Kwarewar Dan Adam na Ta'addanci a Yaƙin Duniya na Ta'addanci (GWOT)

Darajar hoto: pxfuel

by Aminci na Kimiyya ta Duniya, Satumba 14, 2021

Wannan binciken yana taƙaitawa kuma yana yin tunani kan bincike mai zuwa: Qureshi, A. (2020). Fuskantar yaƙin "na" ta'addanci: Kira ga mahimmin nazarin ta'addanci. Nazari Mai Muhimmanci Akan Ta'addanci, 13 (3), 485-499.

Wannan bincike shine na uku na jerin ɓangarori huɗu na tunawa da ranar tunawa da ranar 20 ga Satumba 11, 2001. A cikin nuna ayyukan ilimi na baya-bayan nan kan mummunan bala'in yaƙe-yaƙe na Amurka a Iraki da Afghanistan da Yaƙin Duniya na Ta'addanci (GWOT) da yawa, muna da niyyar wannan jerin don sake haifar da sake tunani game da martanin Amurka game da ta'addanci da buɗe tattaunawa kan hanyoyin da ba za a iya amfani da su ba don yaƙi da tashin hankali na siyasa.

Alamomin Magana

• Fahimtar juna ɗaya game da yaƙi da ta’addanci a matsayin dabarun dabarun kawai, yin watsi da faɗuwar tasirin ɗan adam na yaƙi/ta’addanci, na iya haifar da masana don ba da gudummawa ga manufar “ɓarna” da ke haifar da rikitarwa tare da Yaƙin Duniya akan Ta’addanci ( GWOT).
• Ganin cewa a baya duka "warzone" da "lokacin yaƙi" na iya rarrabewa a sarari, GWOT ya rushe waɗannan bambance -bambancen na sarari da na ɗan lokaci tsakanin yaƙi da zaman lafiya, yana mai da “duniya duka ta zama fagen fama” da kuma faɗaɗa gogewar yaƙi a cikin yanayin zaman lafiya. . ”
• “Matrix na ta’addanci”-yadda iri-iri na manufofin yaƙar ta’addanci “ke haɗa kai da ƙarfafa juna”-yana da tasirin tarawa, tsarin wariyar launin fata a kan mutane fiye da tasirin kowace manufa, tare da ma manufofin da ba su da kyau-kamar “aikata laifi kafin aikata laifi. ”Shirye -shiryen karkatar da akida - wanda ke haifar da wani“ matakin cin zarafi ”kan al'ummomin da tuni hukumomi suka yi niyya da musgunawa.
• Dole ne yin manufar rigakafin tashin hankali ya fara daga fahimtar gogewar rayuwar al'ummomin da GWOT ya fi shafa don kada su kasance cikin rikice-rikice cikin manufofin wariyar launin fata.

Mahimmin Bayani don Sanarwa Aiki

• Yayin da yakin Amurka a Afganistan ya zo karshe, a bayyane yake cewa wariyar launin fata, mai son kai, dan wariyar launin fata yana fuskantar tsaro - ko a kasashen waje ko a “gida” - ba su da tasiri kuma suna cutarwa. Maimakon haka tsaro ya fara da haɗawa da kasancewa, tare da hanyar hana tashin hankalin da ya dace da bukatun ɗan adam da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na kowa, ko na gida ko na duniya.

Summary

Ka'ida a kimiyyar siyasa da dangantakar ƙasa da ƙasa shine yin tunani game da yaƙi azaman dabarun dabarun, a matsayin hanyar kawo ƙarshen. Lokacin da muke tunani game da yaƙi kawai ta wannan hanyar, duk da haka, muna ganin ta ta fuskoki guda ɗaya-azaman kayan aiki na siyasa-kuma ta makance ga abubuwan da ke tattare da abubuwa da yawa. Kamar yadda Asim Qureshi ya lura, wannan fahimta ɗaya-ɗaya game da yaƙi da ta’addanci na iya haifar da masana-har ma da mahimmancin karatun ta’addanci na yau da kullun-don ba da gudummawa ga manufar “rashin tunani” da ke haifar da rikice-rikice tare da Yaƙin Duniya akan Ta’addanci (GWOT ) da manyan manufofi na yaki da ta’addanci. Dalilinsa a bayan wannan binciken, saboda haka, shine ya ƙaddamar da ƙwarewar ɗan adam na GWOT don taimakawa ƙwararrun masana musamman "sake tunanin alakar su da tsara manufofi," gami da yaƙar shirye -shiryen tsattsauran ra'ayi (CVE).

Tambayar da ke ba da gudummawar binciken marubucin ita ce: Ta yaya GWOT - gami da manufofin ta’addanci na cikin gida - ya samu, kuma za a iya fahimtar wannan a matsayin gogewar yaƙi har ma da manyan wuraren yaƙi? Don magance wannan tambayar, marubucin ya zana kan nasa binciken da aka buga a baya, bisa hirarraki da aikin filin tare da ƙungiyar bayar da shawarwari da ake kira CAGE.

Tsayar da kwarewar ɗan adam, marubucin ya ba da haske game da yadda yaƙi ya mamaye kowa, yana shiga cikin dukkan fannoni na rayuwar yau da kullun tare da tasiri kamar na yau da kullun yayin da suke canza rayuwa. Kuma yayin da a baya duka "warzone" da "lokacin yaƙi" (inda kuma lokacin da irin waɗannan abubuwan suka faru) na iya rarrabewa a sarari, GWOT ya rushe waɗannan bambance -bambancen sarari da na lokaci tsakanin yaƙi da zaman lafiya, yana mai da “duniya duka ta zama fagen fama. ”Da kuma fadada gogewar yaƙi zuwa cikin“ zaman lafiya, ”lokacin da za a iya dakatar da mutum a kowane lokaci yayin rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun. Ya yi tsokaci game da shari'ar Musulmai 'yan Burtaniya guda huɗu waɗanda aka tsare a Kenya (ƙasar "da alama a waje da yankin warz") kuma hukumomin tsaro/leken asirin Kenya da Biritaniya suka yi musu tambayoyi. Su, tare da maza, mata, da yara tamanin, an kuma sanya su a cikin jigilar jiragen sama tsakanin Kenya, Somalia, da Habasha inda aka sanya su cikin keji kamar waɗanda ake amfani da su a Guantanamo Bay. A takaice, GWOT ya samar da ayyuka na yau da kullun da daidaiton tsaro tsakanin ƙasashe da yawa, har ma da waɗanda ke da sabani da juna, “jawo [waɗanda] waɗanda abin ya shafa, danginsu da ma na kusa, cikin [dabarun] yaƙin duniya.”

Bugu da ƙari, marubucin ya ba da haske kan abin da ya kira "matrix na ta'addanci"-ta yaya nau'ikan manufofin yaƙar ta'addanci "ke haɗa kai da ƙarfafa juna," daga "raba hankali" zuwa "manufofin takunkumi na jama'a kamar hana ɗan ƙasa" zuwa "kafin aikata laifi" shirye -shiryen deradicalization. Wannan "matrix" yana da tasirin tarawa akan mutane sama da tasirin kowane ɗayan manufofin, har ma da manufar da ba ta dace ba-kamar shirye-shiryen lalata abubuwa "kafin aikata laifi"-wanda ke haifar da wani "matakin cin zarafi" akan al'ummomin da aka riga aka yi niyya da su hukuma ta musguna masu. Ya ba da misalin wata mata da aka tuhume ta da mallakar “littafin ta’addanci” amma wanda alkali ya ƙaddara ba ra’ayin da ke cikin littafin ya motsa shi ba. Koyaya, alƙalin yayi tunanin yana da hankali-saboda rashin tabbas da gaskiyar cewa tana da 'yan'uwa da aka samu da laifin ta'addanci-don ba ta "hukuncin tsare-tsare na watanni 12" don tilasta mata ta shiga "shirin lalata doka," don haka "ƙarfafawa ] ra'ayi na barazana, duk da babu wata barazanar da ta kasance. ” A gare ta, martanin ya kasance "bai dace ba" ga barazanar, inda yanzu jihar ke bin ba kawai "Musulmai masu haɗari ba" amma "akidar Musulunci da kanta." Wannan canjin zuwa ikon akida ta hanyar shirye -shiryen CVE, maimakon kawai mai da hankali kan tashin hankali na zahiri, yana nuna hanyar da GWOT ta mamaye kusan kowane fage na rayuwar jama'a, tana yin niyya ga mutane galibi dangane da abin da suka yi imani ko ma yadda suke kallo - kuma don haka adadi na wani nau'in tsarin wariyar launin fata.

Wani misali-na ƙaramin yaro wanda aka yi bayaninsa akai-akai kuma, a wasu lokuta, an tsare shi kuma an azabtar da shi a cikin ƙasashe daban-daban saboda zargin da ake yi (kuma abin zargi) na haɗin gwiwa da ta'addanci, amma kuma an zarge shi da zama ɗan leƙen asiri-yana ƙara nuna “ƙarfafa kai. gogewar yaƙi ”wanda matrix na yaƙi da ta'addanci ya yi. Wannan shari'ar kuma tana nuna rushewar rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin farar hula da mayaƙi a cikin yaƙin ta'addanci da manufofin yaƙi da hanyar da ba a ba wannan mutumin fa'idodin zama ɗan ƙasa na yau da kullun ba, da gaske ana ɗauka laifin laifi ne maimakon a taimaka masa da kariya daga jihar akan zato na rashin laifi.

A cikin duk waɗannan hanyoyin, “dabarun yaƙi na ci gaba da mamaye… yanayin zaman lafiya” a cikin GWOT-a matakin jiki da na akida-tare da cibiyoyi na cikin gida kamar 'yan sanda da ke shiga cikin dabarun yaƙi da yaƙi kamar yadda ake tsammani "zaman lafiya." Ta hanyar farawa daga fahimtar gogewar rayuwar al'ummomin da GWOT ya fi shafa, malamai za su iya yin tsayayya da “rikitarwa…

Sanarwa da Aiki  

Shekaru ashirin bayan fara Yakin Duniya na Ta'addanci (GWOT), Amurka ta janye sojojinta na ƙarshe daga Afghanistan. Ko da an yanke hukunci a takaice kan maƙasudin da yakamata ta yi aiki - don hana ayyukan Al Qaeda a cikin ƙasar da kwace iko daga hannun Taliban - wannan yaƙin, kamar sauran amfani da tashin hankali na soja, ya nuna cewa yana da ƙarancin isa kuma m: 'Yan Taliban sun sake kwace iko da Afghanistan, al Qaeda har yanzu, kuma ISIS ma ta sami gindin zama a cikin kasar, inda ta kai hari a daidai lokacin da Amurka ke janyewa..

Kuma koda yaƙin da ya cimma burin sa - wanda a sarari bai yi hakan ba - har yanzu za a sami gaskiyar cewa yaƙi, kamar yadda bincike a nan ya nuna, ba ya yin aiki kawai azaman kayan aikin siyasa mai ma'ana, a matsayin hanya ce ta ƙarshe. Kullum yana da fa'ida da zurfin tasiri akan rayuwar ɗan adam na ainihi - na waɗanda abin ya shafa, wakilan sa/masu aikata laifuka, da sauran al'umma - abubuwan da ba sa ɓacewa da zarar yaƙin ya ƙare. Kodayake ana ganin bayyanannun sakamako na GWOT a cikin adadin adadin waɗanda suka rasa rayukansu - a cewar Kudin Kuɗin Yaƙi, kusan mutane 900,000 aka kashe kai tsaye a tashin hankalin bayan 9/11, gami da farar hula 364,000-387,000- wataƙila yana da ƙalubale ga waɗanda ba a taɓa shafa kai tsaye ba don ganin ɗayan, ƙarin tasirin ɓarna a kan membobin membobin al'umma (wataƙila ba a cikin “warzone”) waɗanda aka yi niyya a cikin ƙoƙarin ta’addanci: watanni ko shekarun da aka rasa a tsare, raunin jiki da tunani na azabtarwa, rabuwa da tilastawa daga dangi, tunanin cin amana ta hanyar rashin kasancewa a cikin ƙasarsu, da taka tsantsan a filayen jirgin sama da sauran mu'amala ta yau da kullun tare da hukumomi, da sauransu.

Laifin yaki a ƙasashen waje kusan koyaushe yana haifar da tunanin yaƙi wanda aka dawo da shi gaban gida - ɓarkewar ƙungiyoyin farar hula da masu faɗa; fitowar ta jihohin banda inda ba a ganin hanyoyin dimokuraɗiyya na al'ada don aiki; rabuwar duniya, har zuwa matakin al'umma, cikin "mu" da "su," cikin waɗanda za a ba su kariya da waɗanda ake ganin suna barazana. Wannan tunanin yaƙin, wanda ya kafe sosai a cikin wariyar launin fata da ƙiyayya, ya canza salon rayuwar ƙasa da ta jama'a-fahimtar asali game da wanda ke da kuma wanda yakamata ya tabbatar da kansa akai-akai: ko Ba-Amurke a lokacin WWI, Jafananci-Amurkawa yayin Yaƙin Duniya na II, ko kwanan nan Musulman Amurkawa a lokacin GWOT sakamakon ta’addanci da manufar CVE.

Duk da akwai bayyananniya kuma mai dacewa a nan game da aikin soji a cikin GWOT da fa'idarsa mafi girma a "gida," wani kalmar taka tsantsan ya cancanci: Muna haɗarin haɗaka tare da GWOT da wannan tunanin yaƙi har ma ta hanyar tallafawa ga alama "marasa tashin hankali". magance ta'addanci (CVE), kamar shirye -shiryen lalata kayan aiki - hanyoyin da ke sanya tsaro “rashin tsaro”, saboda ba su dogara da barazana ko amfani da tashin hankali kai tsaye ba. Gargaɗin yana da ninki biyu: 1) waɗannan ayyukan suna haɗarin haɗarin “wankin zaman lafiya” aikin sojan da galibi ke tare da su ko abin da suke yi, da 2) waɗannan ayyukan da kansu-ko da babu yaƙin neman zaɓe-aiki har yanzu wani hanyar kula da wasu alumma amma ba wasu ba a matsayin mayaƙan zahiri, tare da ƙarancin haƙƙi fiye da farar hula, ƙirƙirar 'yan ƙasa na biyu daga cikin gungun mutane waɗanda tuni sun ji kamar ba su cika zama ba. Maimakon haka, tsaro yana farawa tare da haɗawa da kasancewa, tare da hanyar hana tashin hankali wanda ya dace da bukatun ɗan adam kuma yana kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na kowa, ko na gida ko na duniya.

Amma duk da haka, tsarin wariya, tsarin soji don tsaro yana da zurfi. Ka yi tunani a ƙarshen Satumba 2001. Ko da yake yanzu mun fahimci gazawar Yaƙin a Afghanistan da (kuma mafi girman GWOT's) abubuwan da ke haifar da illa masu illa, kusan ba zai yiwu a ba da shawara ba - kusan kusan maras tabbas- cewa bai kamata Amurka ta shiga yaƙi don mayar da martani ga harin 9/11 ba. Idan da kuna da ƙarfin hali da kasancewar hankali a lokacin don ba da shawarar madadin, mayar da martani na siyasa a maimakon aikin soja, da alama da an yi muku lakabi da rashin gaskiya, ba tare da taɓa gaskiya ba. Amma me ya sa/ba aibu ba ne a yi tunanin cewa ta hanyar jefa bama -bamai, mamayewa, da mamaye wata kasa har tsawon shekaru ashirin, yayin da muke kara nisantar da al'ummomin da aka kebe a nan "gida," za mu kawar da ta'addanci - maimakon tayar da irin juriya da ta ci gaba Taliban duk tsawon wannan lokacin kuma ta ba da ISIS? Bari mu tuna lokaci na gaba inda ainihin naïveté ya ta'allaka ne. [MW]

Tambayoyi Tattaunawa

Idan kun dawo a watan Satumbar 2001 tare da ilimin da muke da shi yanzu game da tasirin Yaƙin a Afganistan da faɗaɗa Yaƙin Duniya akan Ta'addanci (GWOT), wane irin martani ga hare -haren 9/11 za ku ba da shawara?

Ta yaya al'ummomi za su iya hanawa da rage tsattsauran ra'ayi ba tare da zalunci da nuna wariya ga al'ummomin gaba ɗaya ba?

Karatun Karatu

Young, J. (2021, Satumba 8). 9/11 bai canza mana ba - Amsar da muka bayar ya canza. Rikicin Siyasa @ wani kallo. Sake dawowa Satumba 8, 2021, daga https://politicalviolenceataglance.org/2021/09/08/9-11-didnt-change-us-our-violent-response-did/

Waldman, P. (2021, 30 ga Agusta). Har yanzu muna yi wa kanmu karya game da karfin sojan Amurka. Washington Post.Sake dawowa Satumba 8, 2021, daga https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/08/30/were-still-lying-ourselves-about-american-military-power/

Brennan Cibiyar Adalci. (2019, Satumba 9). Me ya sa yakar shirye -shiryen tsagerancin tashin hankali mugun manufa ne. An dawo da shi 8 ga Satumba, 2021, daga https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/why-countering-violent-extremism-programs-are-bad-policy

Organizations

CAGE: https://www.cage.ngo/

Kalmomin Magana: Yaƙin Duniya na Ta'addanci (GWOT), ta'addanci, al'ummomin Musulmi, yaƙi da tsattsauran ra'ayi (CVE), ƙwarewar ɗan adam na yaƙi, Yaƙi a Afghanistan