by Sarah Alcantara, Harel Umas-as & Chrystel Manilag, World BEYOND War, Maris 20, 2022
Al'adar Militarism na ɗaya daga cikin mafi munin barazana a cikin karni na 21st, kuma tare da ci gaban fasaha, barazanar yana girma kuma mafi girma. Al'adunta sun tsara duniya yadda take a yau da kuma abin da take fama da shi a halin yanzu - wariyar launin fata, talauci, da zalunci kamar yadda tarihi ke cike da tarin al'adunsa. Yayin da dorewar al'adunta ya yi tasiri matuka ga bil'adama da zamantakewar zamani, amma ba a kare muhalli daga zaluncin da yake yi ba. Da yake da sansanonin soji sama da 750 a akalla kasashe 80 ya zuwa shekarar 2021, kasar Amurka, wacce ke da sojoji mafi girma a duniya, na daya daga cikin manyan masu bayar da gudunmuwar matsalar yanayi a duniya.
Fitar Carbon
Soja shi ne aikin da ya fi korar mai a duniyarmu, kuma tare da ci-gaba da fasahar soja, hakan zai yi girma cikin sauri da girma a nan gaba. Sojojin Amurka sune mafi yawan masu amfani da mai, kuma a kwatankwacinsu shine mafi girman samar da iskar gas a duniya. Tare da kayan aikin soja sama da 750 a duk duniya, ana buƙatar burbushin mai don samar da wutar lantarki da kuma ci gaba da gudanar da waɗannan na'urori. Tambaya a nan ita ce, ina wadannan dumbin yawan iskar gas ke tafiya?
Abubuwan Parkinson na Boot-Print Carbon Soja
Don taimakawa sanya abubuwa cikin hangen nesa, a cikin 2017, Pentagon ta samar da metric ton miliyan 59 na iskar gas na Greenhouse Gases dwarfing ƙasashe kamar Sweden, Portugal, da Denmark gaba ɗaya. Hakazalika, a shekarar 2019, a binciken Masu bincike na Durham da Jami'ar Lancaster sun tabbatar da cewa idan sojojin Amurka da kansu za su kasance kasa kasa, za ta kasance kasa ta 47 mafi girma a duniya da ke fitar da iskar gas mai gurbata yanayi, tana cin karin makamashin ruwa da fitar da CO2e fiye da yawancin kasashe - yin cibiyar daya daga cikin manyan gurbacewar yanayi a duk tarihi. Misali, daya jet na soja, amfani da man fetur na B-52 Stratofortress a cikin sa'a guda yayi daidai da matsakaicin yawan man da direban mota ke sha a cikin shekaru bakwai (7).
Magunguna masu guba da gurɓataccen ruwa
Ɗayan mafi yawan lalacewar muhalli da sansanonin soji ke samu shine sinadarai masu guba galibi gurɓataccen ruwa da PFAs waɗanda aka yiwa lakabi da 'sinadaran har abada'. Bisa lafazin Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka, Per- da Polyfluorinated Abubuwan (PFAS) ana amfani da su "don yin suturar fluoropolymer da samfuran da ke tsayayya da zafi, mai, tabo, mai, da ruwa. Rubutun Fluoropolymer na iya kasancewa cikin samfura iri-iri. Menene ainihin ke sa PFAs haɗari ga muhalli? Na farko, su kada ku rushe a cikin yanayi; Abu na biyu, za su iya motsawa ta cikin ƙasa kuma su gurbata tushen ruwan sha; kuma a karshe, su gina (bioaccumulate) a cikin kifi da namun daji.
Waɗannan sinadarai masu guba kai tsaye suna shafar muhalli da namun daji, da kamanceceniya, ɗan adam waɗanda ke fuskantar waɗannan sinadarai akai-akai. Ana iya samun su a ciki AFFF (Fim ɗin Ƙarfafa Kumfa) ko kuma a cikin mafi sauƙi nau'in na'urar kashe gobara da amfani da shi a yayin tashin gobara da man jet a cikin sansanin soja. Wadannan sinadarai na iya yaduwa ta cikin muhalli ta kasa ko ruwa da ke kusa da tushe wanda ke haifar da barazana da yawa ga muhalli. Yana da ban mamaki lokacin da aka yi na'urar kashe gobara don magance wata matsala duk da haka "maganin" yana da alama yana haifar da ƙarin matsaloli. Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Turai ta ba da bayanan da ke ƙasa tare da wasu kafofin da ke gabatar da cututtuka da yawa waɗanda PFAS na iya haifar da manya da yara waɗanda ba a haifa ba.
Hotuna ta Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Turai
Har yanzu, duk da wannan cikakken bayanin, har yanzu akwai abubuwa da yawa da za a koya akan PFAS. Duk waɗannan ana samun su ta hanyar gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin kayan ruwa. Suma wadannan sinadarai masu guba suna da matukar tasiri ga harkokin noma. Misali, a cikin wani Labari on Satumba, 2021, sama da manoma 50 000 a jihohi da dama a Amurka, Ci gaban Tsaro (DOD) ya tuntube su saboda yuwuwar yaduwar PFAS akan ruwan karkashin kasa daga sansanonin sojan Amurka da ke kusa.
Barazanar wadannan sinadarai ba ta kare ba da zarar an yi watsi da sansanin soji ko kuma ba a yi mata ba. An labarin don Cibiyar Amincin Jama'a ya ba da misali da wannan yayin da yake magana game da sansanin George Air Force a California da kuma cewa an yi amfani da shi a lokacin yakin cacar baki kuma an yi watsi da shi a cikin 1992. Duk da haka, PFAS har yanzu yana can ta hanyar gurɓataccen ruwa (PFAS an ce har yanzu ana samunsa a 2015). ).
Diversity da Ecological balance
Tasirin kayan aikin soja a duniya ba wai kawai ya shafi mutane da muhalli ba har ma da bambancin halittu da ma'aunin muhalli a cikinsa. Tsarin halittu da namun daji na daya daga cikin dimbin hasarar yanayin siyasar kasa, kuma tasirinsa kan rabe-raben halittu ya yi illa matuka. Cibiyoyin soja na ketare sun jefa flora da fauna keɓanta daga yankunanta cikin haɗari. Idan dai ba a manta ba, a kwanakin baya ne gwamnatin Amurka ta bayyana aniyar mayar da wani sansanin soji zuwa Henoko da Oura Bay, matakin da zai haifar da dawwamammen tasiri ga yanayin muhalli a yankin. Dukansu Henoko da Oura Bay wurare ne da ke da ɗimbin halittu kuma gida ne ga nau'ikan murjani fiye da 5,300, da Dugong da ke cikin haɗari. Tare da babu fiye da Dugongs 50 da suka tsira a cikin bays, ana sa ran Dugong zai fuskanci bacewa idan ba a dauki matakin gaggawa ba. Tare da shigarwa na soja, asarar muhalli na asarar nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in Henoko da Oura Bay zai zama matsananci, kuma waɗannan wuraren za su fuskanci mutuwa a hankali da raɗaɗi a cikin 'yan shekaru.
Wani misali kuma, Kogin San Pedro, kogin da ke gudana a arewa wanda ke ratsa kusa da Saliyo Vista da Fort Huachuca, shi ne kogin hamada na karshe da ke gudana cikin 'yanci a Kudu kuma gida ne ga dimbin halittu masu rai da nau'o'in halittu masu yawa da ke cikin hadari. Zubar da ruwan karkashin kasa na sansanin sojoji, Fort Huachuca duk da haka, yana haifar da lahani zuwa kogin San Pedro da namun daji da ke cikin hatsari kamar su Kudu maso Yamma Willow Flycatcher, Huachuca Water Umbel, Desert Pupfish, Loach Minnow, Spikedace, Cuckoo-Yellow-Billed, da Arewacin Mexico Garter Snake. Saboda yawan bututun ruwa na cikin gida na shigarwa, ana kama ruwa don samar da ruwa yana zuwa kai tsaye ko a kaikaice daga kogin San Pedro. A sakamakon haka, kogin yana shan wahala tare da wannan, saboda shi ne yanayin yanayin rayuwa mai mutuwa wanda ya dogara da kogin San Pedro don mazauninsa.
Rashin Tsabtowar Ruwa
Gurbacewar surutu shine tsare kamar yadda ake nunawa akai-akai ga matakan sauti masu girma wanda zai iya zama haɗari ga mutane da sauran halittu masu rai. A cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, yawan bayyanar da sautin da bai wuce 70 dB akai-akai ba ba zai cutar da mutane da halittu masu rai ba, duk da haka, bayyanar fiye da 80-85 dB na tsawon lokaci yana da illa kuma yana iya haifar da ji na dindindin. lalacewa - Kayan aikin soja kamar jiragen sama na jet suna da matsakaicin 120 dB a kusanci yayin da harbin bindiga yana da matsakaicin 140dB. A Rahoton Hukumar Kula da Fa'idodin Tsohon Sojoji ta Amurka Ma'aikatar Harkokin Tsohon Sojoji ta nuna cewa an bayar da rahoton cewa tsoffin sojoji miliyan 1.3 sun sami asarar ji kuma wasu tsoffin sojoji miliyan 2.3 an ba da rahoton cewa suna da tinnitus - nakasar jin da ke da alaƙa da ƙara da ƙarar kunnuwa.
Bugu da ƙari, ba mutane kaɗai ba ne ke fuskantar illar gurɓacewar amo, har da dabbobi. TShi Okinawa Dugong alal misali, nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in halittu ne 'yan asalin Okinawa, Japan tare da ji sosai kuma a halin yanzu ana fuskantar barazanar shigar da sojoji a cikin Henoko da Oura Bay wanda gurbacewar hayaniya zai haifar da babban tashin hankali da ke kara ta'azzara barazanar nau'in da ke cikin hadari. Wani misali kuma shi ne dajin Hoh Rain, dajin Olympics wanda ke da nau'in dabbobi dozin biyu, wadanda da yawa daga cikinsu suna fuskantar barazana da kuma fuskantar barazana. Nazarin kwanan nan ya nuna cewa amo na yau da kullun da jiragen yaki na soja ke samarwa yana shafar zaman lafiyar dajin Olympics, yana kawo cikas ga daidaiton muhallin muhalli.
Shari'ar Subic Bay da Clark Air Base
Biyu daga cikin manyan misalan yadda sansanonin soji ke shafar muhalli a kan matakan zamantakewa da na daidaikun mutane sune Subic Naval Base da Clark Air Base, wanda ya bar gado mai guba kuma ya bar sahun mutanen da suka sha wahala sakamakon. yarjejeniya. Wadannan tushe guda biyu an ce suna da su ya ƙunshi ayyukan da suka lalata muhalli da zubewar haɗari da zubar da guba, suna barin illa da haɗari ga mutane. (Asis, 2011).
Game da sansanin sojan ruwa na Subic, wani tushe da aka gina daga 1885-1992 ta ƙasashe da yawa amma galibi ta Amurka, an riga an yi watsi da su duk da haka ya ci gaba da zama barazana ga Subic Bay da mazauninsa. Misali, an Labari a cikin 2010, ya bayyana wani shari'ar wani tsoho dan kasar Philippines wanda ya mutu da cutar huhu bayan ya yi aiki kuma an fallasa shi zuwa wuraren sharar gida (inda sharar da sojojin ruwa ke zuwa). Bugu da ƙari, a cikin 2000-2003, an sami mutuwar mutane 38 da aka yi rikodin kuma an yi imanin cewa suna da alaƙa da gurɓataccen sansanin sojan ruwa na Subic, duk da haka, saboda rashin tallafi daga gwamnatocin Philippine da na Amurka, babu wani ƙarin kimantawa da aka gudanar.
A wani bangaren kuma, sansanin sojin Amurka na Clark Air Base wanda aka gina a Luzon na kasar Philippines a shekarar 1903, daga baya kuma aka yi watsi da shi a shekarar 1993, sakamakon fashewar dutsen Pinatubo, yana da nasa kason na mace-mace da cututtuka a tsakanin mazauna yankin. Bisa lafazin wannan labarin a baya, an tattauna cewa bayan haka Fashewar Dutsen Pinatubo a shekarar 1991, daga cikin 'yan gudun hijira 500 na kasar Philippines, mutane 76 sun mutu, yayin da wasu 144 suka kamu da rashin lafiya sakamakon gubar dajin Clark Air Base, musamman ta hanyar shan gurbatattun rijiyoyin mai da mai da kuma daga 1996-1999, yara 19. an haife shi da rashin daidaituwa, da cututtuka kuma saboda gurbatattun rijiyoyin. Wani lamari na musamman kuma sananne shine batun Rose Ann Calma. Iyalin Rose na cikin ’yan gudun hijirar da suka kamu da gurbacewar muhalli a sansanin. Kasancewar an gano tana da matsananciyar tawayar tabin hankali da kuma Cerebral Palsy bai ba ta damar tafiya ko ma magana ba.
US Band-aid mafita: "Greening soja"
Domin yaƙar mummunan farashin muhalli na sojojin Amurka, don haka cibiyar tana ba da mafita na taimakon bandeji kamar 'greening soja', duk da haka a cewar Steichen (2020), kore sojojin Amurka ba shine mafita ba saboda dalilai kamar haka:
- Makamashin hasken rana, motocin lantarki, da tsaka-tsakin carbon sune abubuwan ban sha'awa don ingantaccen mai, amma hakan baya sa yaƙi ya zama ƙasa da tashin hankali ko zalunci - baya hana yaƙi. Don haka, matsalar har yanzu tana nan.
- Sojojin Amurka a zahiri suna da ƙarfin carbon kuma suna da alaƙa da masana'antar mai. (Misali man fetur na Jet)
- {Asar Amirka na da tarihin fafutukar neman mai, don haka, manufar, dabarun, da ayyukan soja ba su canzawa don ci gaba da bun}asa tattalin arzikin burbushin halittu.
- A cikin 2020, kasafin kudin soja ya kasance 272 girma fiye da kasafin kuɗin tarayya don ingantaccen makamashi da makamashi mai sabuntawa. Da an yi amfani da kudaden da aka ware wa sojoji don magance matsalar yanayi.
Ƙarshe: Magani na dogon lokaci
- Rufe kayan aikin soja na ketare
- Divestment
- Yada al'adun zaman lafiya
- Kawo karshen duk yaƙe-yaƙe
Tunanin sansanonin soja a matsayin masu ba da gudummawa ga matsalolin muhalli gabaɗaya an bar su cikin tattaunawa. Kamar yadda ya bayyana Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Ban Ki-moon (2014), "Muhallin ya daɗe yana zama asarar rayuka na yaƙi da rigingimu." Fitar da iskar carbon, sinadarai masu guba, gurɓataccen ruwa, hasarar rayayyun halittu, rashin daidaituwar yanayin muhalli, da gurɓacewar hayaniya kaɗan ne kawai daga cikin munanan illolin da kayan aikin soja ke yi - tare da sauran har yanzu ba a gano su da bincike ba. Yanzu fiye da kowane lokaci, buƙatar wayar da kan jama'a yana da gaggawa kuma mai mahimmanci wajen kiyaye makomar duniya da mazaunanta. Tare da 'greening soja' yana nuna rashin tasiri, akwai kira ga kokarin hadin gwiwa na daidaikun mutane da kungiyoyi a duk duniya don tsara wasu hanyoyin magance barazanar sansanonin soji ga muhalli. Tare da taimakon kungiyoyi daban-daban, kamar World BEYOND War ta Kamfen ɗinsa na Babu Tusa, cimma wannan buri ba zai yiwu ba.
Žara koyo game World BEYOND War nan.
Shiga sanarwar zaman lafiya nan.
