Dutsen zuwa Drones: A Short History of War a Duniya

Garin Smith / World Beyond War #Taron NoWar2017,
Satumba 22-24 a Jami'ar Amurka da ke Washington, DC.

Yaki shine mafi munin ayyukan bil'adama. Daga 500 BC zuwa AD 2000 tarihi ya rubuta fiye da 1000 [1,022] manyan rubuce-rubucen yaƙe-yaƙe. A cikin ƙarni na 20, an ƙiyasta yaƙe-yaƙe 165 sun kashe mutane miliyan 258—fiye da kashi 6 na dukan mutanen da aka haifa a cikin dukan ƙarni na 20. WWII ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar sojoji miliyan 17 da fararen hula miliyan 34. A yaƙe-yaƙe na yau, kashi 75 cikin ɗari na waɗanda aka kashe farar hula ne—yawancin mata, yara, tsofaffi, da matalauta.

Amurka ita ce kan gaba a fagen yaki a duniya. Ita ce babbar fitarwar mu. A cewar masana tarihi na Navy, daga 1776 zuwa 2006, sojojin Amurka sun yi yaki a yakin kasashen waje 234. Tsakanin 1945 da 2014, Amurka ta ƙaddamar da kashi 81% na manyan rikice-rikice 248 na duniya. Tun bayan da Pentagon ta ja da baya daga Vietnam a 1973, sojojin Amurka sun kai hari a Afghanistan, Angola, Argentina, Bosnia, Cambodia, El Salvador, Grenada, Haiti, Iran, Iraq, Kosovo, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Nicaragua, Pakistan, Panama, Philippines. , Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Ukraine, Yemen, da tsohuwar Yugoslavia.

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Yaƙe-yaƙe da yanayi suna da dogon tarihi. Epic na Gilgamesh, ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin tatsuniyoyi a duniya, ya ba da labarin yunƙurin wani mayaki na Mesofotamiya na kashe Humbaba - dodo wanda ya yi sarauta a kan dajin Cedar mai tsarki. Gaskiyar cewa Humbaba bawan Enlil ne, allahn ƙasa, iska, da iska bai hana Gilgamesh kashe wannan mai kare yanayi ba kuma ya sare itacen al'ul.

Littafi Mai Tsarki (Alƙalawa 15:4-5) ya ba da labarin wani hari da aka kai wa Filistiyawa da ba a saba ba da “zama mai-ƙuna” sa’ad da Samson ya “kama dawakai ɗari uku ya ɗaure su wutsiya bi-biyu. Sa'an nan kuma ya sanya tocila a kan kowane wutsiya guda biyu . . . Ka bar karnuka su saki a cikin hatsin Filistiyawa.”

A lokacin yakin Peloponnesia, Sarki Archidamus ya fara kai hari a Plataea ta hanyar sare dukkan itatuwan 'ya'yan itace da ke kewaye da garin.

A cikin 1346, Mongol Tartars sun yi amfani da yaƙin halitta don kai hari a garin Caffa na Bahar Black - ta hanyar tattara gawarwakin waɗanda bala'in ya shafa a kan katangar bango.

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Guba ruwan sha da lalata amfanin gona da kiwo hanya ce tabbatacciya ta murkushe al'umma. Ko da a yau, waɗannan dabarun "ƙasa-ƙuna" sun kasance hanyar da aka fi so na mu'amala da al'ummomin noma a Kudancin Duniya.

A lokacin juyin juya halin Amurka, George Washington ya yi amfani da dabarun "ƙasa-ƙuna" a kan 'yan asalin Amirkawa waɗanda suka haɗa kai da sojojin Birtaniya. An lalata gonakin 'ya'yan itace da masara na al'ummar Iroquois da fatan halakar da suka yi zai sa Iroquois su ma su halaka.

Yaƙin basasa na Amurka ya ƙunshi yaƙin neman zaɓe na Gen. Sherman na “Maris ta Gabas ta Georgia” da yaƙin neman zaɓe na Janar Sheridan a kwarin Shenandoah na Virginia, hare-hare biyu na “ƙananan ƙasa” da nufin lalata amfanin gona na farar hula, dabbobi, da dukiyoyi. Sojojin Sherman sun lalata gonakin kadada miliyan 10 a Jojiya yayin da gonakin Shenandoah suka koma shimfidar wuta.

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A lokacin yawancin firgici na Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, wasu munanan tasirin muhalli sun faru a Faransa. A yakin Somme, inda sojojin Birtaniya 57,000 suka mutu a rana ta farko na fada, an bar High Wood a cikin konewar kututturen kututture.

A Poland, sojojin Jamus sun daidaita dazuzzuka don samar da katako na aikin soja. Ana cikin haka, sun lalata mazaunin ƴan ƙalilan da suka rage a Turai - wanda bindigogin sojojin Jamus masu fama da yunwa suka sare su da sauri.

Wani wanda ya tsira ya bayyana filin daga a matsayin wani fili na “bebe, bakar kututturen bishiyun da suka farfashe wadanda har yanzu suke kan inda ake da kauyuka. Suna fashe da ɓarkewar harsashi, sun tsaya kamar gawawwaki a tsaye.” Karni guda bayan kisan kiyashin, manoman Belgium har yanzu suna tono kasusuwan sojojin da suka zubar da jini har suka mutu a filin Flanders.

WWI ta yi barna a cikin Amurka kuma. Don ciyar da ƙoƙarin yaƙi, an garzaya da kadada miliyan 40 don noma akan gonakin da bai dace da noma ba. Tafkuna, tafkunan ruwa, da dausayi an kwashe su don samar da filayen noma. An maye gurbin ciyawa na asali da filayen alkama. An yanke gandun daji don biyan buƙatun lokacin yaƙi. Yakin dashen auduga mai yawa ya ƙare wanda a ƙarshe ya faɗi ga fari da zaizayar ƙasa.

Amma babban tasirin ya zo ne tare da injinan man fetur na yaki. Nan da nan, sojojin zamani sun daina buƙatar hatsi da ciyawa don dawakai da alfadarai. A karshen yakin duniya na biyu, General Motors ya kera motocin sojoji kusan 9,000 [8,512] kuma ya samu riba mai kyau. Ƙarfin iska zai tabbatar da zama wani mai canza wasan tarihi.

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Da barkewar yakin duniya na biyu, yankunan karkarar Turai sun sake fuskantar wani sabon hari. Sojojin Jamus sun cika kashi 17 cikin 7500 na gonakin ƙasar Holland da ruwan gishiri. Wasu 'yan kunar bakin wake sun keta madatsun ruwa guda biyu a kwarin Ruhr na Jamus, inda suka lalata kadada XNUMX na gonakin Jamus.

A Norway, sojojin Hitler da suka ja da baya sun lalata gine-gine, hanyoyi, amfanin gona, dazuzzuka, da ruwa, da namun daji. An kashe kashi XNUMX cikin XNUMX na barewa na Norway.

Shekaru XNUMX bayan kawo karshen yakin duniya na II, ana ci gaba da kwato bama-bamai, harsasai da nakiyoyi daga filayen da magudanan ruwa na Faransa. Miliyoyin kadada sun kasance marasa iyaka kuma abubuwan da aka binne har yanzu suna da'awar wadanda abin ya shafa lokaci-lokaci.

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Lamarin da ya fi yin barna a WWII ya hada da tayar da bama-baman nukiliya guda biyu a kan garuruwan Hiroshima da Nagasaki na Japan. Ƙwallon wuta ya biyo bayan "baƙar ruwan sama" wanda ya rinjayi wadanda suka tsira na kwanaki, ya bar wani hazo na radiation da ba a iya gani wanda ya shiga cikin ruwa da iska, yana barin gado mai sanyi na ciwon daji da maye gurbi a cikin tsire-tsire, dabbobi, da jarirai.

Kafin a rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar hana gwajin makaman nukiliya a shekarar 1963, Amurka da USSR sun harba fashewar makaman nukiliya 1,352 a karkashin kasa, fashewar yanayi 520, da fashe fashe takwas na karkashin teku - daidai da karfin bama-bamai masu girman 36,400 na Hiroshima. A shekara ta 2002, Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta kasa ta yi gargadin cewa kowa a duniya ya fuskanci matakan lalacewa wanda ya haifar da mutuwar dubban dubban ciwon daji.

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A cikin kusan shekarun da suka gabata na karni na 20, wasan kwaikwayo na tsoro na soja ya kasance mai ban tsoro.

Tsawon watanni 37 a farkon shekarun 1950, Amurka ta yi wa Koriya ta Arewa ton 635,000 na bama-bamai da tan 32,557 na napalm. Amurka ta lalata biranen Koriya 78, makarantu 5,000, asibitoci 1,000, gidaje 600,000, kuma ta kashe kusan kashi 30% na yawan jama'a ta wasu alkaluma. Shugaban Rundunar Sojan Sama Janar Curtis LeMay, Shugaban Rundunar Sojan Sama a lokacin Yaƙin Koriya, ya ba da ƙima kaɗan. A cikin 1984, LeMay ya gaya wa Ofishin Tarihin Sojojin Sama: "A cikin shekaru uku ko makamancin haka, mun kashe - menene - kashi 20 na yawan jama'a." Pyongyang tana da kyakkyawan dalili na tsoron Amurka.

A cikin 1991, Amurka ta jefa bama-bamai tan 88,000 a kan Iraki, tare da lalata gidaje, tashoshin wutar lantarki, manyan madatsun ruwa da na ruwa, lamarin da ya haifar da wani yanayi na gaggawa na kiwon lafiya wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga mutuwar yara rabin miliyan na Iraki.

Hayaki daga filayen mai na Kuwait da ke kona ya koma dare da rana ya kuma saki ɗimbin ɗimbin ɗimbin ɗimbin ɗimbin ɗimbin ɗimbin ɗimbin ɗimbin ɗimbin ɗimbin ɗimbin ɗimbin ɗimbin ɗimbin ɗimbin guba da ke karkatar da iska har tsawon ɗaruruwan mil.

Daga 1992 zuwa 2007, harin bama-bamai na Amurka ya taimaka wajen lalata kashi 38 na gandun daji a Afghanistan.

A shekara ta 1999, harin bam da NATO ta kai a wata masana'antar man petrochemical a Yugoslavia ya aika da gajimare na sinadarai masu kisa zuwa sararin samaniya tare da fitar da gurbatacciyar iska a cikin koguna da ke kusa.

Yakin Rwanda na Afirka ya kori kusan mutane 750,000 cikin dajin Virunga. An yi awon gaba da murabba'in mil 105 kuma an yi garkuwa da murabba'in mil 35.

A Sudan, sojoji da fararen hula da ke tserewa sun fantsama cikin gandun dajin Garamba, lamarin da ya janyo asarar rayukan dabbobi. A Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, rikicin makami ya rage yawan giwaye daga 22,000 zuwa 5,000.

A lokacin da ta mamaye Iraki a 2003, Pentagon ta yarda cewa ta yada fiye da tan 175 na uranium da ta lalace a cikin ƙasa. (Amurka ta yarda cewa ta kai hari kan Iraki da wani tan 300 a cikin 1991.) Wadannan hare-hare na rediyo sun haifar da barkewar cutar kansa da kuma abubuwan da suka faru na nakasassu yara a Falluja da sauran garuruwa.

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Da aka tambaye shi ko me ya jawo yakin Iraqi, tsohon kwamandan CENTCOM Janar John Abizaid ya ce: “Hakika batun man fetur ne. Ba za mu iya musun hakan ba da gaske.” Ga mugunyar gaskiya: Pentagon na buƙatar yaƙar yaƙe-yaƙe don mai don yaƙar yaƙe-yaƙe don mai.

Pentagon yana auna man da ake amfani da shi a cikin "gallon-per-mile" da "ganga-da-sa'a" kuma adadin man da ake kone yana karuwa a duk lokacin da Pentagon ta shiga yaki. A lokacin da ya kai kololuwa, yakin Iraki ya samar da sama da tan miliyan uku na CO2 da ke dumamar yanayi a kowane wata. Ga kanun labarai da ba a gani: gurɓacewar soji shine babban abin da ke haifar da sauyin yanayi.

Kuma ga abin ban mamaki. Dabarun Sojoji na ƙonawa na Duniya sun zama masu ɓarna har yanzu mun sami kanmu rayuwa - a zahiri - a Duniyar da ba ta da kyau. Gurbacewar masana'antu da ayyukan soji sun haifar da yanayin zafi zuwa matsi. Don neman riba da mulki, kamfanoni masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da rundunonin masarautu sun ayyana yaƙi a kan biosphere yadda ya kamata. Yanzu, duniyar tana fuskantar baya - tare da kai hari na matsanancin yanayi.

Amma duniya mai tayar da kayar baya ba ta da wani ƙarfi da sojojin ’yan Adam suka taɓa fuskanta. Guguwa ɗaya na iya buɗe naushi daidai da fashewar bama-baman nukiliya 10,000. Hare-haren da guguwar Harvey ta kai a jihar Texas ta yi sanadiyyar asarar dala biliyan 180. Tashar guguwar Irma na iya kaiwa dala biliyan 250. Har yanzu adadin Mariya yana karuwa.

Maganar kudi. Cibiyar Worldwatch ta yi rahoton cewa sauya kashi 15 cikin XNUMX na kudaden da ake kashewa kan makamai a duniya zai iya kawar da mafi yawan abubuwan da ke haddasa yaki da lalata muhalli. To me yasa yaki ya ci gaba? Domin Amurka ta zama Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru. Kamar yadda tsohon dan majalisa Ron Paul ya lura: kashe kuɗin soji ya fi “amfani da ƴan ƙwararrun ƙwararrun masu haɗin gwiwa kuma masu biyan kuɗi sosai. Manyan mutane sun firgita cewa zaman lafiya na iya tashi a karshe, wanda zai yi illa ga ribarsu.”

Yana da kyau a tuna cewa motsin muhalli na zamani ya taso, a wani ɓangare, don mayar da martani ga mummunan yakin Viet Nam - Agent Orange, napalm, kafet-bama-bamai - da Greenpeace sun fara nuna rashin amincewa da shirin gwajin makamin nukiliya a kusa da Alaska. Hakika, an zaɓi sunan “Greenpeace” ne domin ya haɗa “abubuwa masu girma biyu na zamaninmu, da rayuwar muhallinmu da kuma zaman lafiyar duniya.”

A yau rayuwarmu tana barazana da gangunan bindiga da kuma ganga mai. Don daidaita yanayinmu, muna bukatar mu daina ɓata kuɗin yaƙi. Ba za mu iya yin nasara a yaƙin da aka yi wa duniyar da muke rayuwa a kai ba. Muna bukatar mu ajiye makamanmu na yaki da ganima, mu yi shawarwari don mika wuya, kuma mu sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya mai dorewa tare da Duniya.

Gar Smith ɗan jarida ne wanda ya sami lambar yabo mai bincike, editan fitowar Jaridar Bayar da Duniya, co-kafa na Environmentalists Against War, kuma marubucin Rummar Nuclear (Chelsea Green). Sabon littafinsa, War da muhalli Karatu (Littattafan Duniya kawai) za a buga a ranar Oktoba 3. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu magana da yawa a wurin World Beyond War taron kwana uku akan "Yaki da Muhalli," Satumba 22-24 a Jami'ar Amurka a Washington, DC. (Don cikakkun bayanai, haɗa da tarihin bayanan gabatarwa, ziyarci: https://worldbeyondwar.org/nowar2017.)