Motocin Kayakin Soja

Daga Joyce Nelson, Janairu 30, 2020

daga Ruwa Sentinel

Babu wata tambaya cewa, a duk fadin duniyar, babban mai amfani da albarkatun man fetur shine sojoji. Duk wadannan jiragen saman, tankokin ruwa, jiragen ruwan sojan ruwa, motocin sufurin sama, Jeeps, helikofta, jiragen sama, da drones suna kona mai da yawa, da kuma iskar gas yau da kullun, suna haifar da gurbataccen iska. Don haka zaku yi tsammanin tattaunawa game da yanayin gaggawa zai mayar da hankali kan jigon carbon na soja, ko aƙalla sanya shi a saman damuwa.

Amma za ku yi ba daidai ba. Baicin wasu 'yan kaxan da ba a ji ba, sojoji suna ganin kamar ba su da shi daga tattaunawar yanayin.

Hakan ya fito fili a watan Disamba na shekarar 2019, lokacin da taron kungiyar tsaro ta NATO ya zo daidai da bude taron COP25 a Spain. Babban taron kungiyar tsaro ta NATO ya mayar da hankali ne gaba daya kan lamuran gwamnatin Trump da cewa mambobin kungiyar NATO ba sa cin kudi kusan makaman soja. A halin yanzu, COP25 ta mai da hankali kan "kasuwannin carbon" da al'ummomi suka fado a cikin alkawuransu ga yarjejeniyar Paris ta 2015.

Wadannan “silos” guda biyu yakamata a hada su don bayyana yanayin da bai dace ba wanda yake aiki a baya biyun: cewa hakan za'a iya haduwa da yanayin gaggawa ba tare da rusa sojoji ba. Amma kamar yadda za mu gani, an haramta tattaunawar a manyan matakan.

Kudin Sojojin Kanada

Wancan katsalandan ya fito fili a yayin zaɓen tarayyar Kanada na shekara ta 2019, wanda aka gaya mana shine game da yanayin. Amma a cikin kamfen din, har iya zuwa na iya tantancewa, ba a ambaci ko guda daya game da batun cewa gwamnatin ta Trudeau Liberal ta yi alkawarin tara dala biliyan 62 cikin “sabon kudade” ga sojoji, ta yadda za a kashe kudaden sojojin Canada zuwa sama da dala biliyan 553 cikin shekaru 20 masu zuwa. Wannan sabon tallafin ya hada da dala biliyan 30 ga sabbin jiragen yaki 88 da sabbin jiragen yaki 15 a shekarar 2027.

Dole ne a gabatar da abubuwan da zasu kirkiro wadancan sabbin jiragen jigilar 88 a lokacin bazara 2020, tare da Boeing, Lockheed Martin, da Saab a cikin gasa mai tsauri don kwantaragin Kanada.

Abin sha'awa, Labaran Postmedia yana da ruwaito wannan daga cikin manyan masu fafutukar biyu, jirgin saman yakin na Boeing na Super Hornet "yana da kimanin $ 18,000 [Dalar Amurka] awa daya don gudanar da aiki idan aka kwatanta da [Lockheed Martin] F-35 wanda ke farashin $ 44,000" a cikin awa daya.

Kada masu karatu su ɗauka cewa an biya matukan jirgin saman soja albashin-Shugaba, yana da mahimmanci a faɗi cewa duk kayan aikin soja na da abin tsoro wanda ba shi da isasshen aiki, yana ba da gudummawa ga wannan hauhawar farashin aiki. Neta Crawford ta Jami'ar Boston, marubucin rahoton rahoton 2019 mai taken Pentagon Fuel Use, Canjin yanayi, da kuma Kuɗi na War, ya lura cewa jiragen saman yaki basu da isasshen mai sannan kuma an auna amfani da mai a “galan a kowace mil” ba mil daya galan, saboda haka "jirgin sama daya zai iya samun galan biyar a kowace mil." Hakazalika, a cewar mujallar Forbes, wani tanki kamar M1 Abrams yana samun kusan mil 0.6 a galan.

Amfani da Man Fetur na Pentagon

Bisa ga Kuɗi na War Rahoton daga Cibiyar Watson a Jami'ar Brown, Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka ita ce “mafi girman mai amfani” da ke samar da burbushin halittu a duniya, da kuma “mafi girma wajen samar da gas na gas (GHG) a duniya.” wani binciken 2019 mai kama da Oliver Belcher, Benjamin Neimark, da Patrick Bigger daga Jami'o'in Durham da Lancaster, waɗanda ake kira Kudaden Carbon Hidden 'Yankin War'. Dukkanin rahotannin biyu sun lura cewa “Jiragen saman soja da na jiragen ruwa suna killace sojan Amurka a cikin matatun mai zuwa shekaru masu zuwa.” Hakanan ana iya fada game da wasu ƙasashe (kamar Kanada) da ke siyan kayan aikin soja.

Rahotannin biyu sun bayyana cewa a cikin 2017 kadai, sojojin Amurka sun sayi ganga 269,230 na mai a kowace rana kuma sun kashe sama da dala biliyan 8.6 akan man fetur don sojojin sama, sojojin ruwa, jiragen ruwa, da jiragen ruwa. Amma wannan adadi na 269,230 bpd kawai don amfani da man "aiki" ne - horarwa, amfani da shi, da kuma riƙe da makamin - wanda kashi 70% na yawan aikin sojan ne. Wannan adadi bai ƙunshi amfani da mai ba “na hukuma” - ƙasusuwan man fetur da aka yi amfani da su don kula da sansanonin sojan Amurka na cikin gida da na waje, waɗanda adadinsu ya zarce dubu ɗaya a duniya kuma ya ɗauki kashi 1,000% na yawan amfanin da sojojin Amurka ke yi.

Kamar yadda Gar Smith, editan mujallar Duniya Island Journal, ruwaito a shekara ta 2016, "Pentagon ta yarda ta kona ganga dubu 350,000 a rana (kasashe 35 ne kawai a duniya ke cinye mai yawa)."

Elephant a cikin Room

A takaice dai, Pentagon: Halin Gidan Halin, wanda Cibiyar Bayar da Tallafi ta Duniya da Bincike na Duniya suka wallafa, Sara Flounders ta rubuta a cikin 2014: "Akwai giwa a cikin muhawarar canjin yanayi wanda da bukatar Amurka ba za a iya tattauna ko ma gani ba." Wannan giwa shine gaskiyar cewa "Pentagon yana da Kaffarar bargo a cikin dukkan yarjejeniyoyin sauyin yanayi na duniya. Tun lokacin da aka fara tattaunawar [COP4] Kyoto Protocol a 1998, a kokarin samun yardar Amurka, duk ayyukan da sojojin Amurka ke yi a duk duniya da kuma cikin Amurka sun kebe daga aunawa ko yarjejeniya kan rage [GHG]. "

A cikin waɗannan tattaunawar COP1997 na 1998-4, Pentagon ta nace kan wannan "samar da tsaro ta ƙasa," yana mai ba shi damar rage - ko ma bayar da rahoton - iskar gas ta gas. Haka kuma, rundunar sojan Amurka ta nace a shekarar 1998 cewa a duk tattaunawar da za a yi nan gaba kan batun sauyin yanayi, a zahiri an hana wakilai tattaunawa kan zancen karban sojoji. Ko da suna son tattauna hakan, ba za su iya ba.

A cewar Flounders, ficewar tsaron kasa ta hada da “duk wasu ayyuka da yawa kamar babbar kungiyar kawancen sojan Amurkan wacce Amurka ta umarce ta da kuma rundunar ta AFRICOM [Kwamandan Afirka na Amurka], yanzu haka kawancen sojan Amurka ya share fagen Afirka.”

Abin ban sha'awa shine, Amurka a karkashin George W. Bush sannan ta ki sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Kyoto. Kanada ta bi karar, inda ta janye daga Kyoto a shekarar 2011.

Kuɗi na War marubuci Neta Crawford ya ba da ƙarin haske game da wannan keɓancewar sojoji. A cikin hirar Yuli na 2019, Crawford ya bayyana cewa samar da tsaro ta kasa “an kebe musamman matatun mai na soja da ayyukan soji a cikin yaki daga zama wani bangare na abubuwan da suka kunshi [GHG]. Wannan ga kowace ƙasa. Babu wata ƙasa da ake buƙata ta ba da rahoton waɗannan abubuwan [soja]. Don haka ba shi ne na musamman [ga Amurka] ba dangane da wannan. ”

Don haka, a cikin 1998, Amurka ta kebe keɓaɓɓun dukkanin sojojin ƙasashe daga samun rahoton, ko yanke, hayaki mai ƙonewa. Wannan damar ta sojoji da sojoji (hakika, dukkanin rukunin sojoji da masana'antu) ya samu karbuwa sosai tun shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, har ma da masu gwagwarmayar yanayi.

Gwargwadon yadda zan iya tantancewa, babu mai yin shawarwari kan yanayi ko dan siyasa ko kuma kungiyar Big Green da ta taba murza leken asiri ko ma ta ambata wadannan 'yan jaridun na soja ga' yan jaridu - "maudu'in yin shuru" da ke birgima.

A zahiri, a cewar masanin binciken Kanada Tamara Lorincz, wanda ya rubuta takaddar aiki na 2014 mai taken taken Nuna eparancin Decarbonization ga Hukumar Kula da Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya, wacce ke Switzerland, a cikin 1997 “sannan kuma Mataimakin Shugaban Amurka Al Gore ya shiga kungiyar tattaunawar Amurka a Kyoto,” kuma ya sami damar ficewar aikin soja.

Ko da mafi yawan shakatawa, a cikin shekara ta 2019 op-ed domin New York Review of Books, mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil adama Bill McKibben ya kare motocin sojojin da ke aiki, yana mai cewa "amfani da makamashi Pentagon ya yi kusa da na farar hula," kuma "haƙiƙa sojoji sun yi wani aikin-ba-da-girgiza-kai na korar abubuwan da ke fitarwa . ”

A taron COP21 wanda ya kai ga Yarjejeniyar Climate Paris ta 2015, an yanke shawarar ba kowace ƙasa-ƙasa damar tantance bangarorin ƙasa da yakamata su yanke ƙonewa kafin 2030. A bayyane yake, mafi yawan ƙasashe sun yanke shawarar cewa keɓantattun sojoji (musamman don “aiki) ”Amfani da mai) ya kamata a kiyaye.

A cikin Kanada, alal misali, jim kadan bayan kammala zaɓen tarayya, The Duniya & Wasiku ruwaito Gwamnatin da aka sake zaba daga kananan hukumomin Liberiya ta lissafa sassa bakwai da za su taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yankantar da iskar carbon: Kasuwanci, Harkokin Duniya, kirkire-kirkire, Kimiyya da ci gaban tattalin arziki, Muhalli, Albarkatun kasa, Harkokin Gwamnati, da Adalci. A bayyane yake Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta ƙasa (DND) ba ta ɓoye. A shafinta na yanar gizo, DND ta toshe duk kokarin da take na “gamuwa ko wucewa” ga abinda gwamnatin tarayya ke fitarwa, amma ta lura cewa kokarin na “ban da jiragen ruwa na soja” - watau kayan aikin soja da ke kona mai sosai.

A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2019, Kungiyar Hadin Gwiwar Kasa - wacce ta kunshi wasu manyan Kananan Hukumomi 22 na Kananan - suka sake ta Shawarar carbon-2020 don yankuna na tarayya, amma bai ambaci kwatankwacin batutuwan GHG na soja ko DND kanta ba. A sakamakon haka, aikin soja / canjin yanayi "cone of silent" ya ci gaba.

sashe 526

A shekara ta 2010, manazarci kan harkar tsaro Nick Turse ya ba da rahoton cewa, Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka (DOD) tana ba da biliyoyin daloli na kwangilolin makamashi a kowace shekara, tare da mafi yawan kuɗin za su sayi babban mai. Waɗannan kwangilar DOD (waɗanda ke da darajar sama da dala biliyan 16 a cikin 2009) suna tafiya ne da farko zuwa ga manyan masu samar da albarkatun mai kamar Shell, ExxonMobil, Valero, da BP (kamfanonin da Kundin ya ambata).

Dukkanin wadannan kamfanoni guda hudu suna kuma suna da hannu a hakar kwal Sands da kuma sakewarsu.

A cikin 2007, 'yan majalisar dokokin Amurka suna yin muhawara game da sabuwar dokar makamashi ta Amurka da' yancin kai. Wasu masu aiwatar da manufofin game da canjin yanayi, wanda dan majalissar dimokuradiyya Henry Waxman ke jagoranta, sun sami damar saka wani abu da ake kira Sashe na 526, wanda ya sanya doka a cikin ma'aikatun gwamnatin Amurka ko hukumomin sayen burbushin da ke da babban takalmin carbon.

Ganin cewa DOD shine mafi girma sashin gwamnati na siyar da burbushin mai, Sashe na 526 an nuna shi a DOD. Kuma an ba da cewa samarwa, sakewa, da kona Alberta tar sands crude crude saki akalla kashi 23% na GHG fiye da mai na al'ada, Sashe na 526 an kuma nuna shi a bayyane.

Waxman ya rubuta, "wannan tanadin, yana tabbatar da cewa hukumomin tarayya ba su kashe dala haraji kan sabbin hanyoyin samar da mai wanda zai kara dagula lamunin duniya."

Ko ta yaya, Sashe na 526 ya kasance watsi da madafun iko a Washington kuma hakan ya zama doka a Amurka a 2007, abin da ya sa ofishin jakadancin Kanada ya tashi tsaye.

As TyeeGeoff Dembicki rubuta Bayan shekaru (Maris 15, 2011), "a farkon watan Fabrairun 2008 ma'aikatan ofishin jakadancin Kanada sun ba da alama ga Cibiyar Man Fetur ta Amurka, ExxonMobil, BP, Chevron, Marathon, Devon, da Encana, imel ɗin cikin gida sun bayyana."

Cibiyar Nazarin Man Fetur ta Amurka ta kirkiro wani sashe na 526 wanda ke aiki tare da ma'aikatan ofishin jakadancin Kanada da wakilan Alberta, yayin da jakadan Kanada a Amurka a wancan lokacin, Michael Wilson “ya rubuta wa sakataren tsaron Amurka a wannan watan, yana mai cewa Canada ba ta yi hakan ba. so su ga Sashe na 526 ana amfani da shi a kan burbushin da aka samar daga sandar mai na Alberta, ”in ji Dembicki.

Wasikar Wilson wani yunƙuri ne don adana kwangilolin mai mai ɗorewa daga DOD ga kamfanoni (kamar su Shell, ExxonMobil, Valero, da BP) waɗanda ke da hannu a cikin sands?

Babban lobbying yayi aiki. Hukumar samar da kayayyaki ta DOD, babbar hukumar sa ido ta tsaro, watau Energy Logistic Agency - Energy, ta ki yarda sashe 526 ya shafi, ko canzawa, ayyukanta na siyarwa, kuma daga baya ya sake fuskantar irin wannan sashe na 526 da kungiyoyin muhalli na Amurka suka gindaya.

A cikin 2013, Tom Corcoran, babban darektan cibiyar tsaro ta makamashin Arewacin Amurka ya fada Duniya & Wasiku a cikin 2013, "Ina iya cewa wannan babbar nasara ce ga masu samar da yashi 'yan Sandan na Kanada saboda suna ba da babban adadin danyen danyen mai da aka mai da shi kuma aka canza shi zuwa ga Ma'aikatar Tsaro."

"Tunani mafi girma"

A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2019, tsohon shugaban Amurka Jimmy Carter ya rubuta wani abin bakin ciki op-ed domin Time Magazine, cikin jayayya cewa "karfafawa mata da 'yan mata" na iya taimakawa wajen magance matsalar dumamar yanayi. Ya bayyana cewa, yanayin canjin yanayi yana da matukar hatsari, kuma lokaci ne na daukar mataki, don haka dole ne mu dakatar da "dunkule a gefen masana'antar makamashin duniya" kuma a maimakon haka "yi zurfin tunani, da sauri, tare da hada kowa da kowa."

Amma Carter bai taɓa ambaton soja ba, wanda a bayyane yake ba a cikin ma'anar "kowa da kowa."

Sai dai idan da gaske mun fara tunanin "girma" da kuma aiki don rushe na'urar yaƙi (da NATO), akwai bege kaɗan. Yayin da sauranmu suke ƙoƙarin canzawa zuwa makomar ƙaramar carbon, sojoji suna da ƙirar banki don ƙona dukkan burbushin da yake so a cikin kayan aikinta na yaƙi na ƙarewa - lamarin da ya wanzu saboda yawancin mutane basu san komai game da aikin soja ba. kebewa daga rahoton sauyin yanayi da yankan.

Marubuci wanda ya lashe kyautar wanda ya sami lambar yabo ta Joyce Nelson, Passetare Dystopia, ne aka wallafa ta littattafan Watershed Sentinel.