By Aminci na Kimiyya ta Duniya, Yuni 8, 2022
Wannan bincike yana taƙaitawa da yin tunani akan bincike mai zuwa: Otto, D. (2020). Sake Tunanin 'zaman lafiya' a cikin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa da siyasa daga hangen nesa na mata. Sharhin Mata, 126 (1), 19-38. DOI: 10.1177/0141778920948081
Alamomin Magana
- Ma'anar zaman lafiya sau da yawa ana tsara shi ta hanyar yaki da soja, wanda aka bayyana ta hanyar labarun da ke bayyana zaman lafiya a matsayin ci gaban juyin halitta ko labarun da ke mayar da hankali kan zaman lafiya na soja.
- Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da dokokin yaki na duniya sun kafa tunanin zaman lafiya a cikin tsarin soja, maimakon yin aiki don kawar da yaki.
- Ra'ayin 'yan mata da na rashin fahimta game da zaman lafiya suna ƙalubalantar hanyoyin tunani game da zaman lafiya, ta haka ne ke ba da gudummawa ga sake tunanin abin da zaman lafiya yake nufi.
- Labarun daga tushe, ƙungiyoyin zaman lafiya marasa daidaituwa daga ko'ina cikin duniya suna taimakawa wajen tunanin zaman lafiya a wajen fagen yaƙi ta hanyar kin amincewa da matsayin soja.
Mahimmin Bayani don Sanarwa Aiki
- Muddin an tsara zaman lafiya ta hanyar yaki da soja, zaman lafiya da masu gwagwarmayar yaki za su kasance a cikin tsaro, matsayi a cikin muhawara game da yadda za a magance tashin hankali.
Summary
Menene ma'anar zaman lafiya a cikin duniyar da ke da yaƙe-yaƙe marasa iyaka da kuma soja? Dianne Otto ta yi tunani a kan "takamaiman yanayin zamantakewa da na tarihi waɗanda ke tasiri sosai yadda muke tunani game da [zaman lafiya da yaƙi]." Ta ja daga mata da kuma hangen nesa don tunanin abin da zaman lafiya zai iya nufi mai zaman kansa daga tsarin yaki da kuma soja. Musamman ma, ta damu da yadda dokokin kasa da kasa suka yi aiki don dorewar matsayin soja da kuma ko akwai damar sake tunani ma'anar zaman lafiya. Ta mai da hankali kan dabarun yin tsayayya da zurfafa soja ta hanyar ayyukan zaman lafiya na yau da kullun, tana zana misalan ƙungiyoyin zaman lafiya na tushe.
Ra'ayin zaman lafiya na mata: "'[P] Aminci' kamar yadda ba kawai rashin 'yaki' ba har ma a matsayin fahimtar adalci na zamantakewa da daidaito ga kowa da kowa… [F] ka'idodin eminist [don zaman lafiya] sun kasance ba su canzawa ba: rikice-rikice na duniya, lalata, sake rarrabawa. tattalin arziki da kuma-mahimmanci don cimma duk waɗannan manufofin-wargujewar kowane nau'in mulki, ba aƙalla na dukkan matakan kabilanci, jima'i da jinsi ba."
Queer zaman lafiya hangen zaman gaba: "[T] yana bukatar ya tambayi orthodoxies kowane nau'i… da kuma tsayayya da binary hanyoyin tunani waɗanda suka gurbata dangantakarmu da juna da kuma waɗanda ba na ɗan adam ba, kuma muyi bikin maimakon hanyoyi daban-daban na zama ɗan adam a cikin duniya. Tunani mai ban sha'awa yana buɗe yuwuwar 'rikitattun' jinsin jinsi waɗanda ke iya ƙalubalantar namiji / mace dualism wanda ke ɗaukar matakan soja da matsayi na jinsi ta hanyar haɗa zaman lafiya da mace… da rikici tare da namiji da 'ƙarfi'.
Don tsara tattaunawar, Otto ya ba da labarai guda uku waɗanda ke tattare da ra'ayoyi daban-daban na zaman lafiya dangane da takamaiman yanayi na zamantakewa da na tarihi. Labarin farko ya mayar da hankali kan jerin gilashin gilashin da ke cikin Fadar Aminci a Hague (duba ƙasa). Wannan zane-zane yana nuna zaman lafiya ta hanyar "labarin ci gaban juyin halitta na Haskakawa" ta hanyar matakan wayewar ɗan adam da kuma tsakiyar fararen maza a matsayin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo a duk matakan ci gaba. Otto yayi tambaya game da abubuwan da ke tattare da zaman lafiya a matsayin tsarin juyin halitta, yana jayayya cewa wannan labarin ya ba da hujjar yaƙe-yaƙe idan an yi yaƙi da "marasa wayewa" ko kuma an yi imani da cewa suna da "sakamako na wayewa."
Labari na biyu ya mayar da hankali ne kan yankunan da aka ware daga soja, wato DMZ tsakanin Koriya ta Arewa da Koriya ta Kudu. An wakilta a matsayin "zamanancin tilastawa ko soja…maimakon zaman lafiya na juyin halitta," Koriya ta DMZ (na ban mamaki) tana matsayin mafakar namun daji kamar yadda sojoji biyu ke ci gaba da sintiri. Otto yayi tambaya idan zaman lafiya da aka yi amfani da shi da gaske yana haifar da zaman lafiya lokacin da aka sanya yankunan da aka lalatar da su lafiya ga yanayi amma "masu hadari ga mutane?"
Labarin ƙarshe ya ta'allaka ne kan al'ummar zaman lafiya ta San Jośe de Apartadó a Kolombiya, al'ummar da ba ta da tushe wacce ta ayyana tsaka-tsaki kuma ta ƙi shiga cikin rikicin makami. Duk da hare-haren da sojojin sa kai da na kasa ke kaiwa, al'ummar na ci gaba da kasancewa cikin aminci kuma suna samun goyon bayan wasu dokoki na kasa da kasa. Wannan labarin yana wakiltar sabon tunanin zaman lafiya, wanda ƴan mata da ƴaƴan mata ke ɗaure shi da “ƙin yarda da dualism na yaƙi da zaman lafiya [da] sadaukar da kai don kammala kwance damara.” Labarin ya kuma kalubalanci ma'anar zaman lafiya da aka nuna a cikin labarai biyu na farko ta hanyar "kokarin samar da yanayi don zaman lafiya a tsakiyar yaki." Otto yana mamakin lokacin da tsarin zaman lafiya na kasa da kasa ko na kasa zai yi aiki "don tallafawa al'ummomin zaman lafiya."
Da ya koma kan tambayar yadda ake samun zaman lafiya a cikin dokokin duniya, marubucin ya mai da hankali kan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) da manufar kafa ta don hana yaki da gina zaman lafiya. Ta sami shaida ga labarin juyin halitta na zaman lafiya da kuma zaman lafiya na soja a cikin Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Lokacin da zaman lafiya ya haɗe da tsaro, yana nuna alamar zaman lafiya. Wannan yana bayyana a cikin umarnin Kwamitin Sulhun na yin amfani da karfin soji, wanda ke tattare da ra'ayin mazan jiya. Dokokin yaƙi na duniya, kamar yadda Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta rinjayi ta, "tana taimakawa wajen ɓarna tashin hankalin da kanta." Gabaɗaya, dokar ƙasa da ƙasa tun daga 1945 ta ƙara damuwa da yaƙin “yan adamtaka” maimakon yin aiki don kawar da shi. Misali, keɓancewa ga haramcin amfani da ƙarfi an raunana a tsawon lokaci, da zarar an yarda da shi a lokuta na kare kai zuwa yanzu karɓuwa “a cikin jira na harin da makamai."
Magana game da zaman lafiya a cikin Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wanda ba a hade tare da tsaro zai iya samar da hanyar sake tunanin zaman lafiya amma dogara ga labarin juyin halitta. Zaman lafiya yana da alaƙa da ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewa wanda, a zahiri, "yana aiki fiye da aikin gwamnati fiye da ɗaya na 'yantar da kai." Wannan labarin ya nuna cewa an yi zaman lafiya "cikin siffar yammacin duniya," wanda "ya kasance mai zurfi a cikin aikin zaman lafiya na dukan cibiyoyi da masu ba da gudummawa." Narratives na ci gaba sun kasa samar da zaman lafiya domin sun dogara da sake mayar da "dangantakar mulkin mallaka."
Otto ya ƙare da tambayar, "menene tunanin zaman lafiya ya fara kama idan muka ƙi yin la'akari da zaman lafiya ta hanyar yakin?" Yin la'akari da wasu misalai kamar al'ummar zaman lafiya na Colombia, ta sami wahayi a cikin tushe, ƙungiyoyin zaman lafiya marasa daidaituwa waɗanda ke kalubalanci matsayin soja - irin su Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp da yakin shekaru goma sha tara da makaman nukiliya ko Jinwar Free Kauyen mata wanda ya ba da aminci ga mata da yara a Arewacin Siriya. Duk da manufarsu ta lumana da manufa, waɗannan al'ummomi na asali suna aiki (d) ƙarƙashin matsanancin haɗari na sirri, tare da jihohin da ke kwatanta waɗannan ƙungiyoyi a matsayin "barazana, masu laifi, maƙarƙashiya, 'yan ta'adda-ko masu tsaurin ra'ayi, 'ƙasa', da kuma m." Koyaya, masu ba da shawara kan zaman lafiya suna da abubuwa da yawa da za su koya daga waɗannan ƙungiyoyin zaman lafiya na asali, musamman a cikin gangancin aikin zaman lafiya na yau da kullun don tsayayya da ƙa'idar soja.
Sanarwa da Aiki
Masu fafutuka na zaman lafiya da yaki da yakin basasa galibi suna kange su zuwa wuraren kariya a muhawarar zaman lafiya da tsaro. Misali, Nan Levinson ya rubuta a Tya Nation cewa masu fafutukar yaki da yaki na fuskantar matsalar da'a Dangane da mamayewar da Rasha ta yi wa Ukraine, tare da bayyana cewa, “matsakaicin sun kasance tun daga zargin Amurka da NATO kan tsokanar mamayewar Rasha zuwa zargin Washington da rashin yin shawarwari cikin gaskiya, da damuwa game da tsokanar shugaban Rasha Putin ya kara yin kira ga tsaro. masana'antu da magoya bayansu [don] yaba wa 'yan Ukrain saboda tsayin daka da kuma tabbatar da cewa mutane suna da 'yancin kare kansu." Amsar na iya bayyana warwatse, rashin daidaituwa, kuma, la'akari da rahoton laifukan yaƙi a Ukraine, rashin hankali ko butulci ga jama'ar jama'ar Amurkan tuni. shirya don tallafawa aikin soja. Wannan mawuyacin hali na zaman lafiya da masu gwagwarmayar yaki ya nuna hujjar Dianne Otto cewa an tsara zaman lafiya ta hanyar yaki da matsayi na soja. Muddin an tsara zaman lafiya ta hanyar yaki da soja, masu fafutuka za su kasance a koyaushe a cikin tsaro, matsayi a cikin muhawara game da yadda za a mayar da martani ga tashin hankalin siyasa.
Ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da ya sa bayar da shawarar zaman lafiya ga masu sauraron Amirkawa ke da ƙalubale sosai shi ne rashin sani ko sani game da zaman lafiya ko gina zaman lafiya. Rahoton kwanan nan ta Frameworks akan Reframing Zaman Lafiya da Zaman Lafiya Yana bayyana ra'ayoyin gama gari tsakanin Amirkawa game da abin da ake nufi da samar da zaman lafiya kuma yana ba da shawarwari kan yadda za a iya sadarwa ta hanyar samar da zaman lafiya yadda ya kamata. Waɗannan shawarwarin an tsara su ne don sanin matsayin da ake da shi na soja a tsakanin jama'ar Amurka. Tunanin gama gari game da samar da zaman lafiya sun haɗa da tunanin zaman lafiya "kamar rashin rikici ko yanayin kwanciyar hankali," suna ɗaukan "cewa aikin soja shine tsakiyar tsaro," gaskanta cewa rikici na tashin hankali ba makawa ne, imani da banbancin Amurka, da sanin kadan game da menene. gina zaman lafiya ya kunshi.
Wannan rashin ilimin yana haifar da dama ga masu fafutukar zaman lafiya da masu ba da shawara don sakawa cikin dogon lokaci, aiki na tsari don sake tsarawa da kuma ba da sanarwar gina zaman lafiya ga masu sauraro. Tsarin tsarin yana ba da shawarar cewa jaddada ƙimar haɗin kai da dogaro da juna shine labari mafi inganci don gina tallafi don gina zaman lafiya. Wannan yana taimakawa wajen sa jama'a da aka yi sojan gona su fahimci cewa suna da hakki na kashin kansu don samun sakamako cikin lumana. Wasu firam ɗin labaran da aka ba da shawarar sun haɗa da “nanata [na]a halin da ake ciki da kuma ci gaba na gina zaman lafiya,” ta hanyar amfani da misalan gina gadoji don bayyana yadda aikin samar da zaman lafiya ke gudana, yana ba da misalai, da tsara ginin zaman lafiya a matsayin mai tsada.
Gina goyan bayan sake fasalin zaman lafiya zai ba da damar zaman lafiya da masu gwagwarmayar yaki don saita sharuɗɗan muhawara game da tambayoyi game da zaman lafiya da tsaro, maimakon komawa zuwa matakan tsaro da mayar da martani ga martanin soja ga tashin hankalin siyasa. Ƙirƙirar alaƙa tsakanin dogon lokaci, aiki na tsari da buƙatun rayuwa na yau da kullun a cikin al'umma mai yawan sojoji ƙalubale ne mai matuƙar wahala. Dianne Otto za ta ba da shawarar mayar da hankali kan ayyukan zaman lafiya na yau da kullun don ƙin ko tsayayya da soja. A gaskiya ma, dukkanin hanyoyin biyu - dogon lokaci, tsarin sake fasalin tsarin da ayyukan yau da kullum na juriya na zaman lafiya - suna da matukar muhimmanci ga rushewar soja da sake gina al'umma mai zaman lafiya da adalci. [KC]
Tambayoyin da aka Taso
- Ta yaya masu fafutukar zaman lafiya da masu ba da shawara za su iya sadarwa da hangen nesa mai canzawa don zaman lafiya wanda ya ki amincewa da matsayin soja (kuma an daidaita shi sosai) lokacin da aikin soja ya sami goyon bayan jama'a?
Ci gaba da Karatu, Sauraro, da Kallo
Pineau, MG, & Volmet, A. (2022, Afrilu 1). Gina gada zuwa zaman lafiya: Gyara zaman lafiya da gina zaman lafiya. Tsarin. Da aka dawo da shi Yuni 1, 2022, daga https://www.frameworksinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/FWI-31-peacebuilding-project-brief-v2b.pdf
Hozić, A., & Restrepo Sanín, J. (2022, Mayu 10). Sake tunanin sakamakon yaƙi, yanzu. LSE blog. Da aka dawo da shi Yuni 1, 2022, daga https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/wps/2022/05/10/reimagining-the-aftermath-of-war-now/
Levinson, N. (2022, Mayu 19). Masu fafutukar yaki da yaki na fuskantar matsalar da'a. A Nation. Da aka dawo da shi Yuni 1, 2022, daga https://www.thenation.com/article/world/ukraine-russia-peace-activism/
Müller, Ede. (2010, Yuli 17). Harabar duniya da Ƙungiyar Aminci San José de Apartadó, Colombia. Associação para um Mundo Humanitario. Da aka dawo da shi Yuni 1, 2022, daga
https://vimeo.com/13418712BBC Radio 4. (2021, Satumba 4). Tasirin Greenham. An dawo da Yuni 1, 2022, daga https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m000zcl0
Mata Suna Kare Rojava. (2019, Disamba 25). Jinwar – Aikin ƙauyen mata. An dawo da Yuni 1, 2022, daga
Organizations
CodePink: https://www.codepink.org
Mata Cross DMZ: https://www.womencrossdmz.org
keywords: kawar da tsaro, soja, zaman lafiya, zaman lafiya
Katin hoto: Banksy
