By David Swanson, World BEYOND War, Agusta 1, 2022
Lokacin da birnin New York kwanan nan ya fitar da wani babban bidiyo mai ban sha'awa "sanarwa ga jama'a" yana bayanin cewa ya kamata ku kasance a gida yayin yakin nukiliya, martanin kafofin watsa labarai na kamfanoni bai zama abin takaici ba ga yarda da irin wannan kaddara ko wauta ta gaya wa mutane "Kunyi samu wannan!" kamar dai za su iya tsira daga apocalypse ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tare da Netflix, amma a maimakon haka ba'a da ainihin ra'ayin cewa yakin nukiliya na iya faruwa. Zaɓen Amurka akan manyan damuwar mutane ya gano 1% na mutanen da suka fi damuwa da yanayi da kuma 0% sun fi damuwa da yaƙin nukiliya.
Duk da haka, Amurka kawai ba bisa ka'ida ba ta sanya makaman nukiliya a cikin ƙasa ta 6 (kuma kusan babu wani a cikin Amurka da zai iya suna ko dai ko sauran biyar da Amurka ta riga ta mallaki makaman nukiliya ba bisa ka'ida ba), yayin da Rasha ke magana game da sanya makaman nukiliya cikin wata ƙasa kuma, kuma. gwamnatocin biyu tare da yawancin makaman nukiliya suna ƙara magana - a fili da kuma a ɓoye - game da yakin nukiliya. Masana kimiyyar da ke kiyaye agogon kiyama suna tunanin hadarin ya fi kowane lokaci. Akwai yarjejeniya gaba ɗaya cewa jigilar makamai zuwa Ukraine a cikin haɗarin yaƙin nukiliya yana da daraja - duk abin da “shi” na iya zama. Kuma, aƙalla a cikin shugabar Majalisar Dokokin Amurka Nancy Pelosi, muryoyin sun yi iƙirarin cewa tafiya zuwa Taiwan ta cancanci hakan.
Trump ya wargaza yarjejeniyar Iran, kuma Biden ya yi duk mai yiwuwa don kiyaye ta haka. Lokacin da Trump ya ba da shawarar yin magana da Koriya ta Arewa, kafafen yada labaran Amurka sun shiga hauka. Sai dai gwamnatin da ta kai ga kololuwar kashe kudaden da aka kashe wajen kashe kudi na soja, ta kafa tarihi na yawan kasashe da aka jefa bama-bamai a lokaci guda, ta kuma kirkiro yakin jirgin sama na mutum-mutumi (na Barack Obama) wanda dole ne mutum ya dade da zafi, kamar yadda ya yi abin ban dariya. -amma fiye da yarjejeniyar Iran, ta ki ba wa Ukraine makamai, kuma ba ta da lokacin samun yaki da China. Rikicin da Trump da Biden suka yi wa Ukraine ya fi yin amfani da damar da za a iya fitar da ku fiye da komai, kuma duk wani abu da ya gaza cika bakin Biden an gaishe shi da kururuwar jini ta hanyar kamfanonin labaran ku na Amurka.
A halin yanzu, daidai kamar mutanen Hiroshima da Nagasaki, da kuma mazaunan Guinea-pigged na ɗan adam mafi girma na gwaje-gwajen nukiliya na tsibirin Pacific, da raguwa a ko'ina, babu wanda ya ga yana zuwa. Kuma, ma fiye da haka, an horar da mutane don su tabbata cewa babu wani abu da za su iya yi don canza abubuwa idan sun fahimci kowace irin matsala. Don haka, yana da ban mamaki yunƙurin da waɗanda ke ba da hankali suke bayarwa, alal misali:
Tsagaita Wuta da Tattaunawa Zaman Lafiya a Ukraine
Kada ku yi Yanki cikin Yaƙi da China
Kiran duniya gaba daya ga gwamnatocin Nuclear tara
Ka ce A'a ga Tafiyar Taiwan Nancy Pelosi Mai Haɗari
BIDIYO: Kashe Makaman Nukiliya a Duniya & Na Gida - Gidan Yanar Gizon Yanar Gizo
Bidiyon Gadar Nukiliya 12 ga Yuni
Agusta 2: Webinar: Menene zai iya haifar da yakin nukiliya tare da Rasha da China?
Agusta 5: 77 Bayan Shekaru: Kawar da Nukes, Ba Rayuwa a Duniya ba
Agusta 6: "Ranar Bayan" shirin fim da tattaunawa
Agusta 9: Hiroshima-Nagasaki Ranar Ciki na 77th
Seattle zuwa Rally don kawar da Nukiliya
Ƙananan bayanai akan Hiroshima da Nagasaki:
Makaman nukiliyar ba su ceci rayuka ba. Sun kashe rayuka, watakila 200,000 daga cikinsu. Ba a yi nufin su ceci rayuka ko kawo ƙarshen yaƙin ba. Kuma ba su kawo karshen yakin ba. Mamaya na Rasha ya yi haka. Amma yaƙin zai ƙare ko ta yaya, ba tare da waɗannan abubuwan ba. Binciken Dabarun Bam na Amurka kammala cewa, “… tabbas kafin ranar 31 ga Disamba, 1945, kuma a cikin dukkan yuwuwar kafin 1 ga Nuwamba, 1945, da Japan ta mika wuya ko da ba a jefa bama-bamai na atomic ba, ko da Rasha ba ta shiga yakin ba, kuma ko da ba a mamayewa ba. an yi shiri ko an yi la’akari da shi.”
Ɗaya daga cikin masu adawa da ya bayyana wannan ra'ayi ga Sakataren Yaƙi kuma, ta asusunsa, ga Shugaba Truman, kafin tashin bama-bamai shine Janar Dwight Eisenhower. Karkashin Sakataren Sojojin Ruwa Ralph Bard, kafin tashin bama-bamai. ya bukaci hakan Japan za a yi gargadi. Lewis Strauss, mai ba da shawara ga sakataren sojojin ruwa, shi ma kafin tashin bama-bamai. shawarar busa sama daji maimakon birni. Janar George Marshall a fili yarda da wannan ra'ayin. Masanin kimiyyar atomic Leo Szilard masana kimiyya shirya don kai karar shugaban kasa kan amfani da bam. Masanin kimiyyar atomic James Franck ya shirya masana kimiyya wanda ya bada shawara kula da makaman nukiliya a matsayin batun manufofin farar hula, ba kawai shawarar soja ba. Wani masanin kimiyya, Joseph Rotblat, ya bukaci a kawo karshen aikin Manhattan, kuma ya yi murabus lokacin da bai kare ba. Wani bincike da masana kimiyyar Amurka da suka kirkiri bama-baman da aka yi kafin a yi amfani da su, sun gano cewa kashi 83% na son bam din nukiliya da aka nuna a bainar jama'a kafin a jefa shi a Japan. Sojojin Amurka sun kiyaye wannan zaben cikin sirri. Janar Douglas MacArthur ya gudanar da taron manema labarai a ranar 6 ga Agusta, 1945, kafin tashin bam a Hiroshima, inda ya bayyana cewa an riga an doke Japan.
Shugaban Hafsan Hafsoshin Soja Admiral William D. Leahy ya ce cikin fushi a shekara ta 1949 cewa Truman ya ba shi tabbacin cewa harin soji ne kawai za a lalata, ba farar hula ba. "Amfani da wannan makami na dabbanci a Hiroshima da Nagasaki ba wani taimako na abin duniya ba ne a yakinmu da Japan. An riga an ci Japanawa kuma a shirye suke su mika wuya,” in ji Leahy. Manyan jami'an sojan da suka ce bayan yakin cewa Jafanawa za su mika wuya da sauri ba tare da tashin bama-bamai na nukiliya sun hada da Janar Douglas MacArthur, Janar Henry "Hap" Arnold, Janar Curtis LeMay, Janar Carl "Tooey" Spaatz, Admiral Ernest King, Admiral Chester Nimitz , Admiral William “Bull” Halsey, da Birgediya Janar Carter Clarke. Kamar yadda Oliver Stone da Peter Kuznick suka taƙaita, bakwai daga cikin jami'an tauraro biyar na Amurka guda takwas waɗanda suka karɓi tauraronsu na ƙarshe a yakin duniya na biyu ko kuma bayan - Janar MacArthur, Eisenhower, da Arnold, da Admiral Leahy, King, Nimitz, da Halsey — a shekara ta 1945 ya ƙi ra’ayin cewa ana buƙatar bama-bamai don kawo ƙarshen yaƙin. "Abin baƙin ciki, ko da yake, akwai ƙananan shaida cewa sun matsa karar su tare da Truman kafin gaskiyar."
A ranar 6 ga Agusta, 1945, Shugaba Truman ya yi ƙarya a rediyo cewa an jefa bam na nukiliya akan sansanin sojoji, maimakon a birni. Kuma ya baratar da hakan, ba kamar saurin kawo ƙarshen yaƙin ba, amma azaman ramuwar gayya ne ga laifukan Japan. “Mr. Truman ya yi farin ciki, ”in ji Dorothy Day. Makonni kafin a jefa bam na farko, a ranar 13 ga Yuli, 1945, Japan ta aika da sakon waya zuwa Tarayyar Soviet inda ta nuna sha'awar mika wuya da kawo karshen yakin. Amurka ta karya lambobin Japan kuma ta karanta telegram. Truman ya yi magana a cikin littafin tarihinsa zuwa "sakon waya daga Jap Emperor yana neman zaman lafiya." An sanar da Shugaba Truman ta tashoshin Switzerland da Fotigal na zaman lafiya na Japan tun farkon watanni uku kafin Hiroshima. Japan ta ki yarda kawai ta mika wuya ba tare da wani sharadi ba kuma ta ba da sarkinta, amma Amurka ta dage kan wadannan sharudda har sai da bama -baman suka fadi, a lokacin ne ta ba Japan damar ci gaba da rike sarkinta. Don haka, sha'awar jefa bama -baman na iya tsawaita yakin. Bama -bamai ba su rage yakin ba.
Mai ba shugaban kasa shawara James Byrnes ya gaya wa Truman cewa jefa bama-bamai zai ba Amurka damar "shaida sharuddan kawo karshen yakin." Sakataren Rundunar Sojan Ruwa James Forrestal ya rubuta a cikin littafin tarihinsa cewa Byrnes ya kasance "ya fi damuwa da ganin an kawo karshen lamarin Japan kafin Rashawa su shigo." Truman ya rubuta a cikin littafinsa cewa Soviets suna shirye-shiryen tafiya zuwa Japan da "Fini Japs lokacin da hakan ya faru." An shirya mamayewar Soviet kafin bama-bamai, ba su yanke shawarar ba. Amurka ba ta da wani shiri na mamayewa na tsawon watanni, kuma ba ta da wani shiri kan yadda za a yi kasada da adadin rayukan da malaman makarantun Amurka za su ce an cece ku. Tunanin cewa babban mamayewar Amurka yana nan gabatowa kuma hanya daya tilo ga biranen nuking, ta yadda biranen nukiliya suka ceci dimbin rayukan Amurkawa, labari ne. Masana tarihi sun san haka, kamar yadda suka san cewa George Washington ba shi da haƙoran katako ko kuma ya faɗi gaskiya a koyaushe, kuma Paul Revere bai hau shi kaɗai ba, kuma bawan da Patrick Henry ya yi magana game da 'yanci an rubuta shekaru da yawa bayan ya mutu, kuma Molly Babu Pitcher. Amma tatsuniyoyi suna da nasu ikon. Rayuwa, a hanya, ba na musamman na sojojin Amurka ba ne. Mutanen Japan ma sun sami rayuka.
Truman ya ba da umarnin a jefa bama -baman, daya a Hiroshima a ranar 6 ga Agusta da kuma wani nau'in bam, bam na plutonium, wanda sojoji su ma suke son gwadawa da nunawa, a Nagasaki a ranar 9 ga Agusta. An tayar da bam din Nagasaki daga 11th zuwa 9th don rage yuwuwar Japan ta mika wuya tukuna. Har ila yau, a ranar 9 ga Agusta, Soviets sun kai hari ga Japan. A cikin makonni biyu masu zuwa, Soviets sun kashe Jafanawa 84,000 yayin da suka rasa sojojinsu 12,000, kuma Amurka ta ci gaba da jefa bama-bamai a Japan da makaman nukiliya - kona garuruwan Japan, kamar yadda ta yi wa yawancin Japan kafin 6 ga Agusta.th cewa, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a ɗauki birane biyu don nuke, ba a sami raguwa da yawa da za a zaɓa daga cikinsu ba. Sannan Jafananci sun mika wuya.
Cewa akwai dalilin yin amfani da makaman nukiliya tatsuniya ce. Cewa za a iya sake samun dalilin yin amfani da makaman nukiliya tatsuniya ce. Cewa za mu iya tsira daga ƙarin amfani da makaman nukiliya tatsuniya ce - BA “sanarwar sabis na jama’a ba.” Cewa akwai dalilin kera makaman nukiliya duk da cewa ba za ku taɓa amfani da su ba wauta ce ko da ta zama tatsuniya. Kuma cewa za mu iya wanzuwa har abada mallakar makaman nukiliya da yaɗuwar ba tare da wani ya yi amfani da su da gangan ko da gangan ba, hauka ne tsantsa.
Me yasa malaman tarihin Amurka a makarantun firamare na Amurka a yau - a cikin 2022! - gaya wa yara cewa an jefa bama -bamai na nukiliya akan Japan don ceton rayuka - ko kuma “bam ɗin” (na mufuradi) don gujewa ambaton Nagasaki? Masu bincike da furofesoshi sun zubar da shaidar shekaru 75. Sun san cewa Truman ya san cewa yaƙin ya ƙare, cewa Japan tana son mika wuya, cewa Tarayyar Soviet na gab da mamayewa. Sun rubuta duk juriya da tashin bamabamai tsakanin sojojin Amurka da gwamnati da al'ummar kimiyya, da kuma dalilin gwada bama -bamai da ayyuka da kashe kudi da yawa suka shiga, da kuma dalilin tsoratar da duniya da musamman Soviets, kazalika da buɗewa da rashin kunya na sanya ƙima akan rayuwar Jafananci. Ta yaya aka samar da irin wannan tatsuniyoyi masu ƙarfi waɗanda ake ɗaukar gaskiyar kamar skunks a wurin shakatawa?
A cikin littafin Greg Mitchell na 2020, Farkon farawa ko Endarshen: Yadda Hollywood - da Amurka - suka Koyi Tsaida Damuwa da Loveaunar Bom, muna da labarin yin fim na MGM na 1947, Farkon ko ƙarshe, wanda gwamnatin Amurka ta tsara a hankali don inganta labaran karya. Fim din ya jefa bam. Ya yi asarar kuɗi. Abinda ya dace ga memba na jama'ar Amurka a fili shine kada ya kalli wani littafi mara kyau kuma mai ban sha'awa tare da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo masu wasa da masana kimiyya da masu kashe gobara waɗanda suka haifar da sabon nau'in kisan kai. Babban aikin shine a guje wa duk wani tunani game da lamarin. Amma waɗanda ba za su iya guje wa hakan ba, an ba su labarin tatsuniya mai kyalli. Za ki iya duba shi akan layi kyauta, kuma kamar yadda Mark Twain zai faɗi, yana da daraja kowane dinari.
Fim ɗin yana buɗewa da abin da Mitchell ya bayyana a matsayin bayar da yabo ga Burtaniya da Kanada saboda rawar da suka taka wajen kera na'urar mutuwa - wanda ake zaton zagi ne idan aka gurbata hanyar neman kasuwa mafi girma don fim ɗin. Amma da gaske ya bayyana ya fi zargi fiye da kiredit. Wannan ƙoƙari ne na yada laifin. Fim din ya yi tsalle da sauri ya zargi Jamus da barazanar da ke shirin yi na nukiliyar duniya idan Amurka ba ta fara lalata shi ba. (A zahiri za ku iya samun wahala a yau samun matasa su yarda cewa Jamus ta mika wuya kafin Hiroshima, ko kuma gwamnatin Amurka ta san a 1944 cewa Jamus ta yi watsi da binciken bam ɗin atom a 1942.) Sa'an nan kuma wani ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ya yi mummunan ra'ayi na Einstein ya daɗe yana zargi. jerin masana kimiyya daga ko'ina cikin duniya. Sa'an nan kuma wasu mutane suna nuna cewa mutanen kirki suna yin rashin nasara a yakin kuma zai fi dacewa su gaggauta kirkiro sababbin bama-bamai idan suna so su ci nasara.
Sau da yawa ana gaya mana cewa manyan bama -bamai za su kawo zaman lafiya da kawo ƙarshen yaƙi. Wani mai kwaikwayon Franklin Roosevelt har ma ya sanya aikin Woodrow Wilson, yana mai da'awar bam ɗin atom zai iya kawo ƙarshen yaƙi (wani abin mamaki mutane da yawa sun gaskata hakan ya faru, ko da a cikin shekaru 75 da suka gabata na yaƙe -yaƙe, wanda wasu furofesoshi na Amurka suka bayyana a matsayin Babban Aminci). An gaya mana kuma an nuna cewa shirmen banza ne gaba ɗaya, kamar yadda Amurka ta jefa takardu akan Hiroshima don gargadin mutane (kuma na tsawon kwanaki 10 - “Wannan shine kwanaki 10 mafi gargaɗi fiye da yadda suka ba mu a Pearl Harbor,” wani hali yana furtawa) da kuma cewa Jafananci sun harba jirgin yayin da ya kusanci inda aka nufa. A zahirin gaskiya, Amurka ba ta taɓa barin takarda ɗaya a kan Hiroshima ba amma ta yi - cikin salon SNAFU mai kyau - ta ɗora tarin takardu a Nagasaki washegarin ranar da aka jefa bam a Nagasaki. Hakanan, gwarzon fim ɗin ya mutu daga hatsari yayin da yake jingina da bam don shirya shi don amfani - sadaukarwar jarumta ga ɗan adam a madadin ainihin waɗanda aka kashe a yaƙin - membobin sojojin Amurka. Fim ɗin ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa mutanen sun jefa bam "ba za su taɓa sanin abin da ya same su ba," duk da masu shirya fim ɗin sun san wahalar azabar waɗanda suka mutu sannu a hankali.
Wata hanyar sadarwa daga masu shirya fim zuwa mashawarcinsu da edita, Janar Leslie Groves, sun haɗa da waɗannan kalmomin: "Duk wani abin da zai sa Sojojin su zama wauta za a kawar da su."
Babban dalilin da fim din ke da mutuƙar wahala ne, a ganina, ba shine cewa fina-finai sun cika abubuwan da suke ɗauka ba duk shekara tsawon shekaru 75, ƙara launi, da kuma tsara nau'ikan abubuwan firgita, amma kawai cewa dalilin ne kowa ya yi tunanin bam ɗin haruffan duka suna magana game da duka tsawon fim ɗin yana da babban yarjejeniyar da aka bari. Ba mu ganin abin da yake yi, ba daga ƙasa ba, daga sama kawai.
Littafin Mitchell yayi kama da kallon tsiran alade, amma kuma kamar karanta rubutattun bayanai daga kwamitin da ya haɗa wani sashe na Littafi Mai -Tsarki. Wannan tatsuniya ce ta asalin ɗan sanda na Duniya a cikin kerawa. Kuma yana da muni. Har ma abin takaici ne. Ainihin ra'ayin fim ɗin ya fito ne daga masanin kimiyya wanda ke son mutane su fahimci haɗarin, ba ɗaukaka lalacewa ba. Wannan masanin kimiyya ya rubuta wa Donna Reed, waccan kyakkyawar mace wacce ta auri Jimmy Stewart a ciki Rayuwa mai ban mamaki ne, kuma ta samu kwalla tana birgima. Daga nan sai ya birkice da rauni mai ƙarfi na tsawon watanni 15 kuma ga shi, turmin silima ya fito.
Babu wata tambaya game da faɗin gaskiya. Fim ne. Kuna yin abubuwa sama. Kuma kun sanya shi duka a cikin hanya guda. Rubutun wannan fim ɗin yana ɗauke da wasu lokuta kowane irin maganganun banza waɗanda ba su dawwama, kamar Nazis da ke ba wa Jafananci bam ɗin nukiliya - da Jafananci suna kafa dakin gwaje-gwaje don masanan Nazi, daidai yadda ya kasance a cikin duniyar gaske a wannan lokacin lokacinda sojojin Amurka suke kafa dakunan gwaje-gwaje don masana kimiyyar Nazi (banda batun amfani da masana kimiyyar Jafanawa). Babu ɗayan wannan da ya fi dacewa The Man a cikin Babban Castle, don ɗaukar misalin kwanan nan na shekaru 75 na wannan kayan, amma wannan ya kasance da wuri, wannan ya kasance mai mahimmanci. Maganar banza da ba ta shiga cikin wannan fim ɗin ba, kowa bai gama gaskatawa da koyar da ɗalibai shekaru da yawa ba, amma cikin sauƙi zai iya samu. Masu shirya fim ɗin sun ba da ikon gyara ƙarshe ga sojojin Amurka da Fadar White House, ba ga masana kimiyya waɗanda ke da ƙima ba. Yawancin ragowa masu kyau da raƙuman hauka sun kasance na ɗan lokaci a cikin rubutun, amma an ƙwace su saboda dacewar furofaganda.
Idan wani ta'aziyya ne, zai iya zama mafi muni. Paramount yana cikin tseren fim ɗin makaman nukiliya tare da MGM kuma yana aiki Ayn Rand don tsara rubutun ɗan kishin ƙasa-jari-hujja. Layin rufewar ta shine "Mutum zai iya cin gajiyar sararin samaniya - amma babu wanda zai iya cin gajiyar mutum." Abin farin cikin mu duka, bai yi nasara ba. Abin takaici, duk da John Hersey Gidan Bell don Adano kasancewa mafi kyawun fim fiye da Farkon ko ƙarshe, littafinsa mafi kyawun sayarwa akan Hiroshima bai yi sha'awar kowane ɗakunan studio ba don kyakkyawan labarin fim ne. Abin takaici, Dr. Strangelove ba zai bayyana ba har zuwa 1964, wanda a wannan lokacin mutane da yawa a shirye suke su yi tambaya game da amfani da “bam ɗin” a nan gaba amma ba amfani da baya ba, yana mai sanya duk tambayar yin amfani da gaba ba mai rauni ba. Wannan alaƙar da makaman nukiliya daidai yake da yaƙe -yaƙe gaba ɗaya. Jama'ar Amurka na iya tambayar duk yaƙe -yaƙe na gaba, har ma da waɗancan yaƙe -yaƙe da aka ji daga shekarun 75 da suka gabata, amma ba WWII ba, yana mai ba da duk tambayoyin yaƙe -yaƙe na gaba mai rauni. A zahiri, jefa ƙuri'a na baya -bayan nan ya sami babban yarda don tallafawa yakin nukiliya na gaba da jama'ar Amurka.
A lokacin Farkon ko ƙarshe ana kwashe shi kuma ana yin fim, gwamnatin Amurka tana kamewa kuma ta nisanta kanta daga duk wani hoton da take samu na ainihin hoto ko kuma bayanan da aka yi na wuraren fashewar bam. Henry Stimson yana fuskantar lokacin Colin Powell, ana tura shi don gabatar da kara a bainar jama'a a rubuce saboda jefa bama-bamai. Arin bama-bamai ana saurin ginawa da haɓaka, kuma daukacin jama'a an fitar da su daga gidajen tsibirin su, sun yi karyar gaskiya, kuma ana amfani da su azaman labarai don labarai waɗanda a ciki aka nuna su a matsayin mahalarta masu farin cikin halakar su.
Mitchell ya rubuta cewa dalili guda daya da Hollywood ta jinkirta wa sojoji shine don amfani da jiragen sama, da sauransu, wajen samarwa, da kuma don amfani da ainihin sunayen haruffa a cikin labarin. Yana da matukar wahala in yarda da wadannan abubuwan suna da matukar muhimmanci. Tare da kasafin kudi mara iyaka yana jefa wannan abu - gami da biyan mutanen da yake baiwa veto iko - MGM na iya ƙirƙirar kayan aikin da basu da kyau da girgije naman kaza. Abin farin ciki ne a rinka tunanin cewa wata rana wadanda ke adawa da kisan gilla na iya daukar wani abu kamar gini na musamman na Cibiyar "Peace" ta Amurka kuma suna bukatar Hollywood ta hadu da ka'idojin motsi na zaman lafiya domin yin fim a can. Amma ba shakka motsi na zaman lafiya bashi da kuɗi, Hollywood ba ta da sha'awa, kuma kowane gini ana iya kwaikwayon shi a wani wuri. Hiroshima na iya zama an kwaikwaya a wani wuri, kuma a cikin fim ɗin ba a nuna komai ba. Babbar matsalar a nan ita ce akida da halaye na biyayya.
Akwai dalilai na tsoron gwamnati. FBI tana leken asirin mutanen da abin ya shafa, ciki har da masana kimiyyar fata kamar J. Robert Oppenheimer wanda ya ci gaba da ba da shawara kan fim din, yana kukan tsananinsa, amma ba ya kusantar yin adawa da shi. Wani sabon Red Scare ya fara shigowa. Masu iko suna amfani da ikon su ta hanyoyin da suka saba.
Kamar yadda samar da Farkon ko ƙarshe iskoki zuwa ga kammalawa, yana gina irin ƙarfin da bam ɗin yayi. Bayan rubutattun takardu da takardar kudi da bita da yawa, da aiki da yawa da sumbatar jaki, babu yadda ɗakin studio ba zai saki ba. Lokacin da ƙarshe ya fito, masu sauraro ƙanana ne kuma bita sun cakuɗe. The New York kullum PM ya sami fim ɗin “mai ƙarfafawa,” wanda nake tsammanin shine ainihin asasin. Ofishi ya cika.
Ƙarshen Mitchell shine cewa bam ɗin Hiroshima shine "yajin aiki na farko," kuma yakamata Amurka ta soke manufarta na yajin aiki na farko. Amma ba shakka ba haka bane. Yajin aiki ne kawai, yajin aiki na farko da na karshe. Babu wasu bama -baman nukiliya da za su dawo a matsayin "yajin aiki na biyu." Yanzu, a yau, haɗarin yana da haɗari kamar amfani da niyya, ko na farko, na biyu, ko na uku, kuma buƙatar ita ce a ƙarshe ta shiga cikin manyan gwamnatocin duniya waɗanda ke neman kawar da makaman nukiliya gaba ɗaya - wanda, ba shakka, sautin mahaukaci ne ga duk wanda ya shigar da labarin tarihin WWII.
Akwai ayyukan fasaha mafi kyau fiye da Farkon ko ƙarshe cewa zamu iya juyowa don tatsuniyar tatsuniyoyi. Misali, Shekaru na Golden, wani labari da Gore Vidal ya buga a 2000 tare da kyawu masu ƙyalli Washington Post, da kuma Binciken Littafin New York Times, ba a taɓa yin fim ba, amma yana ba da labari kusa da gaskiya. A ciki Shekaru na Golden, muna bin bayan duk ƙofofin da aka rufe, yayin da Burtaniya ke tursasawa Amurka shiga cikin Yaƙin Duniya na II, yayin da Shugaba Roosevelt ya yi alƙawarin yin murabus ga Firayim Minista Churchill, yayin da masu warkarwa ke amfani da babban taron Republican don tabbatar da cewa ɓangarorin biyu sun zaɓi 'yan takara a 1940 don yin kamfen kan zaman lafiya yayin da ake shirin yaƙi, kamar yadda Roosevelt ke fatan yin tazarce a karo na uku a matsayin shugaban ƙasa na yaƙi amma dole ne ya gamsu da fara wani daftari da kamfen a matsayin shugaban daftarin lokaci a lokacin da ake tunanin haɗarin ƙasa, kuma kamar yadda Roosevelt ke aiki don tayar da hankali. Japan ta kai hari kan jadawalin da yake so.
Sannan akwai masanin tarihi da tsohon ɗan littafin WWII Howard Zinn na littafin 2010, Bomb. Zinn ya bayyana yadda sojojin Amurka suka fara amfani da napalm ta hanyar jefa shi a cikin wani gari na Faransa, suna kona kowa da duk abin da ya taɓa. Zinn yana cikin ɗaya daga cikin jiragen, yana shiga cikin wannan mummunan laifi. A tsakiyar Afrilu 1945, yaƙin Turai ya ƙare da gaske. Kowa ya san yana ƙarewa. Babu wani dalili na soja (idan wannan ba oxymoron ba) don kai hari ga Jamusawa da ke kusa da Royan, Faransa, da yawa don kona Faransawa maza, mata, da yara a garin har lahira. Tuni dai Birtaniya ta lalata garin a cikin watan Janairu, makamanciyarta kuma ta jefa bama-bamai a cikinsa saboda kusancin da sojojin Jamus ke da shi, lamarin da ake kira babban kuskure. An kwatanta wannan mummunan kuskure a matsayin wani bangare na yaki, kamar yadda aka yi tashe-tashen hankulan wuta da suka samu nasarar kai wa Jamus hari, kamar yadda aka kai harin bam na Royan da napalm daga baya. Zinn ya zargi Babban Allied Command don neman ƙara "nasara" a cikin makonnin ƙarshe na yaƙin da aka riga ya ci. Ya dora laifin burin kwamandojin soja na yankin. Ya dora laifin sha’awar da sojojin saman Amurka ke yi na gwada sabon makami. Kuma ya zargi duk wanda abin ya shafa - wanda dole ne ya haɗa da kansa - don "mafi girman dalili na duka: al'adar biyayya, koyarwar duniya na dukan al'adu, kada ku fita daga layi, kada ku yi tunanin abin da ba a kasance ba. wanda aka sanya don yin tunani, mummunan dalili na rashin samun ko dai dalili ko nufin yin ceto."
Lokacin da Zinn ya dawo daga yaƙin Turai, ya yi tsammanin za a tura shi yaƙi a cikin tekun Pacific, har sai da ya gani ya kuma yi farin ciki da ganin labarin bam ɗin atomic akan Hiroshima. Shekaru kawai bayan haka Zinn ya fahimci laifin da ba za a iya gafartawa ba na babban adadin da ya sa aka jefa bama -baman nukiliya a Japan, ayyukan da suka yi kama ta wasu hanyoyi zuwa harin bam na Royan. Yaƙin da Japan ya riga ya ƙare, Jafananci suna neman zaman lafiya kuma suna son mika wuya. Japan ta nemi kawai cewa a ba ta izinin kiyaye sarkinta, buƙatar da daga baya aka ba ta. Amma, kamar napalm, bama -baman nukiliya makamai ne da ke buƙatar gwaji.
Zinn kuma ya koma don wargaza dalilan tatsuniyoyin da Amurka ta kasance cikin yakin da za a fara. Amurka, Ingila, da Faransa sun kasance manyan dauloli masu goyan bayan hare -haren kasashen duniya a wurare kamar Philippines. Sun yi adawa da hakan daga Jamus da Japan, amma ba tashin hankali ba. Yawancin kwano da robar Amurka sun fito ne daga Kudu maso Yammacin Pacific. Amurka ta bayyana shekaru da dama rashin damuwarta ga Yahudawan da ake kai wa hari a Jamus. Ta kuma nuna rashin nuna adawa da wariyar launin fata ta hanyar kula da Amurkawan Afirka da Amurkawan Japan. Franklin Roosevelt ya bayyana kamfen ɗin tashin bam na fascist akan yankunan farar hula a matsayin "rashin mutuncin ɗan adam" amma sannan ya yi haka a kan mafi girman girma zuwa biranen Jamus, wanda ya biyo bayan ɓarna akan ƙimar Hiroshima da Nagasaki - ayyukan da suka zo bayan shekaru dehumanizing Japan. Sanin cewa yakin na iya ƙare ba tare da wani tashin bama -bamai ba, kuma yana sane da cewa za a kashe fursunonin yaƙin Amurka da bam ɗin da aka jefa a Nagasaki, sojojin Amurka sun ci gaba da jefa bama -baman.
Haɗawa da ƙarfafa duk tatsuniyoyin WWII shine babban tatsuniyoyin da Ted Grimsrud, bayan Walter Wink, ya kira "tatsuniyar tashin hankali na fansa," ko "imani mai kama da addini cewa za mu iya samun 'ceto' ta hanyar tashin hankali.” A sakamakon wannan tatsuniya, Grimsrud ya rubuta, “Mutane a cikin duniyar zamani (kamar yadda suke a tsohuwar duniya), kuma ba mafi ƙarancin mutane a Amurka na Amurka ba, suna ba da babban imani ga kayan tashin hankali don samar da tsaro da yuwuwar nasara akan abokan gabansu. Ana iya ganin adadin amintattun da mutane suka sanya a cikin irin waɗannan kayan aikin wataƙila a bayyane a cikin adadin albarkatun da suke bayarwa don shirye -shiryen yaƙi. ”
Mutane ba da gangan suke zaɓar yin imani da tatsuniyoyin WWII da tashin hankali ba. Grimsrud yayi bayani: “Wani ɓangare na tasirin wannan tatsuniyar ta samo asali ne daga rashin ganin sa a matsayin tatsuniya. Mu kan ɗauka cewa tashin hankali wani ɓangare ne na yanayin abubuwa; muna ganin yarda tashin hankali ya zama gaskiya, ba bisa imani ba. Don haka ba mu san kanmu ba game da girman imani na yarda da tashin hankali. Muna tunanin mu sani a matsayin gaskiya mai sauƙi cewa tashin hankali yana aiki, tashin hankali ya zama dole, cewa tashin hankali babu makawa. Ba mu gane cewa a maimakon haka, muna aiki a fagen imani, na tatsuniyoyi, na addini, dangane da yarda da tashin hankali. ”
Yana buƙatar ƙoƙari don tserewa tatsuniyar tashin hankali na fansa, saboda yana can tun ƙuruciya: “Yara suna jin labari mai sauƙi a cikin zane -zane, wasannin bidiyo, fina -finai, da littattafai: mu masu kyau ne, abokan gaban mu mugaye ne, hanya ɗaya tilo don magance da mugunta shine kayar da shi da tashin hankali, mu mirgine.
Labarin tashin hankali na fansa yana danganta kai tsaye da tsakiyar ƙasar-jihar. Jin daɗin alumma, kamar yadda shugabanninta ya bayyana, shine mafi ƙima ga rayuwa anan duniya. Ba za a iya samun alloli kafin al'umma ba. Wannan tatsuniya ba wai kawai ta kafa addinin kishin ƙasa a tsakiyar jihar ba, har ma tana ba da ikon allahntaka na mulkin ƙasa. . . . Yaƙin Duniya na II da abin da ya biyo baya kai tsaye ya hanzarta juyin halittar Amurka zuwa cikin rundunar soji da. . . wannan aikin soji ya dogara ne da tatsuniyar tashin hankali don fansa. Amurkawa na ci gaba da rungumar tatsuniyar tashin hankali na fansa har ma da fuskantar shaidu da ke nuna cewa sakamakon yakar ta ya lalata dimokradiyyar Amurka kuma yana lalata tattalin arzikin kasar da muhallin jiki. . . . A kwanan nan kamar ƙarshen 1930s, kashe sojan Amurka ya kasance kaɗan kuma sojojin siyasa masu ƙarfi sun yi adawa da shiga cikin 'ɓarkewar ƙasashen waje'. "
Kafin WWII, Grimsrud ya lura, “lokacin da Amurka ta shiga rikicin soja. . . a karshen rikicin kasar ta wargaje. . . . Tun bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, ba a sami cikakken ɓarna ba saboda mun tashi kai tsaye daga Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu zuwa Yakin Cacar Baki zuwa Yaƙin Ta'addanci. Wato mun shiga wani yanayi inda 'kowane lokaci lokutan yaƙi ne.' . . . Me yasa wadanda ba fitattu ba, waɗanda ke ɗaukar mummunan halin kaka ta rayuwa a cikin ƙungiyar yaƙi na dindindin, za su miƙa kai ga wannan tsari, har ma a lokuta da yawa suna ba da tallafi mai ƙarfi? . . . Amsar tana da sauƙi: alkawarin ceto. ”
