Anan 1969 ne, kuma yakin Amurka a Vietnam ya kasance ba tare da jinkiri ba. Halin da aka yi a kan yakin ya fadi a cikin tituna da kuma sansanin - tawaye akan kullun jigilar kaya a gida, a kan sansanin boma-bamai da suka tashi daga jiragen saman Amurka zuwa garuruwan karkara, tare da hotunan 'yan gudun hijira, fatar jikinsu da kefukai, watsa shirye-shirye a fadin duniya.
Daruruwan dubban mutane sun fara tsayayya da yakin. Rashin 1969 ya ga tarihi Moratorium zanga zangar, zanga-zanga mafi girma a tarihin Amurka.
Amma yayin da sha'awar da kuma tabbatar da yunkurin juyin juya hali na da karfi, wasu sun ji cewa ilimin da ke da nasaba game da ikon da ke dauke da makaman ba shi da nasaba. Wane ne ke yin masana'antu da kuma rikewa daga bama-bamai, jiragen sama, da kuma sunadaran da ake amfani da su a Vietnam? A ina ne magungunan yaki - masana'antunta, masu bincike - sun kasance a Amurka? A wace jihohi, da wace birni? Wanene kamfanoni ke amfani da su da kuma samar da makamai?
Idan masu shiryawa da ƙungiyar antiwar motsi za su iya riƙe wannan bayanin - fahimtar da zurfi game da kudaden da kuma kamfanoni a bayan yakin - wannan motsi zai iya zama ma fi karfi, iya tsara manufofin da ke da nauyin kayan na'ura a fadin ƙasa.
Wannan shi ne mahallin da aka yi na Nassin Kasuwanci a Kasuwanci na Kasuwanci-Industrial ko NARMIC, kamar yadda aka sani - an haifi.
NARMIC ya so ya binciki ikon da kudi a cikin masana'antun tsaro kuma ya samu wannan bincike a hannun masu gwagwarmayar zaman lafiya wadanda ke tsayayya da yaki na Vietnam don yakin da ya fi dacewa. Suna so - kamar yadda suke sanya shi - don "cika rata" tsakanin "binciken zaman lafiya" da "zaman lafiya." Suna son yin bincike don aiki - saboda haka, yin amfani da kalmar "aikin / bincike" don bayyana abin da suka aikata .
A cikin tarihinsa, ma'aikatan NARMIC da masu ba da agaji ba kawai su zauna a cikin ɗaki ba kuma suna nazarin mabufofin, sun ware daga sauran duniya. Sun yi aiki tare tare da masu shirya gida. Sun dauki buƙatun daga 'yan gwagwarmaya don su duba kamfanoni don cimma burinsu. Sun horar da 'yan motsi don su gudanar da bincike na kansu. Kuma sun tattara babban ɗakunan littattafai na takardun don kowa ya yi amfani da shi, tare da wasu ɗakunan littattafai, rahotanni, zane-zane, da wasu kayan aikin masu shiryawa.
Labarin NARMIC, kamar labarin da Ma'aikatar Binciken SNCC, wani ɓangare ne na tarihin mahimmanci amma ɓoye game da muhimmancin bincike na wutar lantarki a tarihi na ƙungiyoyin zanga-zangar Amurka.
An fara NARMIC a 1969 ta ƙungiyar antiwar Quakers wanda ke aiki tare da Kwamitin Kasuwancin Amfanonin Amirka (AFSC). An yi musu wahayi daga mai wa'azin Quaker da abolitionist John Woolman, wanda ya gaya mabiyansa "su gani kuma su dauki alhakin rashin adalci da aka sanya ta hanyar tattalin arziki."
Wannan sakon - cewa halayyar kirki da zalunci dole ne a daidaita ta hanyar fahimtar yadda tsarin tattalin arziki ya haifar da kuma ci gaba da zalunci - NARMIC mai rayarwa a duk rayuwarsa.
NARMIC ya kasance a Philadelphia. Da farko ma'aikata sun kasance mafi yawancin masu karatun digiri daga ƙananan kwalejojin gine-gine kamar Swarthmore, a waje da Philadelphia, da kuma Earlham, a Indiana. An gudanar da shi a kan kasafin kudade, tare da matasa masu binciken da suke aiki a kan "biyan kuɗi," amma an ƙarfafa su don yin bincike mai zurfi wanda zai iya taimakawa wajen gwagwarmaya.
Babban mahimmancin NARMIC shine matakan soja-masana'antu, wanda aka bayyana a cikin 1970 ƙasida - ya ambata Dwight Eisenhower - a matsayin "wannan haɗin ginin soja da kuma manyan masana'antar makamai da ke sababbin abubuwan da Amurka ke fuskanta." NARMIC ya kara da cewa "wannan ƙaddarwar gaskiya ce" wanda "ya kai kusan dukkanin rayuwarmu."
Bayan kungiya da aka kafa a 1969, NARMIC ya shirya aikin bincike na masana'antun tsaro a cikin yaki na Vietnam. Wannan bincike ya haifar da wallafe-wallafe guda biyu da ke da tasiri sosai a cikin maƙasudin motsi.
Na farko shi ne jerin manyan kamfanonin tsaro na 100 a Amurka. Amfani da bayanan da aka samo daga Ma'aikatar Tsaro, masu bincike na NARMIC sun hada da martaba wadanda suka bayyana wadanda suka sami karfin yaki a cikin ƙasa kuma yawancin kamfanonin da aka basu a kwangilar tsaro. Jerin ya kasance tare da wasu bincike mai amfani daga NARMIC game da binciken.
An kirkiro jerin sunayen masu kwangilar 100 mafi girma a tsawon lokaci domin masu shirya zasu sami bayanai na zamani - nan, alal misali, ita ce jerin daga 1977. Wannan jerin sune wani ɓangare na "Atlas-Ingantacin Ayyuka na Ƙasar Amirka" mafi girma wanda NARMIC ya haɗa tare.
NARMIC na biyu na farko da aka fara da shi shi ne littafin da ake kira "War Warm Automated." Wannan littafin ya rusa kalmomi daban-daban da makaman da makamai da Amurka ke amfani da shi a yaki da yaki da Vietnam. Har ila yau, ya gano masana'antun da masu makamai a baya.
Amma "Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Kan Gaskiya" ta ci gaba da taimaka wa masu shirya masu zanga zangar. A 1972, NARMIC ya juya binciken a cikin zane-zane da fim din tare da script da kuma images - hotuna na kamfanoni, na 'yan siyasa, da makamai, da kuma raunin da aka yi wa' yan Vietnamese da makamai da aka tattauna. A wannan lokacin, wannan hanya ce mai mahimmanci don shiga da kuma ilmantar da mutane game da batun yaki da makamai da masu kare kwangila a baya.
NARMIC zai sayar da zane-zane ga ƙungiyoyi a kusa da Amurka, wanda zai yi nuni da kansu a cikin al'ummarsu. Ta hanyar wannan, NARMIC ya watsa sakamakon sakamakon binciken da ya yi a duk faɗin ƙasar kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga wata ƙungiya mai mahimmanci wanda zai iya haifar da kyakkyawan ma'anar dabarun game da makircinsu.
NARMIC ya saki wasu kayan a farkon 1970s masu amfani da masu shirya. Ta "Harkokin Gudanar da Harkokin Gudanar da Harkokin Kasuwanci" ya nuna wa 'yan gwagwarmaya yadda za su shiga cikin tarurruka na kamfanoni. An rarraba "Gidan Jagoran Harkokin Gudanar da Ƙunƙirar Harkokin Kasuwanci" zuwa fiye da dubban kungiyoyin gida. "Harkokin 'Yan Sanda: Rashin Faɗakarwa A nan da Ƙasashen waje" sun bincika "{ungiyoyin {asar Amirka na shiga cikin ayyukan makamai da kuma koyarwar jami'a, a cikin masana'antun masana'antu da masana'antu."
Ta hanyar wannan duka, NARMIC ta gina wani banki mai ban sha'awa na bayanai wanda zai iya jawo hankalin bincike. NARMIC ya bayyana cewa, ofishinsa ya ƙunshi "rubutun kalmomi, sharuɗɗa, bayanan bincike, rahotanni, tambayoyi da binciken bincike na zaman kansu" a kan masana'antar tsaro, jami'o'i, samar da makamai, rikice-rikicen gida, da sauran yankunan. An sanya shi cikin takardun mujallar masana'antu da kuma kundayen adireshi da 'yan mutane suka sani ba amma abin da ke dauke da bayanai mai mahimmanci. NARMIC ta sanya bankin bashi don kowane rukuni ko mai taimakawa wanda zai iya kaiwa ga ofishin Philadelphia.
Bayan 'yan shekarun nan, NARMIC ya yi suna a kanta a cikin maƙasudin motsi saboda bincikensa. Ma'aikatansa sunyi aiki tare, rarraba aiki a kan manyan ayyuka, bunkasa sassa daban-daban na gwaninta, kuma, kamar yadda wani mai bincike ya sanya shi, zama "kyawawan kwarewa don fahimtar abin da Pentagon yake yi".Masu bincike na NARMIC sun hadu a farkon 1970s. Hotuna: AFSC / AFSC Archives
Amma da nisa daga zama mai zurfin tunani, NARMIC dalilin dalilin rayuwa ya kasance a kullum don gudanar da bincike da ke hade da kuma zai iya ƙarfafa kokarin masu shiryawa na antiwar. Kungiyar ta fitar da wannan manufa ta hanyoyi daban-daban.
NARMIC na da kwamiti na shawarwari wanda ya wakilci wakilai daban-daban na kungiyoyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi wanda ya hadu da kowane watanni don tattaunawa game da irin wannan bincike na iya zama da amfani ga motsi. Har ila yau, ya nemi buƙatun neman taimako tare da bincike daga kungiyoyin antiwar da suka tuntube su. An fito da asali na 1970:
- "Daliban bincike kan binciken Pentagon a kan kwalejoji, matan gidaje da ke cinye kayayyaki masu amfani da masana'antu suka gina, ma'aikata na" Doves for Congress ", kungiyoyin zaman lafiya na dukkanin iri, kungiyoyi masu sana'a da kungiyoyin 'yan kasuwa sun zo NARMIC don tabbatar da gaskiya kuma suyi shawarwari game da yadda za su fi kyau fitar da ayyukan. "
Diana Roose, mai bincike na NARMIC mai tsawo, ya tuna:
- Za mu sami kira na waya daga wasu daga cikin wadannan kungiyoyi suna cewa, "Ina bukatan san game da wannan. Muna da martaba gobe daren. Me zaka iya gaya mani game da Boeing da tsire-tsire a waje da Philadelphia? "Saboda haka za mu taimaka musu su duba shi ... za mu zama aikin bincike. Mun kuma koya musu yadda za su gudanar da bincike.
Lallai, NARMIC ya ba da mahimmanci game da sha'awarsa don horar da masu gudanarwa a gida yadda za su gudanar da binciken bincike. "Masu aikin NARMIC suna samuwa ga masu binciken" do-it-yourself "don taimaka musu suyi yadda za su yi amfani da bankin bayanai da kuma ɗakunan littattafai da kuma yadda za su tattara bayanai da ke dace da ayyukan su," in ji kungiyar.
Wasu misalan misalai sun ba da hankali ga yadda NARMIC ya haɗa tare da masu shirya gida:
- Philadelphia: Masu bincike na NARMIC sun taimaka wa 'yan gwagwarmaya masu zanga-zangar samun bayanai game da GE da Philadelphia shuka cewa motsin da ake amfani dasu a cikin shirya. GE ta kafa sassa don makamai masu amfani da makamai wanda aka yi amfani da shi a kan Vietnam.
- Minneapolis: Masu gwagwarmaya sun kafa kungiyar da ake kira "Honeywell Project" don nuna rashin amincewarsu da Honeywell, wanda yana da tsire-tsire a Minneapolis wanda ke da magunguna. NARMIC ya taimaka wa masu shirya su kara koyo game da yadda ake bunkasa tapalm, wanda ke amfani da ita, da kuma yadda ake amfani da ita a Vietnam. A cikin watan Afrilu 1970, masu zanga-zanga sun kulla taron shekara-shekara na Honeywell a Minneapolis.
- New England: Litattafan NARMIC sun taimaka wa masu gwagwarmaya na New Ingila su fahimci da gano mahimmanci a yankinsu. "[P] mutanen New England sun fahimci cewa al'ummarsu sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunkasawa da kuma amfani da fasaha na yaki," in ji AFSC. "Ma'aikatar tsaron ta sadu da ita a Wellesley, Mass., An harbe makaman nukiliya a Bedford, Mass., Kuma bankunan na bayar da ku] a] en sababbin fasahar, a dukan fa] in yankin. Wadannan ayyukan sun kasance a cikin asiri har sai NARMIC ya nuna alamunsu ga yaki. "
Bayan yaƙin Wutar na Vietnam, NARMIC ya koma zuwa sababbin wuraren bincike. A cikin marigayi 1970s da kuma cikin 1980s, ya fito da manyan ayyuka a sassa daban-daban na sojojin Amurka. Wasu daga cikin wadannan sun faɗo abubuwan da NARMIC ya samu daga yaki na Vietnam, kamar zane-zane da aka yi don biyan bincike game da kasafin kuɗin soja. NARMIC kuma ta wallafa rahotanni game da aikin soja a Amurka ta tsakiya da kuma rawar da Amurka ke takawa wajen ci gaba Bangaren Afirka ta Kudu. Duk da haka, ƙungiyar ta ci gaba da aiki tare da masu shirya da suke cikin ƙungiyoyin zanga-zanga a kan waɗannan batutuwa.
Daya daga cikin manyan gudunmawar NARMIC a wannan lokacin shine aikinsa na makaman nukiliya. Wadannan shekarun sun kasance - marigayi 1970s da farkon 1980s - inda yunkurin motsa jiki da yunkurin nukiliya ke riƙewa a Amurka. Aiki tare da kungiyoyi daban-daban, NARMIC ya fitar da kayan da ya dace akan hadarin makaman nukiliya da kuma iko da karimarsu a baya. Alal misali, 1980 zane-zane "Ra'ya mai karɓa ?: Age na Nuclear a Amurka"Ya bayyana wa masu kallo da haɗarin fasahar nukiliya. Ya ƙunshi masana kimiyya na nukiliya da kuma shaida daga wadanda suka tsira daga bam din bam din na Hiroshima, kuma an rubuta shi da takardun shaida.
Ta hanyar tsakiyar 1980s, a cewar daya daga cikin masu bincikensa, NARMIC ya rabu saboda haɗuwa da abubuwan da suka hada da haɓaka kudade, fitar da jagorancin sa, da kuma raguwa na mayar da hankali ga ƙungiyoyi tun da yake akwai sababbin batutuwa da kuma yakin da aka taso.
Amma NARMIC ya bar wani muhimmin abu na tarihin tarihin tarihi, kuma ya zama misali mai ban sha'awa ga masu bincike masu karfi a yau wadanda suke neman ci gaba da kokarin neman zaman lafiya, daidaito, da adalci.
Labarin NARMIC shine misali na muhimmiyar rawa da bincike mai karfi ya taka a tarihi na ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa na Amurka. Nazarin NARMIC a lokacin yakin Vietnam, da kuma hanyar da masu gudanar da bincike suka yi amfani da wannan binciken, suka yi aiki a cikin na'ura na yaki wanda ya taimaka wajen karshen yakin. Har ila yau, ya taimaka wajen ilmantar da jama'a game da yakin - game da kamfanonin da ke amfani da ita, da kuma game da makamai masu linzami, da Amirka ke amfani da ita, game da jama'ar {asar Vietnam.
Wani mai bincike na NARMIC, Diana Roose, ya yi imanin cewa, kungiyar ta taka muhimmiyar rawa "wajen gina wani motsi wanda aka sanar da aiki a kan gaskiyar, ba kawai ji" ba:
- Militarism ba ya faru a cikin motsa jiki. Ba kawai girma akan kansa ba. Akwai wasu dalilai da yasa militarism ke cigaba da bunƙasa a cikin wasu al'ummomi, kuma saboda karfin da yake da alaka da makamashi da kuma wanda ke amfani da shi kuma yana da amfani ... Saboda haka yana da mahimmanci kada ku sani kawai ... menene wannan militarism, kuma menene sifofin ... amma to wanene baya , mece ce ta tilastawa? ... Ba za ku iya kallon militarism ko ma wani yaki ba ... ba tare da fahimtar abin da mahalarta ke ciki ba, kuma yawanci yana da kyau a ɓoye.
Lallai, NARMIC ya ba da gudummawa wajen nuna muhimmancin aikin soja da masana'antu da kuma sanya shi babban manufa ga masu adawa. "A fuskarsa," in ji NARMIC a cikin 1970, "yana da alama cewa wani ƙananan rukuni na aikin / masu bincike na iya aikatawa sosai don kare Miant Giant." Amma tabbas, lokacin da NARMIC ya watsar, yakin war da soja yawan miliyoyin mutane sun gani da rashin fahimta, kuma ƙungiyoyi na zaman lafiya sun ci gaba da yin bincike mai zurfi - wanda NARMIC ya taimaka wajen gina, tare da wasu - har yanzu yana da yau.
Marubucin Famed Noam Chomsky yana da wannan ya ce LittleSis game da asusun NARMIC:
- Ayyukan NARMIC na da matukar muhimmanci daga farkon kwanakin da aka yi wa masu aikin gwagwarmaya da tsarin ta'addanci da barazana a Amurka da kuma a duniya. Har ila yau, babbar mahimmanci ne, ga manyan} ungiyoyi, masu tsauraran ra'ayi, don hana barazana ga makaman nukiliya da kuma cin zarafi. Wannan aikin ya nuna, mai mahimmanci, muhimmancin binciken bincike da bincike don kokarin masu aiki don magance matsalolin matsalolin da dole ne ya zama makasudin abubuwan da muke damuwa.
Amma watakila mafi mahimmanci, labarin NARMIC wani labari ne game da yiwuwar bincike na motsi - yadda za a iya aiki tare tare da kokarin da ke tattare don yada haske game da yadda ikon ke aiki da kuma taimakawa wajen gano abubuwan da za a yi.
Abinda NARMIC ya samu yana da rai a cikin aikin da muke yi a yau. Abin da suke kira aikin / bincike, zamu iya kiran bincike mai karfi. Abinda suka kira zane-zane, zamu iya kiran yanar gizo. Kamar yadda masu shiryawa da yawa a yau suna karbar buƙatar binciken bincike, yana da muhimmanci a tuna cewa muna tsaye a kafaɗun kungiyoyi kamar NARMIC.
Kana sha'awar koyo game da yadda bincike da shirya gudanarwa zasu iya aiki tare a yau? Yi rijista a nan don shiga tare da Nuna ikon: Bincike don Nasara.
Har ila yau Hukumar ta AFSC ta ci gaba da bincika kamfanonin kamfanoni da cin zarafin bil adama. Duba su Binciken website.
