Dogon Tarihin Jinjinawar Nazi da Amurka

Ta hannun David Swanson, Oktoba 1, 2020

Idan kayi binciken yanar gizo don hotunan "salute Nazi" zaka sami tsofaffin hotuna daga Jamus da hotunan kwanan nan daga Amurka. Amma idan kuka nemo hotunan "Bellamy salute" zaku ga hotunan baƙar fata da fari na yara da manya na Amurka tare da ɗaga hannayensu na dama a tsaye gabansu a cikin abin da zai jefa yawancin mutane a matsayin gaishewar Nazi. Daga farkon 1890s zuwa 1942 Amurka tayi amfani da gaisuwar Bellamy don rakiyar kalmomin da Francis Bellamy ya rubuta kuma aka sani da Alƙawarin ofauta. A cikin 1942, Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta umurci Amurkawa maimakon su ɗora hannayensu a kan zukatansu lokacin da suke rantsuwa da yin tuta, don kar a yi kuskuren zama 'yan Nazi.[i]

Jacques-Louis David zanen 1784 Rantsuwar Horatii an yi imanin cewa ya fara salon da ya ɗauki ƙarni na nuna Romewan d as a kamar yin isharar da ta yi kama da ta Bellamy ko Nazi.[ii]

Matsayin matakin Amurka na Ben Hur, da nau'in fim iri na 1907 iri ɗaya, anyi amfani da karimcin. Waɗanda suke amfani da shi a wasan kwaikwayon Amurka na wancan lokacin sun kasance suna sane da gaisuwa ta Bellamy da kuma al'adar nuna "gaisuwar Roman" a cikin fasahar kere-kere. Kamar yadda muka sani, “gaisuwa ta Romawa” Romansan Ramawa na da ba su taɓa amfani da shi ba.

Tabbas, gaisuwa ce mai sauƙin gaske, ba ta da wuyar tunani; akwai abubuwa da yawa da mutane zasu iya yi da hannayensu. Amma lokacin da masu fasikancin Italiya suka tsince shi, bai tsira daga tsohuwar Rome ba kuma ba sabon abu bane. An gani a ciki Ben Hur, kuma a cikin fina-finan Italiyan da yawa da aka saita a zamanin da, gami da Cabiriya (1914), wanda Gabriele D'Annunzio ya rubuta.

Daga 1919 zuwa 1920 D'Annunzio ya mai da kansa mai mulkin kama-karya na wani abu da ake kira Regency na Italia na Carnaro, wanda girman girman ƙaramin birni ɗaya ne. Ya gabatar da ayyuka da yawa da Mussolini zai dace nan ba da daɗewa ba, gami da tsarin kamfanoni, al'adun jama'a, than daba masu baƙar riga, jawaban baranda, da "gaisuwar Roman," waɗanda zai gani a ciki Cabiriya.

Zuwa 1923, Nazis sun karɓi gaisuwa don gaishe da Hitler, mai yiwuwa kwafan Italiya. A cikin 1930s ƙungiyoyin farkisanci a wasu ƙasashe da gwamnatoci daban-daban na duniya sun ɗauka. Hitler da kansa ya ba da labarin asalin zamanin Jamusawa don gaisuwa, wanda, kamar yadda muka sani, ba gaskiya ba ne cewa asalin Roman ɗin ko rabin abubuwan da ke fitowa daga bakin Donald Trump.[iii] Tabbas Hitler ya san amfani da gaisuwa ta Mussolini kuma kusan ya san amfani da Amurka. Ko alaƙar Amurka ta sa shi cikin son yin gaisuwa ko a'a, da alama ba za ta hana shi yin gaisuwar ba.

Gaisuwa ta hukuma ga wasannin Olympics suma suna kama da waɗannan ɗayan, kodayake ba safai ake amfani dasu ba saboda mutane basa son yin kama da Nazis. An yi amfani da shi sosai a wasannin Olympics na 1936 a Berlin, kuma ya rikitar da mutane da yawa a lokacin da kuma tun daga wanda ya gai da wasannin Olympics kuma wanda ke yiwa Hitler sallama. Manuniya daga wasannin Olympics na 1924 sun nuna sallama tare da hannu kusan a tsaye. Hoto daga Wasannin Olympics na 1920 yana nuna ɗan gaisuwa kaɗan.

Da alama mutane da yawa suna da irin wannan ra'ayin a lokaci guda, wataƙila sun rinjayi juna. Kuma ga alama Hitler ya ba da ra'ayin mummunan suna, yana jagorantar kowa ya sauke shi, gyaggyara shi, ko raina shi daga wannan gaba.

Wani bambanci yake yi? Hitler na iya ƙaddamar da wannan gaisuwa ba tare da Amurka ta wanzu ba. Ko kuma idan ba zai iya ba, da zai gabatar da wata gaisuwa wacce ba za ta fi kyau ko ta munana ba. Ee, ba shakka. Amma matsalar ba inda aka sa hannu ba. Matsalar ita ce al'ada ta tilas ta aikin soja da makaho, biyayya mai wuya.

An buƙaci sosai a cikin Nazi Jamus don yin sallama a cikin gaisuwa, tare da kalmomin Farin ciki Hitler! ko Hail Nasara! Hakanan an buƙaci lokacin da aka kunna taken ƙasa ko taken Jam'iyyar Nazi. Waƙar ƙasa ta yi bikin ficewar Jamusawa, machismo, da yaƙi.[iv] Waƙar Nazi ta yi bikin tutoci, Hitler, da yaƙi.[v]

Lokacin da Francis Bellamy ya kirkiro Mubaya'a, an gabatar da shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin makarantu waɗanda suka haɗu da addini, kishin ƙasa, tutoci, biyayya, al'ada, yaƙi, da tsibi-tsibi da tsibiri na musamman.[vi]

Tabbas, sigar jingina ta yanzu ta ɗan bambanta daga sama kuma an karanta: “Na yi mubaya’a ga Tutar Amurka, da Jamhuriyar da take wakilta, ,asa ɗaya ƙarƙashin Allah, ba za ta rarrabu ba, tare da yanci da adalci ga kowa. ”[vii]

Kishin kasa, yakin basasa, addini, kebantacce, da kuma rantsuwar biyayya ga wani kyalle: wannan cakuda ne. Sanya wannan a kan yara ya kasance cikin mafi munin hanyoyin shirya su don adawa da tsarin fasikanci. Da zarar kun yi mubaya'a ga tuta, me za ku yi yayin da wani ya daga wannan tutar kuma ya yi kururuwar cewa ana bukatar a kashe muggan baƙi? Rare shine mai bayyana sirrin gwamnatin Amurka ko kuma mai gwagwarmayar neman zaman lafiya wanda ba zai gaya muku tsawon lokacin da suka kwashe suna kokarin lalata duk wata kishin kasa da aka sanya su a matsayin su na yara ba.

Wasu mutanen da suka ziyarci Amurka daga wasu ƙasashe suna mamakin ganin yara suna tsaye, suna amfani da gaisuwa mai daɗi ta hannu-da-hannu, kuma suna karanta karanta rantsuwa ta aminci ga “ƙasa ƙarƙashin Allah.” Da alama gyaran fuskar hannu bai yi nasarar hana su yin kama da Nazis ba.[viii]

Ba a watsar da sallama ta Nazi kawai a cikin Jamus ba; an dakatar da shi. Duk da yake ana iya samun tutocin Nazi da waƙoƙi lokaci-lokaci a tarukan wariyar launin fata a Amurka, an hana su a Jamus, inda wasu lokuta neo-Nazis ke daga tutar theungiyar theasashen Amurka a matsayin wata hanyar doka ta yin magana iri ɗaya.

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An cire daga Barin yakin duniya na Biyu.

Kashe mai zuwa hanya ta kan layi farawa akan batun barin WWII a baya:

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[i] Erin Blakemore, Mujallar Smithsonian, "Dokokin Game da Yadda Ake Magana da Tutar Amurka suka Fito Saboda Ba Wanda Ya So Ya Zama Kamar 'Yan Nazi," Agusta 12, 2016, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/rules-about-how-to- address-us-flag-ya-zo-game-saboda-babu-wanda-yake so-zama-kamar-nazi-180960100

[ii] Jessie Guy-Ryan, Atlas Obscura, “Ta yaya Salute na Nazi ya zama Gesture na Duniya da ya fi nuna alama: Hitler ya ƙirƙira asalin Jamusanci don gaishe-amma tuni tarihinta ya cika da yaudara,” Maris 12, 2016, https: //www.atlasobscura .com / articles / yadda-nazi-sallama-ya zama-duniya-mafi-nuna-alama

[iii] Maganar Tebur na Hitler: 1941-1944 (New York: Littattafan Enigma, 2000), https://www.nationalists.org/pdf/hitler/hitlers-table-talk-roper.pdf  shafi na 179

[iv] Wikipedia, "Deutschlandlied," https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschlandlied

[v] Wikipedia, "Horst-Wessel-Lied," https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst-Wessel-Lied

[vi] Abokin Matasan, 65 (1892): 446-447. An sake buga shi a cikin Scot M. Guenter, Tutar Amurka, 1777–1924: Sauye-sauyen Al'adu (Cranbury, NJ: Kamfanin Fairleigh Dickinson Press, 1990). Ambaton Tarihi Ya Tabbatar: Tsarin Nazarin Amurka akan Yanar gizo, Jami'ar George Mason, “Oneaya !aya! Harshe daya! Tuta daya! ' Kirkirar Al'adar Amurka, "http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5762

[vii] Lambar Amurka, taken 4, Babi na 1, Sashe na 4, https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?path=/prelim@title4/chapter1&edition=prelim

[viii] “Jerin duk kasashen da yara ke yi wa tuta biyayya a kai a kai zai zama gajere, kuma ba za a hada da duk wani kasashen Yammacin Turai masu arziki ba ban da Amurka. Duk da yake wasu ƙasashe suna yin rantsuwa ga ƙasashe (Singapore) ko masu mulkin kama-karya (Koriya ta Arewa), zan iya samun wata ƙasa ban da Amurka inda duk wanda ke da'awar cewa yara kan yi mubaya'a ga tuta: Mexico. Kuma na san wasu ƙasashe biyu waɗanda suke da mubaya'a ga tuta, kodayake babu alama cewa ba ta yin amfani da ita kamar Amurka. Dukansu ƙasashe ne waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin tasirin Amurka sosai, kuma a cikin shari'un biyu jingina sabuwa ce. Philippines ta yi mubaya’a tun daga 1996, da Koriya ta Kudu tun 1972, amma alkawarin da ta yi yanzu tun 2007. ” Daga David Swanson, Magance keɓancewa: Menene Ba daidai ba game da yadda muke Tunani game da Amurka? Me Zamu Iya Yi Akan Hakan? (David Swanson, 2018).