Yawancin Sojoji Ba Masu Rubuce-Kashe ba ne: Yanayin Jihar Sanctioned Rikicin da Manufofi

 Babu wani abu mai ɗaukaka game da yaƙi ko a cikin kisa. Haƙƙin ɗan adam na yaƙi ya kai nisa a fagen fama - yana da tasiri mai dorewa akan ma'aurata, ƴaƴa, ƴan'uwa mata, iyaye, kakanni, ƴan uwa, ƴan uwa da kakanni na tsararraki. An kuma gano yawancin sojoji a tarihi ba sa son kashe wasu mutane kuma yin hakan ya sabawa yanayinsu. A matsayin lasisin yin amfani da tashin hankali wajen warware rikici, to, sakamakon kisa a cikin yaƙi yana da muni…kuma sakamakon tashe-tashen hankulan da gwamnati ta sanyawa hannu yakan yi illa ga duka waɗanda ake kira masu nasara da masu asara. Halin da ba za a ci nasara ba ne. George Bush ya ce muna fuskantar hadarin “kumburi na mugunta” kasancewar Koriya, Iran da Iraki. Gwamnatin Obama, abin takaici, daga baya, ta kara yawan kasashen da ake kai wa hari. Ganin cewa, Martin Luther King, Jr. ya ce munanan abubuwan da ba za a iya magance su ba a duniya sune talauci, wariyar launin fata da kuma yaki. Ana yin abubuwan mugunta uku na King kowace rana a cikin manufofin Amurka na cikin gida da na waje. Watakila idan Bush da Obama suna da sha'awar kawo karshen ta'addanci da gaske za su kara duban binciken King sosai.

A cikin tarihi, ana ta tafka muhawara kan yadda za a magance rikice-rikice. Zaɓuɓɓukan galibi tashin hankali ne da hanyoyi daban-daban na rashin tashin hankali. Hakanan akwai alamun rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin halaye tsakanin yadda “daidaikun mutane” a cikin ƙasa ke warware rikici da yadda ake warware rikice-rikice tsakanin “jihohi”. A cikin waɗannan rikice-rikicen da ƙudurinsu ne talauci, wariyar launin fata da yaƙi ke hulɗa.

Mafi yawan mutane a duniya suna warware rikice-rikicen mutum ta hanyoyin da ba na tashin hankali ba (watau tattaunawa, yarjejeniya ta magana). Dr. King ya ce manufar sauya tashin hankali ba tare da tashin hankali ba ko warware rikice-rikicen ba rikici ba ne don neman fansa amma don sauya zuciyar wanda ake kira makiya. “Ba zamu taba kawar da kiyayya ba ta hanyar haduwa da kiyayya da kiyayya; muna kawar da abokin gaba, "in ji shi," ta hanyar kawar da gaba. Ta hanyar dabi'a ƙiyayya ta kan lalace kuma ta rushe. ”

Yawancin ƙasashe ma suna da dokoki game da kowane mutum na amfani da rikici. Misali, a cikin kungiyoyin fararen hula na Amurka, bai kamata mutum ya kashe wani da gangan ba. Idan haka ne, suna iya fuskantar hukunci daga jihar wanda hakan na iya haifar da shi, bayan shari'ar yanke hukunci, a cikin jihar ita kanta tana kashe mutum saboda aikata irin wannan laifin. Hukunci a cikin Amurka, koyaushe, ana keɓe ga waɗanda ba su da albarkatu. Ya kamata a lura cewa Amurka ita ce kadai ƙasar yamma da har yanzu ke amfani da hukuncin kisa, wanda koyaushe ana ɗorawa talakawa ƙwarai da gaske kuma ba daidai ba ga masu launi - mutanen da galibi ba su da halin kare kansu. Hukuncin kisa babban misali ne na tashe-tashen hankula na doka (ko ta'addanci) a matsayin hanya don warware rikici. A cikin sharuddan Dr. King, manufofin cikin gida na Amurka wariyar launin fata ne, da gaske yaƙi ne da talakawa kuma, tare da hukuncin kisa, yana nuna mutanen da ba sa son gafartawa.

Shekarun da suka gabata na so in kara sanin yaƙi kuma na yi wa wasu abokan mahaifina wayo waɗanda suka yi yaƙi a Jamus a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Ba za su yi magana da ni ba. Ba za su raba komai ba. Ya ɗauki ɗan lokaci don fahimtar ma'anar ƙirsu. Yaƙe-yaƙe, tun lokacin da na koya, daidai yake da irin wannan tashin hankali, zafi da wahala ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa raba waɗancan abubuwan abu ne da yawancin mutane ba sa son yi. A cikin littafinsa Abin da Kowane Mutum Ya Kamata Ya San Game da Yakin, mai rahoto Chris Hedges ya rubuta cewa, “Muna jin daɗin yaƙi. Mun juya shi zuwa nishaɗi. Kuma a cikin wannan duka mun manta abin da yaƙi yake, abin da yake yi wa mutanen da ke wahala daga gare ta. Muna roƙon waɗanda ke cikin soja da danginsu su yi sadaukarwa da ke nuna launin sauran rayuwarsu. Wadanda suka fi kyamar yaki, na gano, tsoffin sojoji ne wadanda suka san shi. ”

A cikin warware rikice-rikice "tsakanin jihohi", tsakanin masu hankali aƙalla, ana ɗaukar yaƙi koyaushe makoma ta ƙarshe don kowane dalilai, ba mafi ƙarancin abin da kasancewa babbar tasirin lalata ta. Manufar "yakin adalci" ta dogara ne da wannan - cewa duk wani abu an yi kokarin magance rikicin kafin yakin. Duk da haka, don sake faɗi Dr. King, ya kasance cikin hikima ya tambayi dalilin da ya sa “kisan ɗan ƙasa a cikin ƙasarku laifi ne, amma kisan ɗan ƙasa na wata ƙasa a yaƙi wani aiki ne na jaruntaka?” Areimar ta gurbata don tabbatarwa.

{Asar Amirka tana da mummunan tarihin yin amfani da tashin hankali da yawa, a cikin ƙoƙari na warware matsalolin duniya a cikin abin da yake so a sarrafawa da samun damar yin amfani da albarkatu na halitta, irin su man fetur. Ba da dadewa ba ne Amurka ta fahimci ainihin dalilai na yaki. Harshen munafurci yana tasowa yayin da aka koya mana matasa su kashe.

Tare da daidaito guda uku na wariyar launin fata, talauci da yakin, makamai na yaƙe-yaƙe na Amurka sun kasance daidai da waɗanda suka kamu da su a cikin gida. Wannan shi ne yawancin matalauta da mutane masu launi maimakon masu arziki da masu lalata masu cin hanci da rashawa, shugabannin kamfanoni da jami'an gwamnati, da dai sauransu. Bayar da lissafi a tsarin Amurka da tsarin kotu yana da mummunar rashin aiki kuma batun rashin daidaito yana da muhimmiyar mahimmanci tare da da rashin daidaituwa ya zama mafi matsananci. Duk da haka, matsalar Ferguson da sauran mutane a duk fadin Amurka da ke haifar da mummunar hasara na Black rayuwar ta zama abin tunawa, misali, misali misalai na hali na hali a Amurka. Kamar dai a cikin gidanmu na gida, Amurka sun haɗu da mummunar talauci, rashin lafiya da kuma ƙasashen da mutane suke da launi, inda Amurka za ta iya tabbatarwa, a kalla, nasara ta gajeren lokaci.

Tashin hankali yana da tasirin “zalunci” a kanmu a matsayinmu na al’umma. Ba shi da kyau a gare mu duk yadda kuka kalle shi. Shekaru da suka gabata masanin halayyar ɗan adam ta Burtaniya Colin Turnbull ya yi nazarin tasirin hukuncin kisa a Amurka. Ya yi hira da masu gadi a kan hukuncin mutuwa, mutanen da suka jawo sauyawar wutar lantarki, fursunoni a kan hukuncin mutuwa da dangin dukkan wadannan mutanen. Mummunan tasirin halayyar mutum da matsalolin lafiya da suka mamaye duk waɗanda ke da hannu kai tsaye ko kuma kai tsaye a cikin kisan jihar ya kasance mai zurfin gaske. Babu wanda ya tsere wa firgita.

Har ila yau, masana ilimin halayyar dan Adam sun fara duba tasirin "yaƙi" ga al'umma. Hakanan yana da tasirin “zalunci” akan mu. Sananne ne cewa abin da ke haifar da halayenmu shi ne dangi da abokan zama waɗanda ke kewaye da mu. Amma abin da masana ilimin zamantakewar al'umma ba su duba ba shi ne tasirin manufofin jihar ga halayen mutum. Wasu masana halayyar zamantakewar al'umma sun gano cewa bayan yaƙi akwai ƙaruwar yin amfani da tashin hankali a cikin ƙasashe na waɗanda suka yi asara da waɗanda suka yi nasara a rikicin. Masana ilimin halayyar dan adam sun kalli samfurin tsoffin mayaƙa masu tashin hankali, da kuma tsarin rusa tattalin arziƙi da sauransu don bayyana wannan lamari. Bayanin daya bayyana shine mafi jan hankali shine yadda jihar ta yarda da amfani da tashin hankali don magance rikici. Lokacin da duk bangarorin gwamnati tun daga bangaren zartarwa, zuwa majalisa, zuwa kotuna suka yarda da tashin hankali a matsayin hanyar magance rikice-rikice, yana bayyana ne ya shafi wasu mutane - ashe haske ne mai kore amfani da shi ko daukar tashin hankali a matsayin hanyar da ta dace a cikin mu rayuwar yau da kullun.

Wataƙila ɗayan mahimman hujjoji game da tura samarinmu mata da maza zuwa yaƙi shi ne cewa yawancinmu ba mu son kashewa kwata-kwata. Duk da cewa ana koyar da yadda yaƙe-yaƙe na iya kasancewa, yawancinmu ba mu bi fatawar kisan ba. A cikin littafinsa mai kayatarwa Game da Kashe: Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Kimiyya don Kashe a War da Ƙungiyar (1995), masanin halayyar dan Adam Lt. Kanal Dave Grossman ya ba da cikakken babi ga "Rashin Harbi Cikin Tarihi." Bincike ya gano cewa a cikin tarihi, a kowane yaƙi, 15% zuwa 20% ne kawai na sojoji ke shirye su kashe. Wannan ƙaramin kaso na duniya ne kuma ya shafi sojoji daga kowace ƙasa cikin tarihin da aka rubuta. Abin sha'awa, koda nisanta daga makiya ba lallai bane ya karfafa kisan. Grossman ya ba da kyakkyawan binciken cewa “Duk da wannan fa'idar, kashi 1 cikin 40 na matukan jirgin saman Amurka sun kai kashi XNUMX% na duk matukan jirgin abokan gaba da aka harba a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu; mafiya yawa ba su harbe kowa ba har ma suka yi kokarin. ”

Babu shakka Amurka ba ta yaba da wannan ƙaramin kaso na masu kisan ba, don haka ta fara canza yadda take horar da sojojinta. Amurkawa sun fara amfani da haɗin “yanayin motsa jiki” na IP Pavlov da BF Skinner a cikin horon da suke yi, wanda ya rage wa sojojinmu hankali ta hanyar maimaitawa. Wata daga cikin tekun ta gaya mani cewa a cikin horo na asali ba kawai kuna "aikatawa" kisan kai tsaye ba amma ana buƙatar ku faɗi kalmar "kashe" don mayar da martani ga kusan kowane umarni. Grossman ya ce "Ainihi sojan ya nanata aikin sau da yawa," in ji Grossman, "cewa lokacin da ya yi kisa a cikin fada yana iya, a wani matakin, ya musanta wa kansa cewa da gaske yana kashe wani mutum ne." A Yaƙin Koriya 55% na sojojin Amurka sun sami ikon yin kisa kuma ta Vietnam wani abin ban mamaki 95% na iya yin hakan. Grossman ya kuma ce yanzu Vietnam ana kiranta da kasancewa yakin farko na magani wanda sojojin Amurka suka ciyar da sojojinmu da magunguna masu yawa don dushe hankalinsu yayin da suke cikin hali na tashin hankali kuma da alama suna yin hakan a Iraki.

Da yake jawabi game da karancin kaso na wadanda suka kashe mutane a yakin, Grossman ya ce “Kamar yadda na binciki wannan tambaya kuma na yi nazarin yadda ake kashe mutane a fada daga mahangar wani masanin tarihi, masanin halayyar dan adam da soja, na fara gane cewa akwai Babban mahimmin al'amari ya ɓace daga fahimtar kowa game da kisan a cikin faɗa, wani ɓangaren da ke amsa wannan tambayar da ƙari. Wannan abin da ya ɓace shine mai sauƙi kuma mai nuna gaskiyar cewa a cikin yawancin maza akwai tsananin juriya ga kisan ɗan'uwansu. Juriya da karfi sosai, a yanayi da yawa, sojoji a fagen daga zasu mutu kafin su iya shawo kanta. ”

Gaskiyar cewa ba mu son kashewa tabbaci ne na ɗan adam. Shin da gaske muna son canza ɗabi'un samari da samari a cikin ɗabi'unsu, zuwa ƙwararrun masu kisan mutane? Shin da gaske muke so mu gyara halayen samarin mu ta wannan hanyar? Shin da gaske muna son matasanmu su kasance ba su da mutuncin kansu da na wasu? Shin lokaci bai yi ba da zamu magance ainihin mugunta a duniya, ainihin tushen mugunta shine wariyar launin fata, talauci da yaƙe-yaƙe kuma duk wannan haɗe da haɗama don kula da dukiyar duniya ta hanyar duka mu? Shin da gaske muna son dala harajin mu tayi amfani da ita don kashe matalautan duniya, lalata ƙasashen su kuma sanya mu duka cikin tashin hankali yayin aiwatarwa? Tabbas zamu iya yin abinda yafi wannan!

###