By Terry Crawford-Browne, Fabrairu 19, 2018
Takunkumin wariyar launin fata na Afirka ta Kudu, a ra'ayin marubuci, shine misali daya tilo da takunkumi ya cimma manufarsa. Haka kuma kungiyoyin farar hula ne suka yi musu jagoranci maimakon gwamnatoci.
Sabanin haka, takunkumin da Amurka ta kakabawa Cuba da Iraki da Iran da Venezuela da Zimbabuwe da Koriya ta Arewa da wasu kasashe da dama tun cikin shekarun 1950 sun nuna gazawa matuka. Mafi muni ma, sun yi wa mutanen da aka ce an yi nufin su taimaka wa mutanen da ba za su iya ba.
Tsohuwar Sakatariyar Harkokin Wajen Amurka Madeleine Albright ta ci gaba da yin kaurin suna kan kalaman da ta yi a gidan talabijin na cewa mutuwar yaran Iraki dubu dari biyar wani abu ne da ya kamata a biya don biyan takunkuman da Amurka ta kakaba wa gwamnatin Iraki da Saddam Hussein. An kiyasta kudin da aka kashe na sake gina kasar Irakin da aka yi a shekarar 2003 zuwa dalar Amurka biliyan 100.
Tambayar ita ce, shin da gaske takunkumin gwamnatin Amurka an yi niyya ne don cimma wata manufa, ko kuwa kawai "jin dadi" an yi nufin gamsar da masu sauraron siyasar cikin gida? Abin da ake kira "takunkumi masu wayo" - daskarewa kadarorin da sanya takunkumin tafiye-tafiye ga jami'an gwamnatin kasashen waje - su ma sun kasance marasa tasiri.
Kwarewar Afirka ta Kudu: Kaurace wa wasanni da kauracewa 'ya'yan itace a kan wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu cikin shekaru ashirin da biyar daga 1960 zuwa 1985 ya kara wayar da kan jama'a game da take hakkin bil'adama a Afirka ta Kudu, amma tabbas hakan bai sa gwamnatin wariyar launin fata ta durkushe ba. Kauracewa ciniki babu makawa ya rikitar da madauki. Akwai ƴan kasuwa koyaushe waɗanda, don ragi ko ƙima, a shirye suke su ɗauki kasadar kauracewa cinikayya, gami da takunkumin takunkumi na tilas.
Sai dai sakamakon da ake samu ga talakawan kasar da aka kauracewa aikin shi ne rage albashin ma’aikata (ko kuma a rasa ayyukan yi) don nuna rangwamen da aka samu kan kayayyakin da ake fitarwa, ko kuma, farashin kayayyakin da ake shigowa da su na kara hauhawa ne ta hanyar kimar da ake biya ga mai fitar da kaya daga kasashen waje. don karya kauracewa.
A cikin "bangaren kasa," bankuna da / ko wuraren kasuwanci a koyaushe suna shirye su ba da wasiƙun kuɗi na yaudara ko takaddun shaida na asali don dakile niyyar takunkumin kasuwanci. Alal misali, Nedbank a lokacin UDI na Rhodesian daga 1965 har zuwa 1990 ya ba da asusun ajiyar kuɗi da kamfanoni na gaba don reshen Rhodesian, Rhobank.
Hakazalika, takaddun masu amfani na ƙarshe game da cinikin makamai ba su da daraja-takarda-an- rubuta-aka-aka-aka-aka-aka-saboda ƴan siyasa masu cin hanci da rashawa suna samun lada mai kyau saboda sabawa takunkumin hana mallakar makamai. A matsayin wani misali, mai mulkin kama karya na Togo, Gnassingbe Eyadema (1967-2005) ya sami riba mai yawa daga “lu’ulu’u na jini” don cinikin makamai, kuma dansa Faure ya ci gaba da mulki tun bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa a shekara ta 2005.
Kwamitin Sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a watan Nuwamba 1977 ya ayyana cewa cin zarafin dan Adam a Afirka ta Kudu na barazana ga zaman lafiya da tsaro na kasa da kasa, tare da sanya takunkumin hana shigo da makamai. A lokacin, an yaba da shawarar a matsayin wani babban ci gaba cikin shekaru 20th diflomasiya na karni.
Duk da haka a matsayin wani labarin a cikin Daily Maverick kan ribar wariyar launin fata (ciki har da abubuwan da aka danganta 19 da suka gabata) da aka buga a ranar 15 ga Disamba, 2017 karin bayanai, Amurka, Burtaniya, Sin, Isra'ila, Faransanci da sauran gwamnatoci, hade da 'yan damfara iri-iri, sun kasance a shirye su keta dokokin kasa da kasa don tallafawa gwamnatin wariyar launin fata da/ ko don cin riba daga haramtacciyar mu'amala.
Kashe makudan kudade kan kayan yaki da suka hada da makaman kare dangi - da kuma wasu kudade sama da dalar Amurka biliyan 25 da aka kashe don kaucewa takunkumin mai - a shekara ta 1985 ya haifar da rikicin kudi, kuma Afirka ta Kudu ta gaza biyan basussukan kasashen waje kadan na dalar Amurka biliyan 25 a cikin watan Satumba na wannan shekarar. . Afirka ta Kudu ta kasance mai dogaro da kanta in ban da mai, kuma ta yi zaton cewa, a matsayinta na babbar mai samar da zinari a duniya, ba za a iya taba shi ba. Duk da haka, ƙasar tana kan hanya mai sauri don yaƙin basasa da zubar da jinin kabilanci.
Tashin hankali na talabijin a duk faɗin duniya na tashin hankalin jama'a ya tayar da ɓacin rai na duniya game da tsarin wariyar launin fata, kuma a tsakanin Amurkawa sun ji daɗin yaƙin neman yancin ɗan adam. Fiye da kashi biyu bisa uku na bashin Afirka ta Kudu na ɗan gajeren lokaci ne don haka ana iya biya a cikin shekara guda, don haka matsalar basussukan ƙasashen waje matsala ce ta tsabar kuɗi maimakon fatara ta gaske.
Duk kayan aikin soja da suka haɗa da makaman nukiliya, sun kasance marasa amfani wajen kare tsarin wariyar launin fata
Dangane da matsin lambar jama'a, bankin Chase Manhattan a watan Yuli ya haifar da "tsagewar bashi" ta hanyar ba da sanarwar cewa ba za ta sabunta rancen dalar Amurka miliyan 500 da ke da fice ga Afirka ta Kudu ba. Sauran bankunan Amurka sun biyo baya, amma hada rancen da suka kai sama da dalar Amurka biliyan biyu kadai ya wuce na bankin Barclays, wanda ya fi karbar bashi. An kafa kwamitin da zai sake tsara basusukan, karkashin jagorancin Dr Fritz Leutwiler na Switzerland, don sake tsara basusukan.
Divestment wani martani ne na musamman na Amurka da aka ba da gudummawar kudaden fansho a kasuwar hada-hadar hannayen jari ta New York, da gwagwarmayar masu hannun jari. Misali, Mobil Oil, General Motors da IBM sun janye daga Afirka ta Kudu bisa matsin lamba daga masu hannun jarin Amurka, amma sun sayar da rassansu na Afirka ta Kudu kan “farashin sayar da wuta” ga Kamfanin Anglo-American da sauran kamfanoni da suka kasance manyan masu cin gajiyar tsarin wariyar launin fata.
"Tsayewar bashi" ya ba Majalisar Coci na Afirka ta Kudu da sauran masu fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a damar kaddamar da yakin neman takunkumi na banki na kasa da kasa a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a watan Oktoba 1985. Ya kasance kira ga masu banki na kasa da kasa ta [lokacin] Bishop Desmond Tutu da kuma Dokta Beyers Naude ya bukaci bankunan da ke shiga aikin sake fasalin cewa:-
"Sake jadawalin basussukan Afirka ta Kudu ya kamata a sanya sharuddan yin murabus daga gwamnatin yanzu, sannan a maye gurbinsa da wata gwamnati da ta dace da bukatun daukacin al'ummar Afirka ta Kudu."
A matsayin yunƙuri na ƙarshe na rashin tashin hankali na kawar da yaƙin basasa, roƙon, an yaɗa shi ta Majalisar Majalissar Amurka, kuma an haɗa shi cikin sharuɗɗan Dokar Yaƙi da Wariya. Shugaba Ronald Reagan ya ki amincewa da kudirin, amma Majalisar Dattawan Amurka ta soke zaben nasa a watan Oktoban 1986.
Sake tsara basusukan Afirka ta Kudu ya zama hanyar samun damar shiga tsarin biyan kuɗi tsakanin bankunan New York, al'amari mafi mahimmanci saboda rawar da dalar Amurka ke takawa a matsayin kuɗin sasantawa a cikin mu'amalar musayar waje. Idan ba tare da samun damar shiga manyan bankunan New York guda bakwai ba, da Afirka ta Kudu ba za ta iya biyan kuɗin shigo da kaya ko karɓar kuɗin fitar da kayayyaki zuwa ketare ba.
Idan aka yi la’akari da tasirin Archbishop Tutu, coci-cocin Amurka sun matsa wa bankunan New York lamba su zabi tsakanin kasuwancin banki na wariyar launin fata na Afirka ta Kudu ko kuma kasuwancin asusun fensho na mazhabobinsu. Lokacin da David Dinkins ya zama Magajin Garin New York, gundumar ta ƙara zaɓi tsakanin Afirka ta Kudu ko asusun biyan kuɗin Birni.
An sha bayyana manufar yaƙin neman zaɓe na takunkumin banki na ƙasa da ƙasa:
- Karshen dokar ta baci
- Sakin fursunonin siyasa
- Dakatar da kungiyoyin siyasa
- Soke dokar wariyar launin fata, da
- Tattaunawar tsarin mulki zuwa ga rashin kabilanci, dimokiradiyya da haɗin kai na Afirka ta Kudu.
Don haka akwai wasan ƙarshe mai aunawa, da dabarun fita. Lokacin ya yi nasara. Yakin cacar baki ya zo karshe, kuma gwamnatin wariyar launin fata ba za ta iya sake da'awar "barazanar gurguzu" a cikin rokonta ga gwamnatin Amurka ba. Shugaba George Bush babba ya gaji Reagan a shekara ta 1989 kuma ya gana da limaman coci a watan Mayun waccan shekarar, inda ya bayyana cewa abin da ke faruwa a Afirka ta Kudu ya firgita kuma ya ba shi goyon baya.
Shugabannin majalisa sun riga sun yi la'akari da doka a cikin 1990 don rufe lamuni a cikin C-AAA da kuma haramta duk wani hada-hadar kudi na Afirka ta Kudu a Amurka. Saboda rawar da dalar Amurka ke takawa, hakan ma zai yi tasiri kan cinikayyar kasashe uku da kasashe irin su Jamus ko Japan. Bugu da kari, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta tsayar da watan Yunin 1990 a matsayin wa'adin kawar da tsarin wariyar launin fata.
Gwamnatin Burtaniya karkashin Misis Margaret Thatcher ta yi yunƙurin kawo cikas ga waɗannan yunƙurin ta hanyar sanar a watan Oktoban 1989 cewa tare da haɗin gwiwar bankin Afirka ta Kudu sun tsawaita bashin Afirka ta Kudu har zuwa 1993.
Bayan Maris na zaman lafiya a Cape Town a watan Satumba na 1989 karkashin jagorancin Archbishop Tutu, mataimakin sakataren harkokin wajen Amurka mai kula da harkokin Afirka, Henk Cohen ya ba da wa'adin da ya bukaci gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta bi ka'idoji uku na farko na yakin neman zaben na takunkumin banki a watan Fabrairu. 1990.
Duk da zanga-zangar gwamnatin wariyar launin fata, wannan shi ne tushen sanarwar shugaba FW de Klerk a ranar 2 ga Fabrairun 1990, da sakin Nelson Mandela bayan kwanaki tara, da fara shawarwarin tsarin mulki don kawo karshen tsarin wariyar launin fata. Shi kansa Mandela ya yarda cewa kauracewa mulkin wariyar launin fata mafi inganci ya fito ne daga hannun bankunan Amurka, yana mai cewa:
"A baya sun taimaka wajen samar da kudade a kasar Afirka ta Kudu mai karfin soja, amma yanzu ba zato ba tsammani sun janye lamuni da saka hannun jari."
Mandela bai gamsu da banbance-banbance tsakanin lamuni da tsarin biyan kudaden bankunan New York ba, amma ministan kudi na Afirka ta Kudu ya yarda cewa "Afrika ta Kudu ba za ta iya kera dala ba." Ba tare da samun damar yin amfani da tsarin biyan kuɗi tsakanin bankunan New York ba, da tattalin arzikin ya durƙushe.
Bayan sanarwar da gwamnatin wariyar launin fata ta yi a ranar 2 ga Fabrairun 1990, ba lallai ba ne Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta bi diddigin yanke damar da Afirka ta Kudu ke yi ga tsarin hada-hadar kudi na Amurka. Wannan zabin ya kasance a bude duk da haka, idan tattaunawar tsakanin gwamnatin wariyar launin fata da Majalisar Wakilan Afirka ta kasa ta gaza.
"Rubutun yana kan bango." Maimakon yin kasadar lalata tattalin arziki da ababen more rayuwa da zubar da jinin kabilanci, gwamnatin wariyar launin fata ta zabi yin shawarwarin sasantawa da kuma matsawa zuwa tsarin dimokuradiyyar tsarin mulki. An bayyana wannan a gaban kundin tsarin mulki wanda ya bayyana:
Mu mutanen Afirka ta Kudu.
Ku gane zaluncin da aka yi mana a baya.
Ka girmama wadanda suka sha wahala don neman adalci da yanci a kasarmu.
Mu girmama wadanda suka yi aikin gina kasarmu da raya kasa, kuma
Ku yi imani cewa Afirka ta Kudu ta duk wanda ke zaune a cikinta ne, tare da haɗin kai a cikin bambancinmu. "
Tare da takunkumin banki na "daidaita ma'auni" tsakanin bangarorin biyu, an ci gaba da tattaunawar tsarin mulki tsakanin gwamnatin wariyar launin fata, ANC da sauran wakilan siyasa. An samu koma baya da dama, kuma sai a karshen shekarar 1993 ne Mandela ya yanke shawarar cewa a karshe ba za a iya sauya tsarin mulkin demokradiya ba, kuma za a iya janye takunkumin tattalin arziki.
Dangane da nasarar da aka samu na takunkumin kawo karshen mulkin wariyar launin fata, an sami sha'awar daukar wasu shekaru a takunkumi a matsayin hanyar warware wasu rikice-rikicen da suka dade a duniya. An yi rashin amfani a fili, da kuma rashin amincewa, na takunkumin da Amurka ta kakaba mata a matsayin wani kayan aikin tabbatar da karfin soja da kudi na Amurka a duniya.
An kwatanta wannan ta takunkumin da Amurka ta kakaba wa Iraki, Venezuela, Libya da Iran, wadanda suka nemi biyan kudin fitar da mai a wasu kudade da/ko zinariya maimakon dalar Amurka, sannan kuma "canjin mulki."
Hakika fasahar banki ta samu ci gaba sosai a cikin shekaru talatin da suka biyo baya tun bayan yakin neman zaben da aka yi wa bankunan Afirka ta Kudu takunkumi. Wurin yin amfani ba ya nan a New York, amma a Brussels inda Society for Worldwide Inter-bank Financial Telecommunications (SWIFT) ke da hedkwata.
SWIFT ainihin babbar kwamfuta ce wacce ke tabbatar da umarnin biyan kuɗi na fiye da bankuna 11 000 a cikin ƙasashe sama da 200. Kowane banki yana da lambar SWIFT, haruffa na biyar da na shida waɗanda ke nuna ƙasar mazaunin.
Palestine: An kafa ƙungiyar ƙauracewa ƙauracewa, karkatar da takunkumi (BDS) a shekara ta 2005, kuma an ƙirƙira ta da ƙwarewar Afirka ta Kudu. Yayin da aka dauki sama da shekaru 25 kafin takunkumin da aka kakaba wa Afirka ta Kudu takunkuman wariyar launin fata ya yi tasiri sosai, gwamnatin Isra'ila na kara nuna damuwa game da BDS wanda, a tsakanin kasashen, an zabi shi don lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel ta 2018.
Abin lura ne cewa lambar yabo ta Nobel ta zaman lafiya ta 1984 ga Desmond Tutu ya ba da babbar dama ga hadin kan kasa da kasa tare da yunkurin yaki da wariyar launin fata. Asusun Fansho na Norwegian, wanda ke gudanar da kudade sama da dalar Amurka tiriliyan 1, ya sanya sunan babban kamfanin kera makamai na Isra'ila, Elbit Systems.
Sauran cibiyoyi na Scandinavia da na Holland sun yi koyi da su. Kudaden fensho na coci a Amurka kuma suna shiga. Bayahude Amurkawa matasa da masu ci gaba suna kara nisantar da kansu daga gwamnatin Isra'ila na hannun dama, har ma da tausayawa Falasdinawa. Gwamnatocin Turai a cikin 2014 sun gargadi 'yan kasarsu game da mutunci da hadarin kudi na hada-hadar kasuwanci da matsugunan Isra'ila a Yammacin Kogin Jordan.
Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a watan Janairun 2018 ya tattara jerin sunayen kamfanoni sama da 200 na Isra'ila da na Amurka wadanda ke da hannu wajen taimakawa da kuma ba da tallafi ga Mallakar yankin Falasdinu bisa sabawa yarjejeniyar Geneva da sauran kayan aikin dokokin kasa da kasa.
Dangane da mayar da martani, gwamnatin Isra'ila ta ware makudan kudade da sauran albarkatu a cikin shirye-shiryen majalisa - duka a cikin Isra'ila da na duniya - don yin laifi a lokacin BDS, da kuma lalata motsin a matsayin anti-Semitic. Duk da haka, wannan ya riga ya nuna rashin amfani, kamar yadda jayayya da shari'o'in kotu suka nuna a Amurka.
Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Jama'a ta Amirka ta yi nasarar kalubalanci irin waɗannan yunƙurin, misali a Kansas, suna yin nuni da cin zarafi na Kwaskwarima na Farko wanda ya shafi 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, kamar yadda aka haɗe da dogon al'adu a cikin Amurka - ciki har da Boston Tea Party da yakin kare hakkin jama'a - na kauracewa zuwa ci gaban harkokin siyasa.
Haruffa IL a cikin lambar SWIFT sun gano bankunan Isra'ila. A tsarin tsari, zai zama abu mai sauƙi don dakatar da ma'amaloli zuwa kuma daga asusun IL. Wannan zai toshe biyan kuɗi don shigo da kaya da kuma karɓar kuɗin shiga don fitar da Isra'ila. Wahalar ita ce nufin siyasa, da kuma tasirin harabar Isra'ila.
An riga an kafa abin koyi da ingancin takunkumin SWIFT duk da haka, a cikin lamarin Iran. A karkashin matsin lamba daga Amurka da Isra'ila, Tarayyar Turai ta umurci SWIFT da ta dakatar da mu'amala da bankunan Iran domin matsawa gwamnatin Iran lamba kan ta tattauna yarjejeniyar nukiliyar Iran ta 2015.
Yanzu an yarda cewa abin da ake kira "tsarin zaman lafiya" da gwamnatin Amurka ke shiga tsakani ya kasance kawai fakewa don tsawaita mamaya da ci gaba da matsugunan Isra'ila "bayan layin kore." Fatan da ake yi a yanzu na sabon shawarwari a karkashin inuwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tsakanin Falasdinu da Isra'ila na kalubalantar kasashen duniya da su taimaka wajen ganin an cimma nasarar irin wannan shawarwarin.
Dangane da manufar taimakawa irin wannan shawarwari ta hanyar daidaita ma'auni, an ba da shawarar cewa takunkumin SWIFT a kan bankunan Isra'ila zai kai hari ga masu fafutuka na kudi da siyasa na Isra'ila, wadanda ke da karfin yin tasiri ga gwamnatin Isra'ila ta bi wasu sharudda hudu da aka gindaya, wato:
- Domin sakin dukkan fursunonin siyasar Falasdinawa nan take.
- Don kawo karshen mamayar da take yi wa Yammacin Kogin Jordan (ciki har da Gabashin Kudus) da Gaza, da kuma cewa za ta wargaza “bangon wariyar launin fata,”
- Don gane ainihin haƙƙoƙin Larabawa-Falasdinawa zuwa cikakken daidaito a Isra'ila-Palestine, da
- Domin amincewa da haƙƙin komawar Falasɗinawa.
