Daga Arnold R. Isaacs, show, Disamba 15, 2022
A cikin labarin Amurka, harin bam na ƙarshe a Arewacin Vietnam ya kawo zaman lafiya. Wannan almara ce mai son kai
Yayin da Amirkawa ke shiga cikin lokacin hutu, muna kuma tunkarar wani muhimmin tarihi na tarihi daga yakin Amurka a Vietnam: bikin cika shekaru 50 na harin iska na karshe na Amurka a Arewacin Vietnam, yakin kwanaki 11 wanda ya fara a daren 18 ga Disamba. 1972, kuma ya shiga tarihi a matsayin "Bom na Kirsimeti."
Abin da kuma ya shiga cikin tarihi, duk da haka, aƙalla a cikin ɗimbin yawa, wakilci ne da ba gaskiya ba ne na yanayi da ma'anar wannan lamari, da sakamakonsa. Wannan labarin da ake yadawa na cewa harin bam ya tilastawa 'yan Vietnam ta Arewa yin shawarwari kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da suka sanya hannu a birnin Paris a wata mai zuwa, don haka cewa ikon sararin samaniyar Amurka ya kasance wani muhimmin al'amari na kawo karshen yakin Amurka.
Wannan iƙirarin ƙarya, wanda aka yi shelarsa akai-akai a cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata, ba wai kawai ya saɓa wa gaskiyar tarihi ba. Ya dace da halin yanzu, kuma, saboda yana ci gaba da ba da gudummawa ga ƙarancin bangaskiya ga ikon iska wanda ya gurbata tunanin dabarun Amurka a Vietnam kuma tun daga lokacin.
Babu shakka, wannan sigar tatsuniyar za ta sake bayyana a cikin abubuwan tunawa da za su zo tare da ranar tunawa da ke gabatowa. Amma watakila wannan alamar za ta ba da dama don saita rikodin kai tsaye a kan abin da ya faru a cikin iska a kan Vietnam da kuma a teburin ciniki a Paris a watan Disamba 1972 da Janairu 1973.
Labarin ya fara ne a birnin Paris a watan Oktoba, bayan da aka shafe shekaru ana takun saka, tattaunawar zaman lafiya ta dauki kwatsam lokacin da masu sasantawar Amurka da Arewacin Vietnam kowanne ya ba da rangwame mai mahimmanci. Bangaren Amurka ba tare da wata shakka ba ya yi watsi da bukatarsa ta Arewacin Vietnam ta janye sojojinta daga kudanci, matsayin da aka yi nuni da shi amma bai fito fili ba a shawarwarin da Amurka ta yi a baya. A halin da ake ciki a karon farko wakilan Hanoi sun yi watsi da dagewar da suka yi na cewa dole ne a cire gwamnatin Kudancin Vietnam karkashin jagorancin Nguyen Van Thieu kafin a cimma wata yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya.
Tare da kawar da waɗannan abubuwan tuntuɓe guda biyu, tattaunawar ta ci gaba da sauri, kuma a ranar 18 ga Oktoba, bangarorin biyu sun amince da daftarin karshe. Bayan wasu 'yan sauye-sauyen kalmomi na mintuna na karshe, Shugaba Richard Nixon ya aika da kebul zuwa ga Firayim Minista na Arewacin Vietnam Pham Van Dong yana bayyana, yayin da yake ya rubuta a cikin tarihinsa, cewa yarjejeniyar "a yanzu za a iya la'akari da cikakke" da kuma cewa Amurka, bayan yarda da kuma jinkirta kwanakin biyu na baya, "za a iya ƙidaya" don sanya hannu a wani biki na yau da kullum a ranar 31 ga Oktoba. Amma wannan rattaba hannu bai taba faruwa ba. saboda Amurka ta janye alkawarin da ta dauka bayan abokin kawancenta, shugaba Thieu, wanda aka cire gwamnatinsa gaba daya daga tattaunawar, ya ki amincewa da yarjejeniyar. Shi ya sa har yanzu yakin Amurka ke ci gaba da gudana a watan Disamba, ba tare da wata shakka ba, sakamakon shawarar Amurka, ba Arewacin Vietnam ba.
A tsakiyar waɗannan abubuwan, Hanoi's Kamfanin dillancin labarai na hukuma ya watsa sanarwar a ranar 26 ga Oktoba yana tabbatar da yarjejeniyar tare da ba da cikakken bayani game da sharuɗɗanta (wanda ya sa Henry Kissinger ya yi sanannen furucin sa'o'i kadan daga baya cewa "zaman lafiya ya kusa"). Don haka daftarin farko ba boyayye bane lokacin da bangarorin biyu suka sanar da wani sabon sulhu a watan Janairu.
Kwatanta takardun biyu ya nuna a fili da baki cewa harin bam na Disamba bai canza matsayin Hanoi ba. 'Yan Arewacin Vietnam ba su amince da komai ba a yarjejeniyar karshe da ba su amince da su ba a zagayen farko, kafin tashin bom. Baya ga ƴan ƴan ƴan canje-canjen tsari da ƴan ƴan gyare-gyare na kwaskwarima a cikin kalmomi, rubutun Oktoba da Disamba don dalilai ne masu amfani iri ɗaya, yana mai bayyana a fili cewa tashin bom ya yi. ba canza shawarar Hanoi ta kowace hanya mai ma'ana.
Idan aka yi la'akari da wannan rikodin bayyananne, tatsuniya na harin bom na Kirsimeti a matsayin babban nasarar soji ya nuna gagarumin ci gaba a cikin cibiyoyin tsaron Amurka da kuma tunawa da jama'a.
Wani lamari mai ma'ana shine gidan yanar gizon hukuma na Bikin cika shekaru 50 na Pentagon na Vietnam. Daga cikin misalan da yawa akan wannan rukunin akwai Rundunar Sojan Sama "Takardar Gaskiya" wanda bai ce komai ba game da daftarin yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya na Oktoba ko kuma janyewar Amurka daga waccan yarjejeniya (wadanda ba a ambata a ko'ina a wurin bikin ba, ko dai). Madadin haka, ya ce kawai "kamar yadda tattaunawar ta ci gaba," Nixon ya ba da umarnin kamfen ɗin iska na Disamba, bayan haka "'Yan Vietnam ta Arewa, yanzu ba su da tsaro, sun koma yin shawarwari kuma cikin sauri sun kammala sasantawa." Takardar gaskiyar ta faɗi wannan ƙarshe: “Saboda haka, ikon sararin samaniyar Amurka ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kawo ƙarshen rikicin.”
Wasu rubuce-rubuce daban-daban a wurin bikin sun tabbatar da cewa wakilan Hanoi "ba tare da izini ba" ko "a takaice" sun karya tattaunawar bayan Oktoba - wanda, ya kamata a tuna, gaba daya game da canza tanadin da Amurka ta riga ta yarda da shi - da kuma umarnin Nixon na bam. an yi nufin tilasta musu komawa kan teburin tattaunawa.
A gaskiya ma, idan wani ya fita daga tattaunawar to Amurkawa ne, aƙalla manyan masu shiga tsakani. Asusun Pentagon ya ba da takamaiman kwanan wata don janyewar Arewacin Vietnam: 18 ga Disamba, ranar da tashin bam ya fara. Amma a zahiri tattaunawar ta ƙare kwanaki da yawa kafin wannan. Kissinger ya bar Paris a ranar 13th; manyan mataimakansa sun tashi kwana daya ko fiye da haka. A ranar 16 ga watan Disamba ne aka gudanar da taron neman shawarwari na karshe tsakanin bangarorin biyu kuma a lokacin da aka kare, 'yan kabilar ta Vietnam ta Arewa sun ce suna son ci gaba da tafiya cikin sauri.
Binciken wannan tarihin ba a daɗe ba, na yi mamakin yadda labarin ƙarya ya nuna ya mamaye labarin na gaskiya. An san gaskiyar tun lokacin da waɗannan abubuwan suka faru, amma suna da matuƙar wahala a samu a tarihin jama'a na yau. Neman kan layi don "zaman lafiya ya kusa" ko "Linebacker II" (lambar sunan harin bam na Disamba), Na sami yawancin shigarwar da ke bayyana ra'ayoyin da ba daidai ba da suka bayyana a wurin tunawa da Pentagon. Dole ne in yi matukar wahala don samun maɓuɓɓuka waɗanda suka ambaci duk wasu bayanan da aka rubuta waɗanda suka saba wa wannan sigar tatsuniya.
Yana iya zama da yawa don tambaya, amma na rubuta wannan a cikin bege cewa ranar tunawa mai zuwa za ta kuma ba da damar yin la'akari da hankali a wani muhimmin juzu'i a cikin yakin da ba a yi nasara ba. Idan masana tarihi masu daraja gaskiya da Amurkawa waɗanda suka damu da al'amuran tsaron ƙasa na yanzu za su ɗauki lokaci don sabunta tunaninsu da fahimtarsu, ƙila za su iya fara fuskantar tatsuniya tare da cikakken bayani game da waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru rabin karni da suka gabata. Idan hakan ya faru zai zama sabis mai ma'ana ba kawai ga gaskiyar tarihi ba amma ga kyakkyawar fahimta da tunani mai zurfi game da dabarun tsaro na yau - kuma, musamman, abin da bama-bamai za su iya yi don cimma burin ƙasa, da abin da ba za su iya ba. .
