Ta yaya Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka ta kashe Mutuwa, ta kashe masu ba da kariya da kariya
Za a iya amfani da harshen siyasa, in ji George Orwell a cikin 1946, "don yin karya ya kasance mai gaskiya da kisan kai, kuma ya ba da alamar tsabta ga iska mai tsabta." Domin tabbatar da shirin kisan kai na duniya, Gwamnatin Obama ta shimfidawa kalmomi fiye da abubuwan da suke warwarewa. Alal misali, kowane namiji na 14 na shekaru ko tsofaffi wanda aka mutu a wani yanki na yaki da kwayar cutar shi ne "mayaƙa" sai dai idan akwai bayanan bayanan bayan tabbatar da shi marar laifi. An kuma sanar da mu cewa tabbatar da kundin tsarin mulki na "tsari" ba ya nufin cewa gwamnati dole ne a fara aiwatar da shi tare da gwaji. Ina tsammanin kalma daya da ya ragu kuma ya ɓatar da waɗannan kwanakin, zuwa ga ƙarshe, kalmar nan "sananne".
Mene ne abin da ke dauke da "barazana" barazana? Gwamnatinmu ta dade tana amfani da amincewa da shirye-shirye na Amurka na tallafa wa kayan aikin soja da kuma karɓar raƙuman fararen hula a dakarun waje a cikin ƙasashen waje da kuma ragowar shirye-shirye na gida a gida, lokacin da aka gaya wa wadannan tambayoyin da suka dace don kare ainihin irin wannan barazanar. Gwamnati ta yalwata ma'anar ma'anar kalmar nan "sananne." Wannan sabon fassarar yana da mahimmanci ga shirin Amurka, wanda aka tsara domin yin aiki da karfi a cikin duniya. Yana bayar da hujja na shari'a da halin kirki don halakar da mutane da ke nesa da ba su da wata barazanar gaske a gare mu.
Yin amfani da makamai masu sarrafa jiragen sama a matsayin mai amfani da makamancin Amurka a "yaki da ta'addanci" yana karuwa ne a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, yana tayar da tambayoyi masu damuwa. Rashin amfani da bama-bamai na 500 da kuma makamai masu linzami na wuta, Predator da Reaper drones ba su ne kayan yaki na gaskiya ba, don haka Shugaba Obama ya yaba da shi don "takaitaccen mataki akan wadanda suke so su kashe mu ba mutanen da suke boye ba." an yarda da cewa yawancin wadanda aka kashe a hare-haren ta'addanci ba wanda ake zargi ba ne, wanda aka yi wa wadanda ba su da laifi. Rashin mutuwar makircin jiragen sama da kuma yadda aka zaba su ya zama ba damuwa ba.
Wadannan jiragen saman da ake kira drones ba su da yawa daga yankunan rikice-rikicen, sau da yawa suna cikin ƙasashen da Amurka ba ta yaki kuma wasu lokuta sun kasance 'yan ƙasar Amurka. Suna da wuya a "ƙwace su" a cikin zafi na yaƙi ko kuma yayin da suke ci gaba da rikici da yawa kuma ana iya kashe su (tare da kowa a kusa da su) a wani bikin aure, a jana'izar, a wurin aiki, hoeing a cikin gonar, ta kwashe da babbar hanya ko jin dadin cin abinci tare da iyali da abokai. Wadannan mutuwar an kiyasta kamar wani abu ne kawai maimakon kisan kai kawai don ƙwararrun lauyoyin da gwamnati ta dauka cewa duk wadanda ke fama da su suna wakilci rayuwarmu da tsaro a gida a Amurka.
A watan Fabrairun 2013, wani Ma'aikatar Shari'a na Amurka, White Paper, "Dokar Harkokin Kasuwanci da ke Ci Gaba da Ba} in Jama'ar {asar Amirka, wanda ke Babban Shugaban {ungiyar Al Qa'ida, ko Babban Jami'in Harkokin Jakadancin," ya shafe ta da NBC News. Wannan takarda ya ba da haske game da tabbacin shari'a don kisan gillar da aka yi wa mutane da kuma bayyana sabon fassarar ma'anar kalmar "sananne." "Na farko," in ji shi, "yanayin da shugaba mai gudanarwa ya gabatar da 'barazanar' barazana ga tashin hankali da Amurka ba ta buƙatar Amurka ta sami hujja ta nuna cewa wani harin da aka kai wa Amurka da bukatunsa zai faru a nan gaba. "
Kafin malaman Attaura sun rike shi, ma'anar kalmar nan "sananne" ba ta bayyana ba. Dictionaries daban-daban na harshen Ingilishi sun yarda da cewa kalman nan "sananne" yana bayyane akan wani abu mai mahimmanci kuma nan da nan, "yana iya faruwa a kowane lokaci," "yana zuwa," "a shirye don faruwa," "a ɓoye," "yana jiran , "" Barazanar, "" a kusa da kusurwa. "Kuma ma'anar doka ba ta bar dakin ba. Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, Kotun Nuremberg ta tabbatar da wata ka'idar 19 na al'ada ta duniya wanda Daniel Webster ya rubuta, wanda ya bayyana cewa wajibi ne don yin amfani da karfi a kan kare kansa dole ne "nan da nan, kuma ba tare da wani zabi ba , kuma babu lokacin tattaunawa. "Wannan shi ne a baya. Yanzu, duk wani mummunar barazanar gaba - kuma kowane mutum a duniya yana iya tsammanin zai sa mutum daya - duk da haka nesa, zai iya cika sabon ma'anar. Kamar yadda ma'aikatar shari'a ta damu, wani barazanar "sananne" yanzu shi ne wanda "babban jami'in gwamnatin Amurka" ya ƙaddara ya zama irin wannan, bisa ga shaidar da aka sani ga wannan jami'i kadai, ba za a iya watsa shi ba ko kuma a sake duba shi. kotu.
Gwargwadon fassarar da gwamnati ta yi game da "sananne" yana da kisan kai ne a cikin girmanta. Yana da wuya sosai cewa Sashen Ma'aikatar Shari'a za ta maimaita ma'anar kalmar nan ta daɗaɗa don yanke hukunci da kuma kulle doka da ke bi da kuma 'yan alhakin da ke aiki don kare masu laifi daga mummunar cutar ta hanyar ayyukan gwamnatin Amurka. Misali wanda ya dace da batun kisan ta hanyar drone shine batun "Creech 14."
Masu gwagwarmaya ta 14 sun shiga Ƙungiyar Air Force, Afrilu, 2009
Bayan da aka fara yin amfani da jiragen saman da ba a kula da shi ba, a Amurka, ya faru a filin jirgin sama na Creech Air Force a Nevada a cikin watan Afrilun, 2009, ya dauki fiye da shekara guda kafin 14 da aka zarge mu da laifi. laifi na da kwanakin mu a kotu. Kamar yadda wannan shine damar farko ga 'yan gwagwarmaya su "sanya jiragen sama a fitina" a lokacin da' yan Amurkan suka san cewa sun kasance sun kasance, mun kasance da mahimmanci wajen shirya shari'armu, muyi jayayya da hankali, ba don mu kare kanmu ba. kurkuku amma saboda kare wadanda suka mutu da kuma wadanda ke zaune cikin tsoron jiragen sama. Tare da horar da wasu lauyoyi masu shari'ar, muna nufin mu wakilci kanmu da kuma zartar da dokar agajin jin kai ta duniya, don samar da kariya mai tsanani, ko da yake mun san cewa akwai kalubalantar kotu ta ji muhawararmu.
Kariya ga wajibi ne, wanda bai aikata laifin ba idan wani aikin da aka saba wa doka ba ya hana don cutar da mummunar cutar ko aikata laifuka, Kotun Koli ta amince da shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na doka ta kowa. Ba abu ne mai ban mamaki ba ko ma wani tsaro mai mahimmanci. "Dalilin da ke bayan wajibi ne a kare shi ne, wani lokaci, a wani hali na musamman, cin zarafi na doka ya fi amfani ga jama'a fiye da sakamakon bin doka," in ji West's Encyclopedia of American Law "Ana amfani da tsaro a lokacin samu nasarar a cikin lokuta da suka ƙunshi Trespass a kan dukiya don ceton rayuwar mutum ko dukiya. "Zai iya bayyana, cewa wannan kare ita ce ta halitta ga ƙananan laifuka irin su laifin da ake zarginmu, da nufin dakatar da yin amfani da drones a cikin yakin da zalunci, da aikata laifuka kan zaman lafiya da Kotun Nuremburg ta kira "babban laifi na duniya."
A gaskiya, duk da haka, kotu a Amurka kusan ba za ta yarda da kariya ta wajaba don a tashe shi a lokuta kamar namu. Mafi yawancinmu sun fuskanci matsala don kada mu yi mamakin lokacin da muka isa kotun shari'a a Las Vegas a watan Satumba, 2010, kuma alkalin Jensen yayi mulki tare da abokan aiki na shari'a. Ya ci gaba da cewa a farkon lokacin da muke shari'ar cewa ba shi da wani abu. "Ku ci gaba," in ji shi, ya kyale mu mu kira shaidunmu na shahararrenmu amma ya hana mu yin tambayoyi game da su. "Ku fahimci, kawai za a iyakance shi ga rashin laifi, abin da ya sani, idan akwai, ko kun kasance ko ba ku da tushe. Ba mu shiga dokokin kasa-kasa; Ba haka ba ne. Wannan ba batun bane. Abin da gwamnati ke yi ba daidai ba, wannan ba batun bane. Batu na da kuskure. "
Kwamishinanmu Steve Kelly ya bi umarnin mai shari'ar kuma ya tambayi shaidarmu na farko, tsohon Babban Shari'a na Amurka, Ramsey Clark, game da sanin da ya saba da dokokin laifuffuka daga aiki a Ma'aikatar Shari'a a lokacin mulkin Kennedy da Johnson. Steve ya jagoranci jagorancin da ya yi magana game da "laifukan cin zarafi ... na ayyukan cin abinci a kan abincin rana inda dokoki suka bayyana cewa ba za ku zauna a wasu shaidu ba" a cikin gwagwarmayar kare hakkin bil adama. Ramsey Clark ya amince da cewa wadanda aka kama saboda karya dokokin nan ba su aikata laifuka ba. Steve ya sanya sa'a tare da alƙali kuma ya ba da misali mai kyau game da wajibi da karewa: "A halin da ake ciki inda akwai 'alamar kuskure' kuma akwai hayaki yana fitowa daga kofa ko taga kuma mutum yana sama a saman bene a bukatar taimako. Don shigar da wannan ginin, a cikin ainihin ƙwarewar fasaha, zai zama kuskure. Shin akwai yiwuwar, a cikin dogon lokaci, ba za ta yi kuskure don taimakawa mutumin a hawa da wuri ba? "Ramsey ya amsa ya ce," Muna fatan haka, ba za mu yi ba? Don samun jaririn ya mutu ko wani abu, saboda alamar 'babu kuskure' zai zama matalauta gwamnati don sanya shi a hankali. Harafin. "
Alkalin Jensen a wannan lokacin ya kasance mai ban sha'awa. Ya yanke hukunci don rage shaidar da aka aikata laifin, amma yayin da yake sha'awar girma, saboda haka fassararsa ta ƙara girma. Bisa gayyatar da aka yi wa masu gabatar da kara, alkali ya ba da shaida ta musamman daga Ramsey da sauran shaidunmu, Rundunar sojojin Amurka ta ritaya da tsohon jami'in diplomasiyya Ann Wright da Loyola Law School Professor Bill Quigley wanda ya sa laifin da ake zarginmu a cikin mahallin aiki don dakatar da mummunar laifi.
Ina da girmamawa na yin bayani na ƙarshe ga wanda ake tuhuma, wanda na ƙare da cewa, "mu 14 ne wadanda ke ganin hayaki daga gidan mai konewa kuma ba za mu tsayar da wata 'kuskure' ba daga tafiya ga 'ya'yan da suka kone. "
Muna godiya ga mai lura da hukunci game da hujjoji game da batun, amma har yanzu ba mu yi tsammanin komai ba sai dai da zarar an yanke hukunci da yanke hukunci. Alkalin Jensen ya yi mamakin mu: "Na yi la'akari da shi fiye da kawai fitinar shari'a. Akwai batutuwa masu yawa da suke da muhimmanci a nan. Don haka zan dauki shi a karkashin shawarwari kuma zan yi yanke shawara. Kuma yana iya ɗaukar ni zuwa wata biyu zuwa watanni uku domin yin haka, domin ina so in tabbatar cewa ina da hakkin duk abin da nake mulki. "
Lokacin da muka koma Las Vegas a cikin Janairu, 2011, alkalin Jensen ya karanta hukuncinsa cewa wannan hukunci ne kawai, bayan duk kuma mun kasance masu laifi. Daga cikin hukunce-hukuncen da dama da suka yanke mana hukunci, alkalin ya ki yarda da abin da ya kira "da'awar masu kare hakkin" saboda "na farko, masu kare sun nuna cewa an yi zanga-zangar su don hana" mummunar cutar ". kotun tare da "shaida cewa duk wani aikin sojan da aka ha] a da jiragen motsa jiki ana gudanar da su ko kuma za a gudanar da shi a ranar da aka kama masu laifi," yana neman manta cewa ya umurce mu kada mu gabatar da irin wannan shaida, ko da muna da shi.
Alkalin kotun Jensen ya shawo kan abubuwan da ya gabatar da su, ciki har da hukuncin kotu na 1991, US v Schoon, wanda ya shafi wani zanga-zangar da nufin "kiyaye harajin kuɗin Amurka daga El Salvador" a ofishin kamfanin IRS a Tucson. A cikin wannan zanga-zangar, Kotun na Circuit ta yi mulki, "rashin fahimtar da ake bukata ya rasa." Watau, saboda cutar ta nuna rashin amincewa da aka yi a El Salvador, rashin laifi a Tucson ba zai yiwu ba. Don haka, alkalin Jensen ya yi tunanin cewa, 'yan yara a cikin gida, a {asar Afghanistan, ba za su iya ba da uzuri ba, a Nevada.
Sakamakon NBC na wannan Ma'aikatar Shari'a White Paper ba zai faru ba har tsawon shekaru biyu (kiran shi shafe shaidar?) Kuma har zuwa Alkalin Jensen ya san, ma'anar kamus na "sananne" har yanzu yana aiki. Duk da haka, idan mun yarda mu yi shaida a bayan ƙananan ɗakunan da aka gabatar a fitina, da mun nuna cewa tare da sabon fasahar tauraron dan adam, mummunar barazanar da muke magana akai tana da kyau ta kowane ma'anar kalmar. Kodayake wadanda ke fama da tashin hankali a ranar da aka kama mu sun kasance da nisa a Afghanistan da Iraki, wadannan laifuffuka sun kasance masu aikatawa ne ta hanyar farar hula da suke zaune a fuskokin kwamfuta, suna shiga cikin tashin hankalin da ke cikin taya-kullun a kan tushe, ba a yanzu ba. duk daga inda 'yan sanda Air Force suka kama mu.
Gwamnati ba ta yi imanin cewa yana bukatar "tabbatar da cewa wani harin da aka kai a kan jama'ar Amurka da kuma bukatu zai faru a nan gaba" don kafa wata barazana mai girma kuma don haka ana aiwatar da hukuncin kisa na mutane a duk faɗin duniya. Jama'a da suka hana kashe ta hanyar jiragen ruwa, a gefe guda, ana buƙatar samun takamaiman "shaida cewa duk wani aiki na soja da aka hade da jiragen sama ana gudanar da su ko kuma a gudanar da su," don tabbatar da shiga cikin dukiyar gwamnati ba tare da ɓata ba. Matsayin gwamnati a kan wannan rashin daidaito, a mafi kyau. Koda bayan wallafa takarda na White Paper, Ma'aikatar Shari'ar ta ci gaba da tsare masu zargin da ake zargi da laifin koda sun ambata gaskiyar cewa an kama su yayin da suke fuskantar barazana mai tsanani ga rayuwa marar laifi, kuma kotunan sun amince da wannan rikitarwa.
Dogaro da wajibi ba kawai ya ƙaddamar da ayyukan da suka saba wa dokar ba. "Wallafa," in ji West's Encyclopedia of American Law, shine "wata kariya da wani mai aikata laifuka ya nuna, ko kuma ba shi da wani zabi sai dai ya karya dokar." Kamar yadda Ramsey Clark ya shaida a kotun Las Vegas shekaru biyar da suka wuce, " don yaron yaron ya mutu saboda 'babu alamar kuskure' zai zama matalauta gwamnati don sanya shi cikin laushi. "A lokacin 'yan ƙananan yara,' '' 'ba' 'kuskuren' 'ba a haɗe da fences da ke kare laifukan da aka kashe tare da drones da sauran kayan ta'addanci ba su da wani iko kuma ba su umurce mu da biyayya. Kotunan da ba su gane wannan gaskiyar sun ba da kansu damar amfani da kayan kayan mallaka na gwamnati ba.
Kathy Kelly da Georgia Walker a Whiteman Air Force Base Akwai lokuta da dama da yawa tun lokacin da ake kira Xchuk 14 da kuma a halin yanzu, an kashe wasu yara da dama daga drones. A ranar Disamba na 10, Day Day Rights Day, Georgia Walker da Kathy Kelly za su je gaban Kotun Koli na Amurka a Jefferson City, Missouri, bayan sun kawo jin dadin su a cikin salama da kuma gurasa a kan Whiteman Air Force Base, wani a cikin yawan girma na jihohin jihohi da ke kula da cibiyoyi.
Shekaru biyu da suka gabata a wannan kotun a irin wannan hali, alkalin Whitworth ya ki amincewa da tsaron da Ron Faust ya ba ni, bayan haka ya yanke hukuncin Ron na shekaru biyar na gwaji kuma ya aike ni kurkuku na watanni shida. Ya kamata a yi fatan cewa alkalin Whitworth zai yi amfani da wannan damar na biyu cewa Kathy da Georgia sun ba da kyauta da kuma kashe kansa da aikinsa.
