By David Swanson, Yuli 23, 2019
A garina a Amurka - kamar yadda ba sabon abu ba ne - muna da manyan abubuwan tunawa a fitattun wuraren taruwar jama'a da ke nuna wasu munanan ayyukan lalata na baya. Abin takaici, duk waɗannan manyan abubuwan tarihi guda biyar suna murna da ɗaukaka waɗannan abubuwan ban tsoro da suka gabata, maimakon tunatar da mu kada mu maimaita su. Jami'ar Virginia tana gina abin tunawa ga bayin da suka gina Jami'ar Virginia. Don haka, za mu kasance da bukukuwa biyar na sharri, da kuma ambatonsu na tunãtarwa.
Biyu daga cikin abubuwan tarihi guda biyar suna murna da kisan gillar da aka yi a fadada yammacin nahiyar. Biyu suna murna da asarar da kuma goyon bayan bautar da yakin basasar Amurka. Mutum yana girmama sojojin da suka shiga cikin ɗaya daga cikin mafi muni, ɓarna, da hare-haren kisan kai a wani ɗan ƙaramin yanki na duniya da ɗan adam ya samar. A cikin Amurka mutane suna kiransa "yaƙin Vietnam."
A Vietnam ana kiranta yakin Amurka. Amma ba kawai a Vietnam ba. Wannan yaki ne da ya afkawa Laos da Cambodia da Indonesiya. Don ingantaccen bincike da gabatar da cikakken bayani, duba sabon littafin, Amurka, Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, da Ƙwaƙwalwar Tarihi, Edited by Mark Pavlick da Caroline Luft, tare da gudunmawar daga Richard Falk, Fred Branfman, Channapha Khamvongsa, Elaine Russell, Tuan Nguyen, Ben Kiernan, Taylor Owen, Gareth Porter, Clinton Fernandes, Nick Turse, Noam Chomsky, Ed Herman, da Ngo Vinh Long.
Amurka ta jefa bama-bamai tan 6,727,084 kan mutane miliyan 60 zuwa 70 a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, fiye da sau uku abin da ta jefa a Asiya da Turai idan aka kwatanta da yakin duniya na biyu. A lokaci guda kuma, ta kaddamar da wani gagarumin hari daidai wa daida da makaman atilare na kasa. Har ila yau, ya fesa daga iska dubun-dubatar lita na Agent Orange, ba ma napalm, tare da mummunan sakamako. Tasirin ya kasance a yau. Dubun miliyoyin bama-bamai ba su fashe ba, kuma suna daɗa haɗari, a yau. Wani bincike na 2008 da Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Harvard da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Washington ta kiyasta mutuwar mutane miliyan 3.8 ta tashin hankali, fadace-fadace da farar hula, arewa da kudu, a cikin shekarun da Amurka ta yi a Vietnam, ba tare da kirga daruruwan dubban da aka kashe ba. a kowane ɗayan waɗannan wurare: Laos, Cambodia, Indonesia. Wasu miliyan 19 sun ji rauni ko kuma suka zama marasa gida a Vietnam, Laos, da Cambodia. Miliyoyin da yawa kuma an tilasta musu yin rayuwa mai haɗari da talauci, tare da tasiri har yau.
Sojojin Amurka waɗanda suka yi kashi 1.6% na masu mutuwa, amma waɗanda wahalarsu ta mamaye fina-finan Amurka game da yaƙi, da gaske sun sha wahala sosai kuma kamar yadda aka kwatanta. Dubban tsoffin sojoji ne suka kashe kansu tun daga lokacin. Amma yi tunanin abin da hakan ke nufi ga ainihin ainihin wahalar da aka haifar, har ma ga mutane kawai, yin watsi da duk sauran nau'ikan da abin ya shafa. Taron tunawa da Vietnam a Washington DC ya lissafa sunaye 58,000 akan bangon mita 150. Suna 387 a kowace mita. Hakazalika lissafin sunayen miliyan 4 zai buƙaci mita 10,336, ko nisa daga Lincoln Memorial zuwa matakai na Capitol na Amurka, kuma a sake dawowa, kuma a sake komawa Capitol sau ɗaya, sa'an nan kuma komawa zuwa duk gidajen tarihi amma tsayawa a takaice. na Washington Monument. Abin farin ciki, kawai wasu rayuka suna da mahimmanci.
A kasar Laos, kusan kashi uku na kasar ya ragu sakamakon bama-bamai da ba a fashe ba, wadanda ke ci gaba da kashe mutane da dama. Waɗannan sun haɗa da gungun bama-bamai miliyan 80 da dubban manyan bama-bamai, rokoki, turmi, harsashi, da nakiyoyi. Daga 1964 zuwa 1973, {asar Amirka ta gudanar da wani harin bam a kan talakawa, marasa makami, iyalan manoma a kowane minti takwas, ashirin da hudu/bakwai - tare da burin shafe duk wani abincin da zai iya ciyar da kowane soja (ko wani). Amurka ta yi riya cewa tana kai agajin jin kai.
Wani lokaci, batun sharar gida ne kawai. Masu bama-bamai da ke tashi daga Thailand zuwa Vietnam wani lokaci ba za su iya jefa bama-bamai a Vietnam saboda yanayin yanayi, don haka kawai za su jefa bama-baman su a Laos maimakon yin saukowa mai wahala tare da dawo da cikakken kaya a Thailand. Duk da haka wasu lokuta yana buƙatar sanya kayan aiki masu kyau don amfani da su. Lokacin da Shugaba Lyndon Johnson ya sanar da kawo karshen tashin bama-bamai a Arewacin Vietnam a shekarar 1968, jirage sun kai hari a Laos maimakon. "Ba za mu iya barin jirage kawai su yi tsatsa ba," in ji wani jami'in. Talakawa a yau a Laos ba za su iya samun damar samun lafiya mai kyau ba lokacin da suka ji rauni da tsoffin bama-bamai, kuma dole ne su tsira da nakasa a cikin tattalin arziƙin kaɗan za su saka hannun jari saboda duk bama-bamai. Masu matsananciyar wahala dole ne su ɗauki aikin haɗari na sayar da ƙarfe daga bama-bamai da suka yi nasarar kwancewa.
An yi wa Cambodia mugun aiki kamar Laos, tare da sakamako iri ɗaya kuma mai iya faɗi. Shugaba Richard Nixon ya gaya wa Henry Kissinger wanda ya gaya wa Alexander Haig ya ƙirƙira “kamfen na tayar da bam . . . duk abin da ke tashi a kan duk wani abu da yake motsawa." Khmer Rouge na hannun dama yana girma daga 10,000 a 1970 zuwa dakaru 200,000 a 1973 ta hanyar daukar ma'aikata da aka mayar da hankali kan asarar rayuka da lalata harin bam na Amurka. A shekara ta 1975 sun yi nasara kan gwamnatin Amurka.
Yaƙin da aka yi a ƙasa a Vietnam ya kasance mai ban tsoro. Kisan kiyashin da ake yi wa fararen hula, amfani da manoma don aiwatar da ayyukan da aka yi niyya, wuraren kashe gobara inda aka dauki kowane dan Vietnam a matsayin "makiya" - wadannan ba fasahohi ba ne. Kawar da yawan jama'a shine manufa ta farko. Wannan - ba alheri ba - ya haifar da karɓar 'yan gudun hijira fiye da yadda aka yi a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe na baya-bayan nan. Robert Komer ya bukaci Amurka da ta "kara inganta shirye-shiryen 'yan gudun hijira da gangan da nufin hana VC sansanin daukar ma'aikata."
Gwamnatin Amurka tun farko ta fahimci cewa jiga-jigan sojan da take son dorawa Vietnam ba su da wani gagarumin goyon bayan jama'a. Har ila yau, ta ji tsoron "tasirin nuni" na gwamnatin hagu mai adawa da mulkin Amurka da kuma samun ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Bama-bamai na iya taimakawa da hakan. A cikin kalmomin ’yan tarihin sojan Amurka waɗanda suka rubuta The Pentagon Papers, “ainihin, muna yaƙi da yawan haihuwar Vietnamese.” Amma, ba shakka, wannan yaƙin bai da fa'ida kuma ya haifar da ƙarin "'yan gurguzu," yana buƙatar ƙarin tashin hankali don yaƙar su.
Ta yaya za ka samu mutanen da suke ganin nagartattu ne, su kashe kudadensu da tallafinsu da samarinsu, su yanka manoma talakawa da jariransu da ’yan uwansu tsofaffi? To, menene muke da furofesoshi, idan ba za mu iya cika irin waɗannan abubuwan ba? Layin da aka samu a cikin rukunin sojojin Amurka da masu hankali shi ne cewa Amurka ba ta kashe manoma ba, a maimakon haka, tana mai da birane da zamanantar da kasashe ta hanyar korar manoma zuwa cikin birane ta hanyar amfani da bama-bamai. Kimanin kashi 60 cikin XNUMX na mutanen da ke tsakiyar lardunan Vietnam sun rage zuwa cin haushi da saiwoyi. Yara da tsofaffi ne suka fara fama da yunwa. Wadanda aka kai su gidajen yarin Amurka aka azabtar da su, a karshe, mutanen Asiya ne kawai, don kada uzurin ya zama mai gamsarwa.
Miliyoyin mutane a Amurka sun yi adawa da yaƙin kuma suka yi ƙoƙari su dakatar da shi. Ban san wani abin tunawa da su ba. Sun yi nasarar kada kuri'a a Majalisar Dokokin Amurka a ranar 15 ga Agusta, 1973, don kawo karshen tashin bam a Cambodia. Sun tilasta kawo karshen dukan mugun aiki. Sun tilasta tsarin ci gaba na manufofin cikin gida ta Fadar White House Nixon. Sun tilastawa Majalisa ta yiwa Nixon hisabi ta hanyar da alama baƙon abu ga Majalisar Amurka a yau. Kamar yadda masu fafutukar neman zaman lafiya a shekarun baya-bayan nan ke bikin cika shekaru 50 na kowane yunƙurin samar da zaman lafiya, tambaya ɗaya ta gabatar da kanta ga al'ummar Amurka gaba ɗaya: Yaushe za su taɓa koyo? Yaushe zasu koya?
