippines, Guam, Wake, Malaya, Singapore, Hong Kong, da yammacin yammacin Alaska. A kasar Philippines, 'yan kasar Amurka miliyan 16 ne suka fada karkashin mummunan mamayar kasar Japan. Kafin su yi haka, mamayar da Amurka ta yi wa 'yan asalin Japanawa, kamar yadda ake yi a Amurka.[liv]

Nan da nan bayan hare-haren, kafofin yada labaran Amurka ba su san ya kamata a yi amfani da su duka da gajeren hannun "Pearl Harbor," a maimakon haka sun yi amfani da sunaye da kwatanci iri-iri. A cikin daftarin jawabinsa na "ranar rashin kunya", Roosevelt yayi magana ga Hawaii da Philippines. A cikin 2019 Yadda ake Ɓoye daular, Daniel Immerwahr ya bayar da hujjar cewa Roosevelt ya yi duk kokarin da ya yi don kwatanta hare-haren a matsayin harin da aka kaiwa Amurka. Yayin da mutanen Philippines da Guam a haƙiƙa ƴan ƙasar Amurka ne, sun kasance mutanen da ba daidai ba. Gabaɗaya ana kallon Philippines a matsayin wanda bai isa ya zama farar ƙasa ba kuma a kan hanyar samun yancin kai. Hawaii ta fi fari, kuma ma kusa, kuma mai yuwuwar ɗan takara don zama ƙasa ta gaba. Roosevelt a ƙarshe ya zaɓi ya kawar da Philippines daga wannan ɓangaren na jawabinsa, yana mai da shi zuwa wani abu ɗaya a cikin jerin baya wanda ya haɗa da mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya, da kuma kwatanta hare-haren da ya faru a "Tsibirin Oahu na Amurka" - tsibiri wanda Amurkawa. shi ne, ba shakka, da yawa na Hauwa'u suna jayayya har yau. Tun daga lokacin ake mayar da hankali kan Pearl Harbor, har ma da wadanda ke da sha'awar kutsawa ko makircin harin.[lv]

KA KARA SHIGA A BAYA

Ba shi da wuya a yi tunanin abubuwan da za a iya yi dabam-dabam a cikin shekaru da watanni kafin shigar Amurka cikin yakin duniya na biyu, ko ma a kai ga barkewar yakin farko a Asiya ko Turai. Zai fi sauƙi a kwatanta abubuwan da za a iya yi daban-daban idan mutum ya koma baya kaɗan. Da an yi abubuwa daban-daban daga kowace gwamnati da sojojin da abin ya shafa, kuma kowanne yana da alhakin ta’asar da ta yi. Amma ina so in ambaci wasu abubuwa da gwamnatin Amurka za ta iya yi, domin ina ƙoƙarin yin tir da ra'ayin cewa an tilasta wa gwamnatin Amurka ba da son rai ba cikin yaƙin da wasu suka zaɓa kawai.

Amurka za ta iya zabar William Jennings Bryan a matsayin shugaban kasa a kan William McKinley wanda mataimakinsa Teddy Roosevelt ya gaje shi. Bryan ya yi yaƙi da daular, McKinley yana goyon bayanta. Ga mutane da yawa, wasu batutuwa sun fi zama mahimmanci a lokacin; bai bayyana cewa yakamata su samu ba.

Teddy Roosevelt bai yi komai ba. Wannan ya tafi yaƙi, daular mulkin mallaka, da kuma imaninsa da aka ambata a baya game da ka'idodin game da "tseren Aryan". TR ya goyi bayan cin zarafi da kashe ƴan asalin ƙasar Amirka, baƙi na China, Cubans, Filipinos, da Asiyawa da Amurkawa ta tsakiya na kusan kowane iri-iri. Ya yi imani kawai farare masu iya mulkin kai (wanda ya kasance mummunan labari ga Cuban lokacin da masu 'yantar da Amurka suka gano wasu daga cikinsu baƙar fata ne). Ya ƙirƙiro nunin ƴan ƙasar Filifin don baje kolin baje kolin duniya na St. Louis wanda ke nuna su a matsayin ƴan iska da farar fata za su iya lalata su.[lvi] Ya yi aiki don hana 'yan gudun hijirar China shiga Amurka.

Littafin James Bradley na 2009, Tsarin Tsarin Mulki: Tarihin Tarihi na Tarihi da Yaƙi, ya ba da labari mai zuwa.[lvii] Ina barin sassan littafin da aka taso da shakku game da su.

A shekara ta 1614 Japan ta yanke kanta daga yammacin duniya, wanda ya haifar da zaman lafiya da wadata da kuma bunƙasa fasaha da al'adun Japan. A cikin 1853 sojojin ruwan Amurka sun tilastawa Japan bude wa 'yan kasuwa na Amurka, mishaneri, da kuma soja. Tarihi na Amurka ya kira tafiye-tafiyen Commodore Matthew Perry zuwa Japan a matsayin “diflomasiyya” duk da cewa sun yi amfani da jiragen yaki masu dauke da makamai don tilastawa Japan amincewa da dangantakar da ta yi adawa da ita. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, Jafanawa sun yi nazari kan wariyar launin fata na Amurkawa kuma sun yi amfani da dabarun magance shi. Sun nemi mayar da kansu yammaci da kuma gabatar da kansu a matsayin wata kabila dabam dabam fiye da sauran mutanen Asiya. Sun zama Aryan mai daraja. Da yake ba su da wani allah ɗaya ko kuma allahn nasara, sun ƙirƙira wani sarki na allahntaka, suna aro da yawa daga al’adar Kirista. Sun yi ado da cin abinci kamar Amurkawa suka tura dalibansu karatu a Amurka. Yawancin lokaci ana kiran Jafananci a cikin Amurka a matsayin "Yankees na Gabas mai Nisa." A shekara ta 1872 sojojin Amurka sun fara horar da Jafanawa yadda za su mamaye wasu kasashe, tare da sa ido kan Taiwan.

Charles LeGendre, wani Janar Ba’amurke ne yake horar da Jafanawa hanyoyin yaki, ya ba da shawarar cewa su yi amfani da akidar Monroe ga Asiya, wato manufar mamaye Asiya ta yadda Amurka ta mamaye yankinta. Japan ta kafa Ofishin Harkokin Savage kuma ta ƙirƙira sababbin kalmomi kamar koroni (mallaka). Tattaunawa a Japan sun fara mai da hankali kan alhakin Jafananci na wayewa da miyagu. A cikin 1873, Japan ta mamaye Taiwan tare da masu ba da shawara na soja na Amurka. Koriya ta gaba.

Koriya da Japan sun san zaman lafiya tsawon ƙarni. Lokacin da Jafanawa suka zo da jiragen ruwa na Amurka, suna sanye da tufafin Amurka, suna magana game da sarkinsu na Allah, kuma suka ba da shawarar yin yarjejeniya ta "abota zumunci," Koreans sun yi tunanin cewa Jafanawa sun yi hasashe, suka ce su ɓace, sun san cewa China tana can a can. Koriya ta baya. Sai dai Japanawa sun yi magana da China kan barin Koriya ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar, ba tare da bayyana wa Sinawa ko Koriyan abin da yarjejeniyar ke nufi a cikin fassarar Ingilishi ba.

A shekara ta 1894, kasar Japan ta kaddamar da yaki a kan kasar Sin, yakin da makaman Amurka, a bangaren Japan, suka dauki wannan rana. Kasar Sin ta yi watsi da yankin Taiwan da yankin Liaodong, ta biya diyya mai yawa, ta kuma ayyana Koriya ta arewa mai cin gashin kanta, sannan ta bai wa Japan hakkin kasuwanci a kasar Sin kamar yadda Amurka da kasashen Turai suke da shi. Japan ta yi nasara, har sai da China ta shawo kan Rasha, Faransa, da Jamus don nuna adawa da ikon mallakar Liaodong na Japan. Japan ta ba da ita kuma Rasha ta kama shi. Japan ta ji yadda Kiristoci farar fata suka ci amanar su, kuma ba na ƙarshe ba.

A shekara ta 1904, Teddy Roosevelt ya ji daɗin wani harin ba-zata da Japan ta kai kan jiragen ruwa na Rasha. Yayin da Jafanawa suka sake yin yaƙi a Asiya a matsayin Aryans masu daraja, Roosevelt a asirce kuma ba bisa ka'ida ba ya yanke mu'amala da su, tare da amincewa da koyarwar Monroe ga Japan a Asiya. A cikin 1930s, Japan ta ba da damar buɗe kasuwancin ga Amurka a cikin sararin daularta idan Amurka za ta yi haka ga Japan a Latin Amurka. Gwamnatin Amurka ta ce a'a.

CHINA

Birtaniya ba ita ce kawai gwamnatin waje ba tare da ofishin farfaganda a birnin New York wanda ya kai ga yakin duniya na biyu. China ma tana can.

Ta yaya gwamnatin Amurka ta canza daga ƙawancenta da ganowa da Japan zuwa ɗaya tare da Sin da Japan (sannan kuma ta sake komawa wata hanyar bayan WWII)? Sashin farko na amsar yana da alaƙa da farfagandar Sinawa da yin amfani da addini maimakon kabilanci, da kuma sanya wani Roosevelt na daban a cikin fadar White House. Littafin James Bradley na 2016, Mirage na kasar Sin: Tarihin Boyayyen Bala'i na Amurka a China tya kawo wannan labari.[lviii]

Shekaru da dama kafin yakin duniya na biyu, zauren majalisar dinkin duniya na kasar Sin a Amurka, ya rinjayi jama'ar Amurka, da da yawa daga cikin manyan jami'an Amurka, cewa, Sinawa suna son zama Kirista, cewa Chiang Kai-shek shi ne shugabansu na dimokuradiyya da suke so, maimakon mai tada zaune tsaye. Fasist, cewa Mao Zedong ba shi da daraja babu wanda ya kai shi ko'ina, kuma Amurka za ta iya tallafawa Chiang Kai-shek kuma zai yi amfani da su duka don yakar Japanawa, sabanin amfani da shi wajen yakar Mao.

Hoton baƙar fata mai daraja da Kiristanci na kasar Sin mutane ne kamar su Triniti (daga baya Duke) da Vanderbilt ya koyar da Charlie Soong, 'ya'yansa mata Ailing, Chingling, da Mayling, da ɗan Tse-ven (TV), da mijin Mayling Chiang. Kai-shek, Henry Luce wanda ya fara Time mujallar bayan an haife su a yankin mishan na China, da Pearl Buck waɗanda suka yi rubutu Duniya Mai Kyau bayan irin wannan kuruciya. TV Soong ya dauki hayar sojan Amurka Air Corps Kanar Jack Jouett mai ritaya kuma a shekara ta 1932 ya sami damar yin amfani da duk ƙwarewar Sojojin Amurka kuma yana da malamai tara, likitan jirgin sama, makanikai huɗu, da sakatare, duk sojojin saman Amurka sun sami horo amma yanzu suna aiki. don Soong a China. Tun farkon taimakon sojan da Amurka ta yi wa China ne ba sa samun labarai kadan a Amurka fiye da yadda ake yi a Japan.

A cikin 1938, yayin da Japan ta kai hari kan biranen kasar Sin, kuma Chiang da kyar ya yi yaki, Chiang ya umurci babban mai yada farfagandarsa Hollington Tong, tsohon dalibin aikin jarida na Jami'ar Columbia, da ya aika da wakilai zuwa Amurka don daukar 'yan mishan na Amurka tare da ba su shaidar ta'asar Japan, hayar Frank Price (Mishan da aka fi so na Mayling), da kuma ɗaukar masu ba da rahoto da marubuta na Amurka don rubuta labarai da littattafai masu kyau. An haifi Frank Price da dan uwansa Harry Price a kasar Sin, ba tare da sun taba haduwa da kasar Sin ta Sin ba. ’Yan’uwan Price sun kafa shago a birnin New York, inda mutane kaɗan ba su san cewa suna aiki da ƙungiyar gungun Soong-Chiang ba. Mayling da Tong sun nada su don shawo kan Amurkawa cewa mabuɗin zaman lafiya a China shine takunkumin da aka yi wa Japan. Sun ƙirƙiri kwamitin Amurka don rashin shiga cikin tashin hankalin Japan. “Jama’a ba su taɓa sani ba,” in ji Bradley, “cewa ’yan mishan na Manhattan da ƙwazo suna aiki a Titin Fortieth ta Gabas don ceton Ƙungiyoyin Ƙauye na China suna biyan ma’aikatan Lobby na China albashi da suka yi abin da ya yiwu ya saba wa doka da cin amana.”

Na dauki maganar Bradley ba wai cewa talakawan China ba su da daraja, kuma ba Japan ba ta da laifi ba, amma yakin neman farfaganda ya gamsar da yawancin Amurkawa cewa Japan ba za ta kai wa Amurka hari ba idan Amurka ta yanke mai da karfe zuwa Japan - wanda ya kasance karya a ra'ayin masu sa ido kuma za'a tabbatar da shi karya ne yayin al'amuran.

Tsohon Sakataren Gwamnati kuma Sakataren Yaki na gaba Henry Stimson ya zama shugaban kwamitin Amurka don rashin shiga cikin tashin hankali na Japan, wanda ya kara da sauri tsoffin shugabannin Harvard, Seminary Theological Seminary, the Church Peace Union, the World Alliance for International Friendship, da Majalisar tarayya ta Ikklisiya ta Kristi a Amurka, da Associate Board of Christian Colleges a China, da dai sauransu Stimson da kungiyoyin da China ta biya su da'awar cewa Japan ba za ta taba kai hari ga Amurka idan an sanya takunkumi, za a zahiri canza zuwa dimokuradiyya a mayar da martani - da'awar da aka yi watsi da wadanda ke da masaniya a cikin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen da Fadar White House. A watan Fabrairun 1940, Bradley ya rubuta, 75% na Amurkawa sun goyi bayan sanyawa Japan takunkumi. Kuma yawancin Amurkawa, ba shakka, ba sa son yaƙi. Sun sayi farfagandar Lobby ta China.

Kakan mahaifiyar Franklin Roosevelt ya sami arziƙin sayar da opium a China, kuma mahaifiyar Franklin ta zauna a China tun tana yarinya. Ta zama shugabar girmamawa ta kwamitin ba da agaji ta kasar Sin da kwamitin marayu na yakin kasar Sin na Amurka. Matar Franklin, Eleanor, ita ce shugabar girmamawa ta kwamitin agajin gaggawa na Pearl Buck na kasar Sin. Kungiyoyin kwadagon Amurka dubu biyu sun goyi bayan takunkumin da aka kakabawa kasar Japan. Mai ba shugaban Amurka shawara kan tattalin arziki Lauchlin Currie, ya yi aiki ga gwamnatin Amurka da bankin China a lokaci guda. Mawallafin marubuci kuma ɗan'uwan Roosevelt Joe Alsop ya karɓi cak daga TV Soong a matsayin "mai ba da shawara" ko da yayin da yake yin hidimarsa a matsayin ɗan jarida. "Babu wani jami'in diflomasiyyar Burtaniya, Rasha, Faransanci, ko Japan," in ji Bradley, "da zai yi imani cewa Chiang zai iya zama mai sassaucin ra'ayi." Amma mai yiwuwa Franklin Roosevelt ya yarda da hakan. Ya yi magana da Chiang da Mayling a asirce, yana zagayawa da ma'aikatar harkokin wajensa.

Duk da haka Franklin Roosevelt ya yi imanin cewa idan aka sanya takunkumi, Japan za ta kai hari ga Indies Gabas ta Gabas (Indonesia) tare da yiwuwar sakamakon yakin duniya. Morgenthau, a cikin bayanin Bradley, ya yi ƙoƙari ya zamewa ta hanyar jimlar takunkumin hana man fetur zuwa Japan, yayin da Roosevelt ya bijire na ɗan lokaci. Roosevelt ya sanya wani bangare na takunkumin hana zirga-zirgar jiragen sama-man fetur da tarkace. Ya yi rance ga Chiang. Ya samar da jiragen sama, masu horarwa, da matukan jirgi. Lokacin da Roosevelt ya nemi mai ba shi shawara Tommy Corcoran da ya duba shugaban wannan sabuwar rundunar sojojin sama, tsohon kyaftin din rundunar sojojin saman Amurka Claire Chennault, watakila bai san cewa yana neman wani a cikin TV Soong ya ba shi shawara kan wani a cikin jirgin. biya na TV Soong.

Ko masu yada farfagandar Burtaniya ko China da ke aiki a New York sun motsa gwamnatin Amurka a duk inda ba ta riga ta so zuwa ba, tambaya ce a bayyane.

##

[i] C-Span, “Sanarwar Gargaɗi na Jarida da Lusitania,” Afrilu 22, 2015, https://www.c-span.org/video/?c4535149/jarida-warning-notice-lusitania

[ii] Albarkatun Lusitania, "Maƙarƙashiya ko ɓarna?" https://www.rmslusitania.info/controversies/conspiracy-or-foul-up

[iii] William M. Leary, "Wings for China: The Jouett Mission, 1932-35," Binciken Tarihi na Pacific 38, ba. 4 (Nuwamba 1969). Nicholson Baker ne ya ambata. Hayakin Dan Adam: Farkon Karshen wayewa. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 32.

[iv] Associated Press Janairu 17, buga a New York Times, “'WA BANZA BANZA,' in ji MATA. ROOSEVELT; Matar shugaban kasa ta gaya wa masu neman zaman lafiya ya kamata mutane suyi tunanin yaki a matsayin kisan kai," Janairu 18, 1934, https://www.nytimes.com/1934/01/18/archives/-war-utter-futility-says-mrs-roosevelt-presidents-wife-tells-peace-.html Nicholson Baker ne ya ambata. Hayakin Dan Adam: Farkon Karshen wayewa. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 46.

[v] New York Times, “JANAR JAPAN YA KASANCE MU MANA ‘MAZALUNCI’; Tanaka Ya Nuna Yabon 'Ƙarfafa' Roosevelt na Kafa Sojojin Ruwa a Hawaii. Ya Bukaci Daidaiton Makamai Ya Ce Tokyo Ba Zata Juya Daga Ruguza Parley na London ba idan An Ƙi Buƙatar,” Agusta 5, 1934, https://www.nytimes.com/1934/08/05/archives/japanese-general-finds-us-insolent-tanaka-decries-roosevelts-loud.html Nicholson Baker ne ya ambata. Hayakin Dan Adam: Farkon Karshen wayewa. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 51.

[vi] George Seldes, Mujallar Harper, "Sabuwar Farfaganda don Yaƙi," Oktoba 1934, https://harpers.org/archive/1934/10/the-new-propaganda-for-war Nicholson Baker ya ambata, Hayakin Dan Adam: Farkon Karshen wayewa. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 52.

[vii] Dawuda Talbot, Iblis Dog: Labarin Gaskiya Mai Ban Mamaki na Mutumin da Ya Ceci Amurka, (Simon & Schuster, 2010).

[viii] Manjo Janar Smedley Butler, Yaki Rake ne, https://www.ratical.org/ratville/CAH/warisaracket.html

[ix] Nicholson Baker, Hayakin Dan Adam: Farkon Karshen wayewa. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 56.

[X] Nicholson Baker, Hayakin Dan Adam: Farkon Karshen wayewa. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 63.

[xi] Nicholson Baker, Hayakin Dan Adam: Farkon Karshen wayewa. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 71.

[xii] Nicholson Baker, Hayakin Dan Adam: Farkon Karshen wayewa. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 266.

[xiii] Sashen Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka, “Gina Tushen Sojojin Ruwa a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu,” Juzu'i na I (Sashe na I) Babi na V Sayayya da Dabaru don Ci gaban Tushen, https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading- dakin / lakabi-jerin haruffa/b/building-the-navys-bases/building-the-navys-bases-vol-1.html#1-5

[xiv] Arthur H. McCollum, "Takardun Bayani na Daraktan: Ƙididdigar Halin da ake ciki a cikin Pacific da Shawarwari don Ayyuka ta Amurka," Oktoba 7, 1940, https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/McCollum_memorandum

[xv] Conrad Crane, Parameters, US Army War College, "Bita na Littattafai: Ranar yaudara," Spring 2001. Wikipedia, "McCollum memo," https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCollum_memo#cite_note-15

[xvi] Robert B. Stinnett, Ranar Ha'inci: Gaskiya Game da FDR da Pearl Harbor (Touchstone, 2000) p. 11.

[xvii] Tambayoyi don Shirin Tashar Tarihi "Admiral Chester Nimitz, Thunder of the Pacific." Wikipedia ya buga, "McCollum memo," https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCollum_memo#cite_note-13

[xviii] Oliver Stone da Peter Kuznick, Tarihin Ba da Labari na Amurka (Simon & Schuster, 2012), shafi. 98.

[xix] Joseph C. Grew, Shekaru XNUMX a Japan, (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1944) p. 568. Nicholson Baker ya kawo. Hayakin Dan Adam: Farkon Karshen wayewa. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 282.

[xx] New York Times, “RUKUNAN SIRKI NA SIN DA AKE CIN ZALUNCI; Ana sa ran tashin bama-bamai na garuruwan Japan zai haifar Daga Sabon Ra'ayi a Chungking," Mayu 24, 1941, https://www.nytimes.com/1941/05/24/archives/chinese-air-force-to-take-offensive-bombing-of-japanese-cities-is.html Nicholson Baker ne ya ambata. Hayakin Dan Adam: Farkon Karshen wayewa. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 331.

[xxi] New York Times, “ ANA SON GUJEWA YAKI KAMAR YADDA MUKE NUFI; Masu jawabai a Tattaunawar Roundtable a Tarukan Washington Tambayi Manufofin Harkokin Waje da Aka Bukata," Yuni 1, 1941, https://www.nytimes.com/1941/06/01/archives/avoidance-of-war-urged-as-us-aim-speakers-at-roundtable-talks-at.html Nicholson Baker ne ya ambata. Hayakin Dan Adam: Farkon Karshen wayewa. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 333.

[xxii] Nicholson Baker, Hayakin Dan Adam: Farkon Karshen wayewa. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 365.

[xxiii] Kwalejin Mount Holyoke, "Maganganun da ba na yau da kullun na Shugaba Roosevelt ga Kwamitin Sa-kai na Sa-kai kan Me yasa ake ci gaba da fitar da mai zuwa Japan, Washington, Yuli 24, 1941," https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/WorldWar2/fdr25.htm

[xxiv] Hukuncin Rashin Amincewa na RB Pal, Kotun Kolin Tokyo, Sashe na 8, http://www.cwporter.com/pal8.htm

[xxv] Otto D. Tolischus, New York Times, “Japan ta nace MU DA KUSKUREN BURTAIN A KAN THAILAND; Gargaɗi daga Hull da Eden sun yi 'Mai wuya a Fahimta' a Duban Manufofin Tokyo," Agusta 8, 1941, https://www.nytimes.com/1941/08/08/archives/japanese-insist-us-and-Britain -err-on-thailand-gargadi-da-hull-da.html Nicholson Baker ya buga, Hayakin Dan Adam: Farkon Karshen wayewa. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 375.

[xxvi] Oliver Stone da Peter Kuznick, Tarihin Ba da Labari na Amurka (Simon & Schuster, 2012), shafi. 98.

[xxvii] 'Yar Majalisa Jeanette Rankin ta kawo a cikin Rikodin Majalisa, Disamba 7, 1942.

[xxviii] 'Yar Majalisa Jeanette Rankin ta kawo a cikin Rikodin Majalisa, Disamba 7, 1942.

[xxix] 'Yar Majalisa Jeanette Rankin ta kawo a cikin Rikodin Majalisa, Disamba 7, 1942.

[xxx] 'Yar Majalisa Jeanette Rankin ta kawo a cikin Rikodin Majalisa, Disamba 7, 1942.

[xxxi] Nicholson Baker ne ya ambata. Hayakin Dan Adam: Farkon Karshen wayewa. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 387

[xxxii] Bidiyon wani muhimmin sashe na wannan jawabin yana nan: https://archive.org/details/FranklinD.RooseveltsDeceptiveSpeechOctober271941 Cikakken jawabin yana nan: New York Times, " Jawabin Ranar Sojojin Ruwa na Shugaba Roosevelt akan Al'amuran Duniya," Oktoba 28, 1941, https://www.nytimes.com/1941/10/28/archives/president-roosevelts-navy-day-address-on-world-affairs .html

[xxxiii] William Boyd, Daily Mail, "Taswirar ban mamaki na Hitler wanda ya juya Amurka ga 'yan Nazi: Babban labari mai ban mamaki na yadda 'yan leƙen asirin Birtaniya a Amurka suka yi juyin mulki wanda ya taimaka wajen jawo Roosevelt zuwa yaki," Yuni 28, 2014, https://www.dailymail.co.uk /labarai/labarai-2673298/Hitler-map-mai ban mamaki-ta-juya-Amurka-da-Nazis-A-jagora-marubuta-marubuta-baittaniyya-'yan leƙen asiri-Amurka-tayi-juyin mulki-taimaka-ja-Roosevelt-yaki.html

[xxxiv] Ivar Bryce, Kuna Rayuwa Sau ɗaya (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1984).

[xxxv] Edgar Ansel Mowrer, Nasara da Hargitsi: Tarihin Keɓaɓɓen Zamanin Mu (New York: Weybright da Talley, 1968), shafi na 323, 325. Nicholson Baker ya kawo. Hayakin Dan Adam: Farkon Karshen wayewa. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 415.

[xxxvi] Joseph C. Grew, Shekaru XNUMX a Japan, (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1944) p. 468, 470. Nicholson Baker ya kawo. Hayakin Dan Adam: Farkon Karshen wayewa. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 425.

[xxxvii] Wikipedia, "Hull Note," https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_note

[xxxviii] Nicholson Baker, Hayakin Dan Adam: Farkon Karshen wayewa. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 431.

[xxxix] John Toland, Lalacewar: Harbor Pearl da Sakamakonsa (Ranar biyu, 1982), shafi. 166.

[xl] Shawarar Jafananci (Shirin B) na 20 Nuwamba 1941, https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/PTO/Dip/PlanB.html

[xli] Shawarwari na Ƙaddamar da Amurka ga Shirin Jafananci B - Nuwamba 26, 1941, https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/PTO/Dip/PlanB.html

[xlii] 'Yar Majalisa Jeanette Rankin ta kawo a cikin Rikodin Majalisa, Disamba 7, 1942.

[xliii] Lydia Saad, Gallup Polling, "Gallup Vault: Ƙasar Haɗin Kai Bayan Pearl Harbor," Disamba 5, 2016, https://news.gallup.com/vault/199049/gallup-vault-country-unified-pearl-harbor.aspx

[xliv] Robert B. Stinnett, Ranar Ha'inci: Gaskiya Game da FDR da Pearl Harbor (Touchstone, 2000) shafi na 171-172.

[xlv] Bayanin Laftanar Clarence E. Dickinson, USN, a cikin Asabar Maraice Post na Oktoba 10, 1942, wanda 'yar majalisa Jeanette Rankin ta ambata a cikin Rikodin Majalisa, Disamba 7, 1942.

[xlvi] Al Hemingway, Charlotte Sun, "An rubuta gargadin farko game da harin a kan Pearl Harbor," Dec 7, 2016, https://www.newsherald.com/news/20161207/early-warning-of-attack-on-pearl-harbor-documented

[xlvii] 'Yar Majalisa Jeanette Rankin ta kawo a cikin Rikodin Majalisa, Disamba 7, 1942.

[xlviii] Paul Badard, US News & World Report, "Ƙididdigar Memo Hinted na 1941 Harin Hawai: Littafin Blockbuster kuma ya bayyana sanarwar FDR da aka yi watsi da ikon axis," Nuwamba 29, 2011, https://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/washington-whispers/2011/11/29 /bayyana-bayanin-bayanin-harin-1941-hawaii--

[xlix] Amurka Holocaust Memorial Museum, Amurkawa da Holocaust: "Yaya Ra'ayin Jama'a Game da Shiga Yaƙin Duniya na II Canji Tsakanin 1939 da 1941?" https://exhibitions.ushmm.org/americans-and-the-holocaust/us-public-opinion-world-war-II-1939-1941

[l] Robert B. Stinnett, Ranar Ha'inci: Gaskiya Game da FDR da Pearl Harbor (Touchstone, 2000) p. 263.

[li] Richard Bernstein, New York Times, "'Ranar yaudara': A ranar Dec. 7, Shin Mun San Mun Sani?" Disamba 15, 1999, https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/99/12/12/daily/121599stinnett-book-review.html

[lii] Daniel Immerwahr, Yadda Ake Boye Daular: Tarihin Babbar Amurka, (Farrar, Straus, da Giroux, 2019).

[liii] Richard K. Neumann Jr., Cibiyar Labarai ta Tarihi, Jami'ar George Washington, "Tatsuniyar Cewa' Jiragen Ruwa Takwas An Sunk' A Pearl Harbor," https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/32489

[liv] Daniel Immerwahr, Yadda Ake Boye Daular: Tarihin Babbar Amurka, (Farrar, Straus, da Giroux, 2019).

[lv] Daniel Immerwahr, Yadda Ake Boye Daular: Tarihin Babbar Amurka, (Farrar, Straus, da Giroux, 2019).

[lvi] "Bayyana na ajiyar Philippine," https://ds-carbonite.haverford.edu/spectacle-14/exhibits/show/vantagepoints_1904wfphilippine/_overview_

[lvii] James Bradley, Tsarin Tsarin Mulki: Tarihin Tarihi na Tarihi da Yaƙi (Back Bay Books, 2010).

[lviii] James Bradley, Miarfafawar China: Tarihin Hoye na Bala'i na Amurka a Asiya (Little, Brown, da Kamfanin, 2015).