Daga Paul Fitzgerald da Elizabeth Gould, World BEYOND War, Oktoba 6, 2020
Conor Tobin na Janairu 9, 2020 Tarihin diflomasiyya[1] labarin mai taken: Labari na 'Tarkon Afganistan': Zbigniew Brzezinski da Afghanistan[2] yunƙurin “wargaza tunanin da ke cewa Shugaba Jimmy Carter, bisa roƙon mai ba da shawara kan sha’anin tsaro Zbigniew Brzezinski, ya taimaka wa Mujahedin na Afghanistan da gangan don jan hankalin Soviet Union zuwa mamaye Afghanistan a 1979.” Kamar yadda Todd Greentree ya yarda a cikin binciken sa na Yuli17, 2020 na labarin Tobin, tukunyar tana da yawa saboda “ra’ayin” ya sanya ayar tambaya ba kawai gadon Shugaba Carter ba, amma halaye, da mutunci da kuma “dabarun da Amurka ke bi a lokacin Yakin Cacar Baki da sauransu.”[3]
Mahimmanci ga batun abin da Tobin ke kira "rubutun Tarkon Afganistan," shi ne mashahurin ɗan jaridar Faransa Vincent Jauvert na watan Janairu 1998 New Mai kallo hira tare da Brzezinski inda yake takama game da wani shirin sirri da shi da Shugaba Carter suka gabatar watanni shida kafin mamayar Soviet "wanda hakan ya haifar da jawo Russia din a cikin tarkon Afganistan…" "A cewar kundin tsarin tarihin, taimakon CIA ga Mujahideen ya fara ne a shekarar 1980, wato bayan Sojojin Soviet sun mamaye Afghanistan, 24 Disamba 1979. Amma gaskiyar lamarin, da aka tsare a ɓoye har zuwa yanzu, ba haka bane. ” Brzezinski yana kan rikodin yana faɗi. “Tabbas, ranar 3 ga watan Yulin 1979 ne Shugaba Carter ya sanya hannu kan umarnin farko na taimakon sirri ga masu adawa da gwamnatin Soviet da ke Kabul. Kuma a wannan ranar, na rubuta wasiƙa zuwa ga shugaban inda na bayyana masa cewa a ganina wannan taimakon zai haifar da sa hannun sojan Soviet. ”[4]
Duk da cewa tuni tsohon shugaban CIA na darektan kula da Ayyuka na Gabas da Kudancin Asiya ya tona asirin shirin na Dokta Charles Cogan da tsohon Daraktan CIA Robert Gates kuma ba a kula da shi sosai, shigar da Brzezinski ya kawo hankali ga haske rashin fahimta game da niyyar Soviet a Afghanistan cewa yawancin masana tarihi za su gwammace su bar bayaninsu. Daga lokacin da hirar Brzezinski ta bayyana a 1998 an yi ƙoƙari na tsattsauran ra'ayi a hagu da dama don musanta ingancinsa azaman fahariya mara ma'ana, fassarar fassarar abin da yake nufi, ko kuma mummunar fassara daga Faransanci zuwa Ingilishi. Shigowar Brzezinski yana da matukar damuwa tsakanin wadanda ke cikin CIA, Charles Cogan ya ga ya zama dole ya fito don tattaunawa kan Cambridge Forum na littafinmu kan Afghanistan (Tarihi marar ganuwa: Labari na Baza'a na Afghanistan)[5] a cikin 2009 don da'awar cewa duk da cewa ra'ayinmu na cewa Soviet ba su son mamaye gaskiya ne, na Brzezinski New Mai kallo hira ya kasance ba daidai ba.
Tobin ya fadada wannan korafin ta hanyar korafin cewa hirar Faransa ta gurbata tarihin sosai har ta zama kusan wata kafa da za ta tabbatar da wanzuwar wani shiri na yaudarar Moscow cikin “Tarkon Afghanistan.” Sannan ya ci gaba da rubuta cewa tunda Brzezinski ya tabbatar da cewa hira ce ta fasaha ba wata hira amma bayani daga wata hira kuma ba a taba amincewa da ita ba a cikin sigar da ta bayyana da kuma tunda tunda daga baya Brzezinski ta sha musantawa a lokuta da dama - “rubutun 'tarkon' bashi da asali a zahiri.”[6] Daga nan Tobin ya ci gaba da bayyana takardu na hukuma don tabbatar da cewa “Ayyukan Brzezinski a cikin 1979 sun nuna ƙoƙari mai maana ga ba da izini ba [an kara da cewa] Moscow daga shiga tsakani… A takaice, ba a neman sa hannun soja na Soviet ko kuma ba a so ta Carter kuma shirin ɓoye da aka fara a lokacin bazarar 1979 bai isa ya tuhumi Carter da Brzezinski tare da ƙoƙari na kutsawa cikin Moscow cikin ' Tarkon Afghanistan. '”
Don haka menene wannan ya bayyana game da aikin gwamnatin Amurka da aka ɓoye watanni shida kafin mamayewar Soviet a watan Disamba 1979 kuma ba tare da Brzezinski ya yi alfahari da shi ba har zuwa Janairu na 1998?
Don takaita korafin Tobin; Zargin da ake zargin Brzezinski da yi na yaudarar Soviet cikin “tarkon Afghanistan” ba shi da tushe a zahiri. Brzezinski ya ce wani abu amma menene- bai bayyana ba, amma duk abin da ya fada, babu wani tarihin tarihi game da shi kuma duk da haka bai isa ya sa Soviet ta shiga Afghanistan ba saboda shi da Carter ba sa son Soviet ta mamaye ta wata hanya saboda zai iya kawo matsala ga tattaunawar sulhu da tattaunawar SALT II. Don haka menene abin damuwa?
Tunanin da Tobin ya yi cewa Shugaban Amurka da CIA ba za su taɓa yin niyya da gangan don ta da yakin Cold Cold a tsakiyar irin wannan yanayi na adawa ba, na iya bayyana ƙarin game da son zuciya na Conor Tobin fiye da fahimtar abin da dabarun Brzezinski ke fuskanta. . Don karanta labarinsa shine wucewa ta cikin gilashin kallo zuwa wata duniya ta daban (don sake fasalin TE Lawrence) ana maye gurbin gaskiya da mafarkai na yau da kullun kuma masu mafarkai suna aiki tare da idanunsu a buɗe. Daga kwarewarmu da Afghanistan da kuma mutanen da suka sa hakan ta faru, “muhimmiyar hidimar tarihin diflomasiyya ta Tobin” (kamar yadda aka nakalto daga nazarin Todd Greentree) bai yi wa tarihi komai ba.
Idan aka waiwayi abin da Brzezinski ya yarda da shi a 1998 ba ya buƙatar ɓoye sirri na sirri don tabbatarwa. Manya-manyan kwatancen da ke bayan rubutun Afganistan sanannu ne a lokacin mamayewa ga duk wanda ke da tarihin tarihin darajar yankin.
MS Agwani na Makarantar Jawaharlal Nehru ta Kwalejin Nazarin Kasa da Kasa ta bayyana a cikin fitowar Oktoba-Disamba 1980 na Makarantun Quarterly Journal inda ya ambaci wasu abubuwa masu rikitarwa da ke tallafawa rubutun tarkon na Afghanistan: “Abin da muka kammala daga abin da muka ambata ya ninka biyu. Da fari dai, Tarayyar Soviet tana da yuwuwar shiga cikin tarkon da abokan gaba suka sa mata. Don aikinta na soja bai ba ta wata fa'ida ba dangane da tsaron Soviet wacce ba ta more ba a ƙarƙashin gwamnatocin da suka gabata. Akasin haka, tana iya kuma shafar ma'amalarta da Duniya ta Uku gabaɗaya musamman ƙasashen Musulmi. Abu na biyu, ba za a iya ɗaukar ƙaƙƙarfan martani na Amurka game da sa hannun Soviet a matsayin hujja na ainihin damuwar Washington game da makomar Afghanistan ba. Abu ne mai yiwuwa a yi jayayya cewa mafi kyaun abubuwan da take da shi a cikin Gulf za su fi dacewa ta hanyar fadada rikicin Soviet tare da Afghanistan duk da cewa ana iya amfani da wannan damar don kawar da Soviet daga wannan yankin. Abubuwan da ke faruwa a Afghanistan suma kamar sun zo ne a hannun Amurka don kara yawan dakarunta a ciki da kewayen Tekun Golf ba tare da korar wata babbar zanga-zanga daga jihohin da ke gabar tekun ba. ”[7]
Duk lokacin da aka yi tambaya a cikin kusan shekaru 2017 bayan labarin na Nouvel Observateur ya bayyana har zuwa mutuwarsa a 2010, martanin Brzezinski game da daidaito na fassarar sau da yawa ya bambanta daga yarda da ƙin zuwa wani wuri tsakanin wanda ya kamata ya tayar da tambayoyi game da dogaro sosai a kan gaskiyar sa tunani. Duk da haka Conor Tobin ya zaɓi ya faɗi kawai hira ta XNUMX tare da Paul Jay na Gidan Rediyo na Gaskiya [8] inda Brzezinski ya ƙaryata shi, don yin ƙararrakinsa. A cikin wannan hira ta 2006 tare da mai shirya fim Samira Goetschel[9] ya faɗi cewa fassara ce mai 'yanci sosai, amma a asirce ya yarda da shirin ɓoye "wataƙila ya shawo kan Soviet har ma da yin abin da suke shirin yi. Brzezinski ya sabawa hujjarsa na gaskata akida (wanda aka raba shi da masu rikon kwarya) tun Soviet tana kan hanyar fadadawa zuwa Afganistan duk da haka a zaman wani bangare na wani babban shiri na cimma nasara a kudu maso yammacin Asiya da kasashen da ke fitar da mai, [10] (matsayin da Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Cyrus Vance ya ƙi) gaskiyar cewa yana iya tsokanar mamayewa ba shi da wata ma'ana.
Bayan ya gama bayani game da abubuwan da ainihin kalmomin Brzezinski suka yi, Tobin ya ɗora laifin haɓaka da karɓar tarkon Afganistan galibi akan dogaro kan “mutuncin” Brzezinski wanda daga nan ya ci gaba da watsi da shi ta hanyar ambaton Brzezinski “bayanan bayan mamayewa [wanda] bayyana damuwa, ba dama ba, wanda ya karyata ikirarin cewa haifar da mamaye shi ne manufarsa. ”[11] Amma yin watsi da sanannen sanannen akidar Brzezinski don lalata alakar Amurka da Soviet a kowane yanayi shine rasa raison d'être na aikin Brzezinski kafin rugujewar Tarayyar Soviet. Yarda da musun sa a darajar fuska yayi watsi da rawar da yake takawa wajen kawo ajandar neoconservative ta bayan-Vietnam (da aka sani da Team B) a cikin Fadar White House ba tare da ambaton damar sauya manufofin kasashen waje na Amurka na dindindin zuwa ra'ayinsa na adawa da Rasha ba ta hanyar tsokanar da Soviet a kowane mataki.
Anne Hessing Cahn, a halin yanzu Malami a Gidan zama a Jami'ar Amirka wanda yayi aiki a matsayin Chief of the Social Impact Staff a Hukumar Kula da Makamai da Makamai daga 1977-81 da Mataimaki na Musamman ga Mataimakin Mataimakin Sakataren Tsaro 1980-81, tana da wannan ta faɗi game da mutuncin Brzezinski a cikin littafinta na 1998, Kashe Kwatance: “Lokacin da Shugaba Carter ya ambaci Zbigniew Brzezinski a matsayin mai ba shi shawara kan harkokin tsaron kasa, an riga an kaddara cewa détente tare da Tarayyar Soviet na cikin mawuyacin lokaci. Na farko ya zo Maris na 1977 rashin kula da makamai, wanda ya fice daga Yarjejeniyar Vladivostok[12] kuma an buga shi ga manema labarai kafin a gabatar da shi ga Soviets. A watan Afrilu Carter ya matsawa kawayen NATO din baya, yana mai bukatar dagewa daga dukkan mambobin NATO don fara kara kasafin kudin tsaronsu da kashi 3 a kowace shekara. A lokacin rani na shekara ta 1977 Carter's Memorandum Memorandum-10[13]an yi kira ga 'ikon yin nasara' idan yaƙi ya zo, kalmomin da suka lalata ra'ayin Bungiyar B. ” [14]
A cikin shekara guda da hawa karagar mulki Carter ya riga ya nunawa Soviet sau da yawa cewa yana juya gwamnatin daga hadin kai zuwa adawa kuma Soviet suna sauraro. A cikin wani adireshin da Brzezinski ya tsara kuma aka gabatar a Jami'ar Wake Forest a ranar 17 ga Maris, 1978, “Carter ya sake tabbatar da goyon bayan Amurka ga SALT da sarrafa makamai, [amma] sautin ya sha bamban da na shekarar da ta gabata. Yanzu ya haɗa da dukkan wasannin share fage waɗanda Sanata Jackson da JCS ke so… Game da détente - kalmar da ba a taɓa ambata ta cikin adireshin ba-haɗin kai da Tarayyar Soviet ya yiwu a cimma burin da aka sa gaba. 'Amma idan suka kasa nuna kamewa a cikin shirye-shiryen makamai masu linzami da sauran matakan karfi ko kuma a cikin hasashen Soviet ko sojojin wakilcin zuwa wasu kasashe da nahiyoyi to mashahuran tallafi a Amurka don irin wannan hadin gwiwar da Soviet lallai zai lalace.' '
Soviet ta sami saƙo daga adireshin Carter kuma nan da nan suka ba da amsa a cikin editan Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na TAAS cewa: “‘ Burin Soviet a ƙasashen waje ’an gurbata shi a matsayin uzuri don haɓaka tserewar makamai. '” [15]
A wani taron Nobel kan Yakin Cacar Baki a faduwar 1995, Harvard / MIT Babban Mashawarcin Nazarin Tsaro, Dokta Carol Saivetz ta yi magana kan halin yin watsi da mahimmancin akidar Brzezinski a cikin shawarar yanke shawara a lokacin Yakin Cacar kuma me ya sa hakan ya haifar da irin wannan rashin fahimtar juna game da niyyar kowane bangare. “Abin da na koya a cikin‘ yan kwanakin da suka gabata shi ne wannan akidar - wani lamari ne wanda mu a Yammacin da muke rubutu game da manufofin kasashen waje na Soviet ya kasance muna yin watsi da shi a matsayin tsarkakakken tunani… Har zuwa wani lokaci, mahangar akida - ra’ayin duniya na akida, bari mu kira shi - ya taka muhimmiyar rawa… Ko da a'a ko a'a Zbig ɗan Poland ne ko ba daga wani wuri ba, yana da ra'ayin duniya, kuma yana son fassara abubuwan da suka faru kamar yadda suka faru a cikin haskensa. Har zuwa wani lokaci, tsoronsa ya zama annabce-annabce masu cika kansa. Yana neman wasu nau'in halaye, kuma ya gansu-daidai ko kuskure. ”[16]
Don fahimtar yadda “tsoron” Brzezinski ya zama annabce-annabce masu cika kai shine fahimtar yadda tsaka mai wuya game da Soviet a Afghanistan ya haifar da sakamakon da yake so kuma ya zama matsayin manufofin ƙetare na Amurka daidai da manufofin ocungiyar B; "Lalata tsarin mulki da kuma mayar da manufofin kasashen waje na Amurka ga matsayin 'yan bindiga kamar na Tarayyar Soviet."[17]
Kodayake ba a ɗauke shi a matsayin mai rikon amana kuma yana adawa da danganta manufofin Isra’ila a Falasdinu da manufofin Amurka, hanyar Brzezinski don ƙirƙirar annabce-annabce masu cika burinsu da manufofin siyasa na yunƙurin kawo cancanci tura Amurka cikin tsaka mai wuya game da Tarayyar Soviet ta sami manufa ɗaya a Afghanistan . Hanyar da suka raba a matsayin mayaƙan Cold sun haɗu don kai farmaki détente da SALT II a duk inda zai yiwu yayin lalata tushen kowace dangantakar aiki da Soviet. A wata hira da muka yi da 1993 tare da mai sasantawa na SALT II Paul Warnke, ya tabbatar da imaninsa cewa Soviet ba za su taɓa mamaye Afghanistan ba da farko da Shugaba Carter bai faɗa cikin waɗanda Brzezinski da victimungiyar B ta faɗa ba game da lalata da kuma lalata tasirin Soviet. cewa za a tabbatar da SALT II.[18] Brzezinski ya ga mamaye Soviet a matsayin babbar hujja game da iƙirarinsa cewa Amurka ta ƙarfafa zaluncin Soviet ta hanyar manufofin ƙasashen waje na rauni wanda saboda haka ya ba da hujja matsayinsa mai ƙarfi a cikin gwamnatin Carter. Amma ta yaya zai yi iƙirarin tabbatar da ayyukan Soviet yayin da ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsokanar yanayin da suka aikata?[19]
Shugaba Dwight D. Eisenhower mai ba da shawara kan harkokin kimiyya George B. Kistiakowsky da tsohon mataimakin darektan hukumar ta CIA, Herbert Scoville sun amsa wannan tambayar a cikin wata jaridar Boston Globe Op-ed kusan watanni biyu bayan taron. “A zahiri, ayyukan da Shugaban ya yi ne don ya gamsar da abokan hamayyar sa ta siyasa a cikin gida wanda ya lalata daidaitaccen tsarin mulkin Soviet… Muhawarar da ta sanya muryoyin masu sassaucin ra’ayi na Kremlin sun karu ne saboda kusancin ƙarshen yarjejeniyar SALT II. da kuma tsananin ɓatancin adawa da Soviet na manufofin Carter. Yawan karfinshi na karban ra'ayoyin mai ba da shawara kan sha'anin tsaro Zbigniew Brzezinski ya haifar da tsammanin mamaya a Amurka ta hanyar shaho na shekaru masu zuwa… ”[20]
A wata kasida a watan Afrilu 1981 a mujallar Burtaniya The Round Table, marubuciya Dev Murarka ta bayyana cewa Soviet sun ƙi shiga tsakani na soji a lokuta daban-daban goma sha uku bayan da gwamnatin Afghanistan ta nemi Nur Mohammed Taraki da Hafizullah Amin - sanin cewa sa bakin soja zai ba da abokan gabansu da ainihin abin da suke nema. Sai kawai a karo na goma sha huɗu Soviet ta yi biyayya "lokacin da aka karɓi bayani a Moscow cewa Amin ya kulla yarjejeniya da ɗayan ƙungiyoyin masu adawa." Murarka ta lura cewa “Bincike sosai game da yanayin shawarar Soviet don shiga tsakani ya jaddada abubuwa biyu. Na daya, cewa ba a dauki shawarar cikin gaggawa ba tare da la'akari mai kyau ba. Na biyu, cewa shiga tsakani ba ƙaddara ba ce sakamakon sakamakon haɓakar shigar Soviet a Afghanistan. A cikin yanayi daban-daban da an kauce masa. "[21]
Amma maimakon a kauce masa, sai aka bijiro da yanayin mamayar Soviet ta hanyar aikin ɓoye da Carter, Brzezinski da CIA suka yi kai tsaye kuma ta hanyar wakilai a Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, da Misira suna tabbatar da cewa ba a kauce wa sa hannun Soviet ba amma an ƙarfafa su.
Bugu da kari baya cikin binciken Tobin shine gaskiyar cewa duk wanda yayi kokarin yin aiki tare da Brzezinski a Carter White House - kamar yadda mashawarcin SALT II Paul Warnke da Darektan Carter CIA Stansfield Turner suka shaida - sun san shi a matsayin dan kasar Poland kuma mai akida.[22] Kuma koda kuwa New Mai kallo hira ba ta kasance ba hakan ba zai canza nauyin shaidar ba in ba tare da Brzezinski da Carter suna ɓoye ɓarnatarwa ba, da Soviet ba za su taɓa jin bukatar ƙetare kan iyaka da mamaye Afghanistan ba.
A cikin labarin Janairu 8, 1972 a cikin Mujallar New Yorker, mai taken Tunani: A cikin Thrall Don Tsoro,[23] Sanata J. William Fulbright ya bayyana tsarin neoconservative don ƙirƙirar yaƙi mara ƙarewa wanda ke sa Amurka kutsa kai cikin Vietnam. "Babban abin birgewa game da wannan ilimin halin ɗabi'ar na Cold War shine sauƙaƙan sauyawa daga nauyin hujja daga waɗanda ke tuhumar waɗanda suka yi musu tambaya… Warriors Cold, maimakon a ce yadda suka san cewa Vietnam na cikin shirin don Commaddamar da duniya, don haka yi amfani da sharuɗɗan tattaunawar jama'a don iya buƙatar cewa masu shakka sun tabbatar da cewa ba haka bane. Idan masu shakka ba za su iya ba to dole ne a ci gaba da yakin - kawo karshen hakan na cikin hadari ga tsaron kasa. ”
Fulbright ya fahimci cewa Washington Warriors Cold Warriors sun juya hankali don yin yaƙi a ciki ta hanyar kammalawa, “Mun zo ga mafi ƙarancin illolin: yaƙi hanya ce ta hankali da taka tsantsan har sai an tabbatar da shari’ar zaman lafiya a ƙarƙashin ƙa’idojin shaidun da ba za su yiwu ba - ko har makiya sun sallama. Maza masu hankali ba za su iya ma'amala da juna a kan wannan ba. "
Amma waɗannan "maza" da tsarin su na akida ne; ba masu hankali ba ne da kuma yunƙurinsu na ci gaba da umartar su don kayar da Kwaminisancin Soviet sai kawai ƙaruwar asarar da aka samu na Yaƙin Vietnam a shekarar 1975. Saboda Brzezinski, ƙirƙirar manufofin Amurka da ke kewaye da gwamnatin Carter a Afghanistan, SALT, détente da Soviet Union sun rayu a wajen yankin abin da ya gabata don tsara manufofin diflomasiyya na gargajiya a cikin gwamnatocin Nixon da Ford yayin da suka mika wuya ga tasirin tasirin neoconservative na Team B wanda ke samun iko a lokacin.
Tobin ya yi biris da wannan haɗin haɗin tarihi na masu ra'ayin akida. Ya nace kan dogaro da rikodin hukuma don ya kai ga karshe amma sai ya yi biris da yadda Brzezinski ya tsara wannan rikodin kuma tasirin tasirin bautar Washington na masu son kawo sauyi don isar da annabcin cika burin akidarsu. Daga nan sai ya zaɓi abubuwan da ke goyan bayan rubutun tarko na Afghanistan yayin da yake watsi da wadatattun shaidu daga waɗanda ke adawa da ƙoƙarin Brzezinski na sarrafa labarin da kuma kawar da ra'ayoyin adawa.
Dangane da yawan karatu Brzezinski ya canza matsayin mai ba da shawara kan harkokin tsaro nesa da abin da aka nufa. A wani zama da aka yi tare da Shugaba Carter a tsibirin St. Simon kafin ma ya shiga Fadar White House ya karbi ragamar kirkirar manufofin ta hanyar takaita damar isa ga shugaban kasa zuwa kwamitoci biyu (Kwamitin Binciken Manufofin PRC, da kuma Kwamitin Gudanar da Musamman SCC). Sannan ya sami Carter ya ba da iko kan CIA zuwa SCC wanda ya shugabanta. A taron farko na majalisar ministocin bayan ya hau karagar mulki Carter ya sanar da cewa yana daukaka mai ba da shawara kan tsaron kasa zuwa matakin majalisar ministocin kuma kulle kullen Brzezinski kan ayyukan boye. A cewar masanin kimiyyar siyasa kuma marubuci David J. Rothkopf, “Ya kasance yajin aiki na farko na tsari na oda na farko. Tsarin ya ba wa Brzezinski alhakin muhimman lamura masu muhimmanci. ” [24]
A cewar wani binciken ilimi,[25] tsawon shekaru hudu Brzezinski ya kan dauki matakai ba tare da sani ko amincewar shugaban ba; sadarwar sadarwa da aka aike zuwa Fadar White House daga ko'ina cikin duniya kuma a hankali kawai aka zabi wadanan hanyoyin sadarwa ga shugaban don ganin ya dace da akidarsa. Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Musamman, SCC aiki ne na tara wuta wanda ya yi aiki kawai don maslaharsa kuma ya hana bayanai da samun damar waɗanda zasu iya adawa da shi, gami da Sakataren Gwamnati Cyrus Vance da Daraktan CIA Stansfield Turner. A matsayinsa na dan majalisar zartarwa ya mamaye ofishin Fadar White House a sararin samaniya daga Ofishin Oval kuma ya hadu da Shugaban Kasa sau da yawa, masu rikodin cikin gida sun dakatar da lura da tarurrukan.[26] Ta hanyar yarjejeniya da Shugaba Carter, sannan zai rubuta memori guda uku na waɗannan da kowane tarurruka kuma ya isar da su ga shugaban ƙasar da kansa.[27] Ya yi amfani da wannan ikon na musamman don ware kansa a matsayin babban mai magana da yawun gwamnati da kuma shamaki tsakanin Fadar White House da sauran masu ba shugaban shawara kuma har ya kai ga kirkirar sakataren yada labarai don isar da hukuncinsa kai tsaye ga Mainstream Media.
Har ila yau, ya kasance a cikin rikodin kamar yadda ba tare da bata lokaci ba ya kulla kusanci da China a watan Mayu na 1978 a kan wani abu da ke adawa da Soviet wanda ya saba wa manufofin Amurka a wancan lokacin yayin da ya yi fice wajen yaudarar shugaban kasa kan batutuwa masu muhimmanci don karyata matsayinsa.[28]
To yaya wannan ya gudana a Afghanistan?
Tobin ya ki yarda da ra'ayin cewa Brzezinski zai taba ba Carter shawara da ya goyi bayan wata manufa da za ta jefa SALT cikin hadari, ya sanya yakin neman zabensa cikin hadari ya kuma yi barazana ga Iran, Pakistan da Tekun Fasha da yiwuwar kutsawar Soviet a nan gaba-saboda ga Tobin "ba a cika tunaninsa ba. ”[29]
A matsayin hujja na goyon bayansa ga imanin Brzezinski game da dogon burin Soviet don mamaye Gabas ta Tsakiya ta Afghanistan, Tobin ya buga yadda Brzezinski “ya tunatar da Carter game da 'turawa ta gargajiyar Rasha zuwa kudu, kuma ta yi masa bayani na musamman kan shawarar Molotov ga Hitler a ƙarshen 1940 cewa 'yan Nazi sun amince da ikirarin Soviet na fifiko a yankin kudu na Batum da Baku.' "Amma Tobin ya kasa ambaton abin da Brzezinski ya gabatar wa shugaban a matsayin hujja game da burin Soviet a Afghanistan sanannen fassara ce[30] na abin da Hitler da Ministan Harkokin Waje Joachim von Ribbentropp ya samarwa zuwa Molotov-wanda Molotov ya ƙi. A wasu kalmomin, akasin abin da Brzezinski ya gabatar wa Carter-amma Tobin ya yi biris da wannan gaskiyar.
Daga lokacin da Afghanistan ta ayyana itsancin ta daga Birtaniyya a shekara ta 1919 har zuwa “juyin mulkin Marxist” na 1978 babban burin manufofin ƙetare na Soviet ya kasance don kiyaye ƙawancen abokantaka amma mai taka tsantsan da Afghanistan, tare da kiyaye bukatun Soviet.[31] Hannun Amurka ya kasance koyaushe kaɗan tare da wakiltar Amurka da kawayen Pakistan da Iran a yankin. A cikin 1970s Amurka ta ɗauki ƙasar da ta kasance a cikin ɓangaren Soviet na tasiri kasancewar an sanya hannu a kan wannan shirin a farkon Yakin Cacar Baki. [32] Kamar yadda masana Amurkawa na dogon lokaci kan Afghanistan suka bayyana a sauƙaƙe a cikin 1981, “Tasirin Soviet yafi yawa amma ba tsoratarwa har zuwa 1978.”[33] Sabanin da'awar Brzezinski game da babban zane na Soviet, Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Cyrus Vance bai ga wata hujja ta hannun Moscow ba a cikin kwanan watan 78 na tsohuwar gwamnatin da ta gabata amma shaidu da yawa da ke tabbatar da juyin mulkin sun ba su mamaki.[34] A zahiri ya bayyana jagoran juyin mulkin Hafizullah Amin yana tsoron Soviet za su dakatar da shi da sun gano makircin. Selig Harrison ya rubuta cewa, “Babban abin da shaidun suka bayar ya kasance daya daga cikin martanin da Soviet ba ta dace ba game da yanayin da ba a tsammani ba… Daga baya, KGB 'sun fahimci cewa umarnin Amin game da boren ya hada da tsananin hana barin sanar da Russia game da abubuwan da aka tsara. '”[35]
Moscow ta dauki Hafizullah Amin da za ta hada kai da CIA sannan ta yi masa lakabi da “'yar bolaji ce ta gama gari kuma mai tsananin kishin kasa - tare da burin siyasa mara iyaka da son mulki,' wanda zai 'durkusar da komai kuma ya aikata duk wani laifi da zai aikata.' ”[36] Tun farkon Mayu 1978 Soviet ta kirkira wani shiri don cire shi da maye gurbinsa kuma a lokacin bazarar 1979 tuntuɓar tsoffin membobin da ba na kwaminisanci ba na Sarki da na gwamnatin Mohammed Daoud don gina “marasa kishin gurguzu, ko haɗin gwiwa, gwamnati don cin nasarar Gwamnatin Taraki-Amin, ”yayin da yake ci gaba da sanar da mai kula da ofishin jakadancin Amurka da ke Bruce Amstutz.[37]
Ga wasu waɗanda ke da ƙwarewa ta musamman game da abubuwan da suka faru game da mamayewar Soviet, babu shakka Brzezinski yana son ɗaga hannun Soviet ga Afghanistan kuma yana yin hakan aƙalla tun Afrilu na 1978 tare da taimakon Sinawa. A yayin ziyarar ta Brzezinski mai dimbin tarihi zuwa kasar China makonni kadan bayan mamayar Marxist a Afghanistan, ya gabatar da batun goyon bayan China don magance juyin mulkin Marxist da aka yi kwanan nan. [38]
Don tallafawa ra'ayinsa cewa Brzezinski ba ya tsokanar mamaye Soviet, Tobin ya ambaci wata sanarwa daga darektan NSC na Harkokin Kudancin Asiya, Thomas Thornton a ranar 3 ga Mayu, 1978 ya ba da rahoton cewa "CIA ba ta son yin la'akari da aikin ɓoye"[39] a lokacin kuma ya yi gargadin a ranar 14 ga Yuli, cewa “ba a karfafa gwiwa a hukumance” ga “masu yunkurin juyin mulki.”[40] Ainihin lamarin da Thornton ya yi ishara da shi game da tuntuɓar babban jami'in sojan Afghanistan na biyu wanda ya nemi jakadan ofishin jakadancin Amurka da ke Offa Bruce Amstutz game da ko Amurka za ta goyi bayan hamɓarar da sabon tsarin "Marxist" na Nur Mohammed Taraki da Hafizullah Amin.
Tobin ya ambaci gargaɗin Thornton ga Brzezinski cewa sakamakon “bayar da taimako… da alama zai iya zama gayyata don sa hannun Soviet sosai,” kuma ya ƙara da cewa Brzezinski ya rubuta “e” a cikin kewayen.
Tobin ya dauki gargadin daga Thornton shine karin hujja cewa Brzezinski na hana daukar hankali ta hanyar nuna "eh" ga gargadinsa. Amma abin da Brzezinski yake nufi da yin rubutu a gefe shi ne tunanin kowa, musamman ganin yadda yake da mummunar siyasa game da batun rusa tsarin mulki tare da jakadan Amurka mai shigowa Adolph Dubs wanda ya zo a watan Yulin ma.
"Zan iya gaya muku cewa da gaske Brzezinski ta yi gwagwarmaya don manufofin Amurka game da Afghanistan a 1978 da 79 tsakanin Brzezinski da Dubs" ɗan jarida kuma masani Selig Harrison ya gaya mana a wata hira da muka gudanar a shekarar 1993. “Dubs kwararren masanin Soviet ne… tare da kyakkyawar fahimta game da abin da zai yi a siyasance; wanda shine ƙoƙarin sanya Amin cikin Tito - ko mafi kusa da Tito - cire shi. Kuma Brzezinski tabbas ya yi tunanin wannan ba komai bane… Dubs ya wakilci wata manufa ta rashin son Amurka ta shiga cikin taimaka wa ƙungiyoyin adawa saboda yana ƙoƙari ya yi hulɗa da shugabancin Kwaminis na Afghanistan da ba ta wani saiti da taimakon tattalin arziki da sauran abubuwan zai ba shi damar kasancewa dogaro da Tarayyar Soviet… Yanzu Brzezinski ta wakilci wata hanyar daban, wanda ke cewa duk ɓangare ne na annabcin shafe kansa. Duk yana da matukar amfani ga mutanen da, kamar Brzezinski suka sami wani ra'ayi game da alaƙar da Tarayyar Soviet. ”[41]
A cikin littafinsa tare da Diego Cordovez Daga Afghanistan, Harrison ya tuna ziyarar sa tare da Dubs a watan Agusta na 1978 da kuma yadda cikin watanni shida masu zuwa rikicinsa da Brzezinski ya sanya rayuwa cikin wahala da haɗari a gare shi don aiwatar da manufofin Ma'aikatar Gwamnati. "Brzezinski da Dubs suna aiki ne a kan gicciye a ƙarshen 1978 da farkon 1979." Harrison ya rubuta. "Wannan iko kan ayyukan bogi ya baiwa Brzezinski damar daukar matakan farko zuwa ga mummunar manufar kin jinin Soviet ta Afghanistan ba tare da Ma'aikatar Gwamnati ta san da yawa game da shi ba."[42]
A cewar ma'aikatar harkokin waje ta 1978 "Bayanan Bayanan" don aikin jakadan, an dauki Afghanistan a matsayin wani aiki mai wahalar gaske "ga abin da ba zai iya yiwuwa ba - mai yuwuwar tashin hankali - ci gaban siyasa da ya shafi zaman lafiyar yankin… A matsayina na Shugaban Ofishin Jakadanci, tare da hukumomi daban-daban guda takwas, kusan 150 Jami'an Amurka, a cikin wani wuri mai nisa da rashin lafiya, ”aikin jakadan ya kasance mai hadari sosai. Amma tare da Ambasada Dubs kai tsaye ya yi adawa da manufar sirrin cikin gida ta Brzezinski ya zama mummunan abu. Dubs a bayyane ya san tun daga farko cewa shirin ci gaba da rikice-rikice na iya haifar da Soviet da mamayewa da kuma bayyana dabarunsa ga Selig Harrison. “Dabarar Amurka, ya [Dubs] ya bayyana zai kasance ne don ci gaba da taka tsantsan na taimako da sauran hanyoyin ba tare da tsokanar matsin lambar Soviet game da Amin da yiwuwar shiga soja ba.”[43]
A cewar tsohon manazarcin CIA Henry Bradsher, Dubs ya yi ƙoƙari ya faɗakar da Ma’aikatar Harkokin Waje cewa rashin zaman lafiya zai haifar da mamayewar Soviet. Kafin tafiyarsa zuwa Kabul ya ba da shawarar cewa gwamnatin Carter ta yi shirin gaggawa don mayar da martani ga sojan Soviet kuma a cikin 'yan watanni kaɗan da isowa ya maimaita shawarar. Amma Ma'aikatar Gwamnati ba ta cikin abin da Brzezinski ke nema, ba a dauki bukatar Dubs da mahimmanci ba.[44]
A farkon 1979 tsoro da rudani kan ko Hafizullah Amin yana aiki da CIA a asirce, hakan ya hargitsa ofishin jakadancin Amurka, Ambasada Dubs ya tunkari shugaban ofishin nasa kuma ya nemi amsa, sai kawai aka ce masa Amin bai taba aiki da CIA ba.[45] Amma jita-jitar da ake yadawa cewa Amin na da alaka da hukumar leken asirin Pakistan da ISI da kuma masu kishin Islama na Afghanistan da ke mara musu baya, musamman Gulbuddin Hekmatyar na iya zama gaskiya.[46] Duk da matsalolin Dubs sun dage wajen ciyar da shirinsa tare da Hafizullah Amin kan matsin lamba da ke zuwa daga Brzezinski da NSC. Harrison ya rubuta. “Dubs a halin yanzu yana jayayya da karfi don barin zabin Amurkawa a bude, yana mai rokon cewa tabarbarewar tsarin na iya haifar da sa hannun Soviet kai tsaye.”[47]
Harrison ya ci gaba da cewa; "Brzezinski ya jaddada a wata hira bayan ya bar Fadar White House cewa ya kasance mai bin tsarin manufofin Shugaban kasa a wancan matakin ba don bayar da taimako kai tsaye ga 'yan tawayen Afghanistan ba [wanda aka bayyana tun ba gaskiya ba]. Tunda babu tabe akan tallafi kai tsaye, duk da haka, CIA ta karfafa wa Zia Ul-Haq baya da ta fara nata shirin na tallafawa sojoji ga masu tayar da kayar baya. CIA da Pakistan Pakistani Interservices Intelligence Directorate (ISI) ya ce, sun yi aiki kafada da kafada kan tsara shirye-shiryen horar da masu tayar da kayar baya da kuma hada kan taimakon kasashen China, Saudi Arabiya, Masar da Kuwaiti da ya fara shigowa ciki. A farkon watan Fabrairun 1979, wannan hadin gwiwar ya zama wani sirri ne a bayyane lokacin da jaridar Washington Post ta buga [2 ga watan Fabrairu] wani shaidan gani da ido cewa akalla ana bawa ‘yan Afghanistan dubu biyu horo a tsofaffin sansanonin Sojojin Pakistan da ke sintiri a Pakistan.”[48]
David Newsom, Karamin Sakataren Harkokin Siyasa wanda ya sadu da sabuwar gwamnatin Afghanistan a lokacin bazara na 1978 ya gaya wa Harrison, “Tun da farko, Zbig ya fi gaban ganin yadda lamarin yake fiye da Vance kuma yawancinmu a Jihar. Ya yi tunanin ya kamata mu yi wani abu a ɓoye don ɓata burin Soviet a wannan ɓangaren na duniya. A wasu lokuta ban kasance ni kadai ba wajen gabatar da tambayoyi game da hikima da yiwuwar abin da yake so ya yi. ” 'Daraktan CIA Stansfield Turner, alal misali,' "ya fi hankali fiye da Zbig, galibi yana jayayya cewa wani abu ba zai yi aiki ba. Zbig bai damu da tsokanar Russia ba, kamar yadda wasunmu suke… ”[49]
Kodayake lura da kisan gillar da Ambasada Dubs ya yi a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu a hannun ’yan sandan Afghanistan a matsayin babban sauyi ga Brzezinski don sauya manufofin Afghanistan gaba da Soviet, Tobin gaba daya ya nisanci wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya kai ga kisan Dubs, rikicinsa da Brzezinski da rashin gamsuwarsa sun nuna tsoron cewa tsokanar Soviet ta hanyar rikice-rikice zai haifar da mamayewa.[50]
A farkon bazarar 1979 meme na “Rasha ta Vietnam” tana yawo sosai a cikin jaridun duniya yayin da shaidar nuna goyon baya ga China ga rikicin Afghanistan ya fara bayyana. Wata kasida a watan Afrilu a cikin mujallar Kanada ta MacLean ta ba da rahoton kasancewar hafsoshin sojan China da malamai a Pakistan suna ba da horo da kuma ba da wasu ‘yan tawayen Moslem na Afghanistan masu dama don‘ yakinsu mai tsarki ’don yakar gwamnatin Kabul ta Mosul da ke Noor Mohammed Taraki.”[51] Wani labarin 5 ga Mayu a cikin Washington Post mai taken "Afghanistan: Moscow ta Vietnam?" ya tafi daidai zuwa batun yana cewa, “zabin Soviet don cirewa gaba daya yanzu ba shi. Sun makale. ”[52]
Amma duk da da'awar da yake da shi a cikin Mai Kulawa Mai Kulawa Labarin, shawarar da Rasha ta makale a Afghanistan na iya zama tuni ya zama abin da Brzezinski ya yi amfani da shi kawai. A cikin 1996 Daga Inuwar, tsohon darektan CIA Robert Gates da taimakon Brzezinski a NSC sun tabbatar da cewa CIA na kan karar tun kafin Soviet ta ji wata bukata ta mamayewa. “Gwamnatin Carter ta fara duba yiwuwar taimakon sirri ne ga masu tayar da kayar baya da ke adawa da Soviet, gwamnatin Marxist ta Shugaba Taraki a farkon 1979. A ranar 9 ga Maris, 1979, CIA ta aika da wasu hanyoyin daukar matakai na sirri da suka shafi Afghanistan ga SCC. … DO ta sanar da DDCI Carlucci a karshen watan Maris cewa gwamnatin Pakistan na iya zuwa ta fuskar taimakawa masu tayar da kayar baya fiye da yadda aka yi imani a baya, tana mai ambaton wata tattaunawa da wani babban jami’in Pakistan ya yi ga wani jami’in Hukumar. ”[53]
Baya ga manufofin siyasa kawai da ke tattare da akidar Brzezinski, bayanan Gates ya nuna wani karin dalili a kan rubutun tarkon Afghanistan: Manufofin dogon lokaci na sarakunan shan magani a cikin kasuwancin opium da burinsu na Janar na Pakistan wanda aka yaba da sanya tarkon Afghanistan ya zama gaskiya.
A cikin 1989 Laftanar Janar Fazle Haq ta Pakistan ta bayyana kansa a matsayin babban jami'in Pakistan wanda ya yi tasiri ga Brzezinski don tallafa wa abokan huldar ISI da kuma samun aikin da za a tallafawa maharan. “Na gaya wa Brzezinski kun yi lalata a Vietnam da Koriya; Zai fi dacewa ka samu a wannan lokaci ”ya gaya wa 'yar jaridar Birtaniya Christina Lamb a wata hira da ta yi da littafin nata, Jiran Allah.[54]
Ba tare da kawar da Brzezinski daga duk wani nauyi na jan hankalin Soviet a cikin tarkon Afghanistan ba, shigar Haq na 1989 hade da wahayi na Gates 1996 ya tabbatar da shirye-shiryen da aka tsara don yin amfani da hargitsi don tsokanar da Soviet cikin martani na soja sannan kuma amfani da wannan amsar don jawo babbar rundunar. Haɓakawa wanda aka ambata a cikin martanin Soviet ga adireshin Carter's Wake Forest a cikin Maris na 1978. Hakanan ya danganta dalilan Fazle Haq ga Shugaba Carter da Brzezinski kuma a yin haka, yana sanya duka kayan haɗi zuwa yaɗuwar haramtattun magunguna ta hanyar kuɗin Carter mallaka "Tarayyar dabarun don rigakafin shan kwayoyi da fataucin miyagun kwayoyi."
A ƙarshen 1977 Dokta David Musto, masanin ilimin likitancin Yale ya yarda da nadin Carter zuwa Majalisar Dabarun Fadar White House kan Amfani da Miyagun Kwayoyi. “A cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, Musto ya gano cewa hukumar leken asirin ta CIA da sauran hukumomin leken asirin sun hana majalisar — wadanda mambobinta suka hada da sakataren harkokin wajen kasar da kuma babban lauyan gwamnati - samun duk wasu bayanan sirri kan magunguna, koda kuwa ya zama dole don tsara sabuwar manufa. ”
Lokacin da Musto ya sanar da Fadar White House game da ƙaryar CIA game da sa hannunsu bai sami amsa ba. Amma lokacin da Carter ya fara bayar da tallafi a bayyane ga 'yan kungiyar mujahidan bayan mamayar Soviet a Musto ya fada wa majalisar. “'[T] hat za mu je Afghanistan don tallafawa masu noman opium a cikin tawayen da suka yi da Soviet. Shin bai kamata mu yi ƙoƙari mu guji abin da muka yi a Laos ba? Shin bai kamata muyi kokarin biyan manoman su ba idan sun kawar da abin da suke samarwa? An yi shiru. ' Kamar yadda jaruntakar heroin daga Afghanistan da Pakistan suka kwarara zuwa Amurka a duk shekara ta 1979, Musto ya lura cewa yawan mace-macen da ake yi da miyagun kwayoyi a birnin New York ya karu da kashi 77 cikin dari. ”[55]
Jaridar Golden Triangle heroin ta samar da tushen asirin kuɗi don ayyukan yaƙi da gurguzu na CIA a lokacin Yaƙin Vietnam. "A shekara ta 1971, kashi 34 na sojojin Amurka a Kudancin Vietnam sun kasance 'yan jarabar heroin - duk ana kawo su daga dakunan gwaje-gwajen da kadarorin CIA ke sarrafawa."[56] Godiya ga Dr. David Musto, yadda Haq yayi amfani da fataucin jarumtaka ta Tribal don tallafawa fundan tawayen Gulbuddin Hekmatyar a ɓoye tuni ya bayyana, amma saboda Fazle Haq, Zbigniew Brzezinski da wani mutum mai suna Agha Hassan Abedi da nasa Bank of Commerce da Credit International, za a juya dokokin wasan a ciki. [57]
Zuwa 1981, Haq ya sanya iyakar Afghanistan da Pakistan a matsayin babbar mai samar da jaruntaka ta duniya tare da kashi 60 na jarumar ta Amurka ta hanyar shirinsa.[58]kuma zuwa 1982 Interpol suna lissafa babban abokin Brzezinski na Fazle Haq a matsayin mai fataucin miyagun kwayoyi na duniya.[59]
A bayan Vietnam, Haq ya kasance a matsayin don amfani da canjin tarihi a cikin fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi daga kudu maso gabashin Asiya da Zangon Triangle zuwa Kudancin Tsakiyar Asiya da Zinariyar Zinariya, inda ya samu kariyar leken asirin Pakistan da CIA da inda ya bunkasa a yau.[60]
Haq da Abedi tare kawo sauyi game da fataucin miyagun kwayoyi a karkashin yakin Shugaba Carter na yaki da Soviet a Afghanistan wanda ya sa ya zama mai aminci ga dukkan hukumomin leken asirin duniya su mallaki abin da ya kasance a wancan lokacin shi ne shirye-shiryen gwamnati na sirri. Kuma Abedi ne wanda ya shigo da mai ritaya Shugaba Carter a matsayin mutumin sa na gaba don halatta fuskokin haramtattun ayyukan bankin nasa yayin da yake ci gaba da bayar da tallafi ga ayyukan ta'addancin Islama a duniya.
Akwai da yawa da suka gwammace su gaskata cewa sa hannun Shugaba Carter tare da Agha Hassan Abedi sakamakon jahilci ne ko kuma butulci kuma a zuciyarsa Shugaba Carter yana ƙoƙari ya zama mutumin kirki ne kawai. Amma har ma da nazarin binciken BCCI yana nuna zurfin alaƙa da da'irar Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Carter wanda ba za a iya bayyana shi ta hanyar rashin sani ba.[61] Hakanan za'a iya bayyana ta hanyar ƙididdigar tsarin yaudara kuma ga shugaban ƙasa hakan har wa yau ya ƙi amsa kowace tambaya game da shi.
Ga wasu mambobin gidan na White House wadanda suka yi mu'amala da Brzezinski a tsawon shekaru hudu da ya yi daga 1977 zuwa 1981 niyyarsa ta tunzura Russia su yi wani abu a Afghanistan a bayyane yake. A cewar John Helmer wani ma'aikacin Fadar White House wanda aka ɗorawa alhakin bincika biyu daga cikin shawarwarin da Brzezinski ta ba Carter, Brzezinski zai yi kasada da duk abin da zai ɓata Soviet da ayyukansa a Afghanistan sanannu ne.
“Brzezinski ya kasance mai tsananin nuna kiyayya ga Rasha har zuwa karshen. Hakan ya haifar da gagarumar kasawar wa'adin mulkin Carter; ƙiyayyar da Brzezinski ta sake ta yi tasiri wanda ke ci gaba da zama bala'i ga sauran duniya. " Helmer ya rubuta a cikin 2017, “Don Brzezinski ya sami yabo ne don farawa mafi yawan cututtuka - ƙungiya, ba da kuɗi, da kayan yaƙi na mujahidai masu tsattsauran ra'ayin addinin Islama waɗanda suka yi ƙaura - tare da kuɗin Amurka da makamai har yanzu - cikin sojojin ta'addanci na Islama da ke aiki nesa da Afghanistan. da Pakistan, inda Brzezinski ta fara da su. ”[62]
Helmer ya nace cewa Brzezinski ya yi amfani da karfin iko a kan Carter wanda ya lankwasa shi ga ajandar akidar Brzezinski yayin da ya makantar da shi sakamakon abin da ya faru tun daga farkon shugabancinsa. “Tun daga farko… a cikin farkon watanni shida na 1977, Carter ya kuma gargadi karara daga ma’aikatansa, a cikin Fadar White House… kada su bari Brzezinski ya mamaye manufofinsa har sai da sauran shawarwari, da kuma share shi shaidun da shawarar ta dogara da su. ” Amma duk da haka gargaɗin ya faɗi a kan kunnuwan Carter yayin da alhakin ayyukan Brzezinski ya hau kan kafaɗunsa. A cewar Daraktan CIA na Carter Stansfield Turner; “Babban alhakin shine na Jimmy Carter. Ya zama ya zama Shugaban kasa wanda ke warware wadannan nau'ikan shawarwari. " [63] Amma har yau Carter ya ki magance rawar da yake takawa a cikin haifar da bala'in da Afghanistan ta zama.
A cikin 2015 mun fara aiki a kan shirin gaskiya don share iska a kan wasu tambayoyin da ba a warware su ba game da rawar Amurka a Afghanistan kuma muka sake haɗuwa da Dr. Charles Cogan don tattaunawa. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kyamara ta birgima, Cogan ya katse mana labari ya yi magana da Brzezinski a cikin bazarar 2009 game da 1998 New Mai kallo Tattaunawa kuma ta damu da sanin cewa "rubutun tarkon Afganistan" kamar yadda Brzezinski ta fada ya halatta.[64]
“Na yi musaya da shi. Wannan bikin ne ga Samuel Huntington. Brzezinski na wurin. Ban taɓa saduwa da shi ba kuma na je wurinsa na gabatar da kaina kuma na ce na yarda da duk abin da kuke yi kuma kuna faɗi banda abu ɗaya. Kun yi hira da Nouvel Observateur wasu shekarun baya kuna cewa mun tsotse Soviets zuwa Afghanistan. Na ce ban taɓa ji ko karɓar wannan ra'ayin ba sai ya ce da ni, 'Wataƙila kuna da hangen nesanku daga Hukumar amma muna da bambancin ra'ayi daga Fadar White House,' kuma ya nace cewa wannan daidai ne. Kuma har yanzu ina… wannan shine yadda yake jin hakan. Amma ban sami wani abu ba lokacin da nake Cif Kusa da Kudancin Kudancin Asiya a lokacin yakin Afghanistan da Soviet.
A ƙarshe da alama Brzezinski ya yaudari Soviet ne zuwa cikin Vietnam ɗin su da niyya kuma yana son abokin aikin sa-a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan jami’an CIA da su shiga cikin manyan ayyukan leken asirin Amurka tun daga WWII - don su san shi. Brzezinski ya yi aiki da tsarin don yin amfani da manufofinsa na akida kuma ya sami damar ɓoye shi kuma daga cikin bayanan hukuma. Ya yaudari 'yan Soviet cikin tarkon Afganistan kuma sun faɗi ƙasa.
Ga Brzezinski, samun Soviet don kutsa kai cikin Afghanistan wata dama ce ta sauya yarjejeniyar Washington zuwa wani layin da ba ya gajiyawa da Tarayyar Soviet. Ba tare da wata kulawa ba don amfani da shi a ɓoye a matsayin shugaban SCC, zai ƙirƙiri yanayin da ake buƙata don tsokanar martani na Soviet wanda zai yi amfani da shi azaman shaidar faɗuwar Soviet ba da daɗewa ba kuma yayi amfani da kafofin watsa labarai, wanda yake sarrafawa, zuwa tabbatar da shi, game da shi ƙirƙirar annabcin cika kai. Koyaya, da zarar tsarin Russophobic dinsa na karin gishiri da karya game da aikin boye ya samu karbuwa, sun sami gida a cibiyoyin Amurka kuma suna ci gaba da fatattakar wadannan cibiyoyin har wa yau. Manufofin Amurka tun daga wannan lokacin sun yi aiki a cikin hazo na cin nasara na Russophobic wanda ke haifar da al'amuran duniya sannan kuma ya sami damar hargitsi. Kuma ga takaicin Brzezinski ya gano ba zai iya kashe aikin ba.
A cikin 2016, shekarar da ta gabaci mutuwarsa Brzezinski ta gabatar da wani wahayin da ya bayyana a cikin wata kasida mai taken "Zuwa Gyara Tsarin Duniya" yana gargadin cewa "har yanzu Amurka itace mafi karfin duniya a siyasance, tattalin arziki, da kuma karfin soji, amma idan aka bada rikitarwa game da tsarin siyasa, to yanzu babu ita ikon mulkin mallaka na duniya. ” Amma bayan shekara da shekaru yana ganin kuskuren Amurkawa game da amfani da ikon mulkin mallaka, ya fahimci burinsa na canza canjin da Amurkawa ke jagoranta zuwa sabon tsarin duniya ba zai taba zama ba. Kodayake ba shi da ikon yin amfani da hubbaren mulkinsa don yaudarar Soviet zuwa Afghanistan, bai yi tsammanin ƙaunatacciyar daular Amurka ta faɗa cikin irin wannan tarko ba kuma a ƙarshe ya yi tsawon rai don fahimtar cewa ya ci nasarar Pyrrhic ne kawai.
Me yasa Conor Tobin zai kawar da kwararan hujjoji game da rawar da Amurka ta taka a mamayar Soviet na 1979 a Afghanistan YANZU?
Dangane da abin da aka yi wa tarihin tarihi ta hanyar kokarin Conor Tobin na karya lagon “tarkon rubutun Afganistan” da kuma bayyana martabar Zbigniew Brzezinski da Shugaba Carter gaskiyar lamarin har yanzu suna a fili. Wulakanta Brzezinski's New Mai kallo Tambayar ba ta isa ga aikinsa ba dangane da hirar da muka yi da 2015 tare da tsohon shugaban CIA, Charles Cogan da kuma cikakkun shaidun da ke karyata rubutun nasa na “Tarkon Afganistan”.
Shin Tobin "wani malami ne shi kaɗai" wanda ke da hankali don tsabtace sunan Brzezinski na tsararraki a kan aikin makaranta ƙoƙarinsa zai zama abu ɗaya. Amma don sanya matsakaiciyar rubutunsa a cikin wata babbar mujalla mai cikakken iko ta karatun kasa da kasa a matsayin tabbataccen sake tunani game da mamayar Soviet a Afghanistan masu bara da tunanin. Amma sai, yanayin da ke tattare da mamayewar Soviet, ayyukan da Shugaba Carter ya yi a gaba, yadda ya ba da amsa a bayyane da kuma kasancewarsa bayan zama shugaban ƙasa tare da mai ba da rahoton ɓoye na CIA Agha Hassan Abedi, barin kadan ga tunanin.
Daga cikin dukkan shaidun da ke karyata rubutun Tobin na anti-Afghanistan Trap, mafi sauki da matsala ga manajan 'labarin hukuma' game da rawar da Amurka ta taka a yakin Soviet na Afghanistan har yanzu dan jaridar Vincent Jauvert na 1998 Nouvel Observateur hira. Ko wannan ƙoƙari na share rikodin rikodin shine dalilin da ya sa rubutun Conor Tobin ya rage a tantance. Wataƙila tazarar da ke tsakanin yanzu da mutuwar Brzezinski ya nuna cewa lokaci ya yi da za a sake bayyana bayanan da ya yi wa jama'a don rikodin hukuma.
Mun yi sa'a mun sami damar gano kokarin Conor Tobin kuma muka gyara shi gwargwadon iko. Amma Afghanistan misali daya ne kawai na inda aka yaudari Amurkawa. Dole ne dukkanmu mu zama masu lura sosai game da yadda tsarin halittarmu ya haɗu da ikon-kasancewa-daga farkon. Yana da mahimmanci mu koya yadda za mu dawo da shi.
Bertolt Brecht, Tsarin Tsayayyar Arturo Ui
"Idan da za mu iya koyan kallo maimakon yin abubuwa,
Za mu ga tsoro a cikin zuciyar farce,
Idan da za mu iya yin aiki maimakon magana,
Ba koyaushe muke tsayawa kan jakinmu ba.
Wannan shi ne abin da kusan ya sa mu ƙware;
Kada ku yi murna da shan kayen sa, ya ku mutane!
Kodayake duniya ta tashi tsaye ta tsayar da dan iska,
Macen da ta haife shi ta sake cikin zafi. ”
Paul Fitzgerald da Elizabeth Gould sune marubutan Tarihi marar ganuwa: Labari na Baza'a na Afghanistan, Haye Zero Yaƙin AfPak a Juyin Juya Halin Masarautar Amurka da kuma The Voice. Ziyarci rukunin yanar gizon su a Tarihi mara ganuwa da kuma mai aikin gwanja.
[1] Tarihin diflomasiyya ita ce mujallar hukuma ta forungiyar Tarihi na Relationsasashen Waje na Amurka (SHAFR). Jaridar ta yi kira ga masu karatu daga fannoni daban daban, wadanda suka hada da karatun Amurka, tattalin arzikin kasa da kasa, tarihin Amurka, karatun tsaron kasa, da karatun Latin Amurka, Asiya, Afirka, Turai, da Gabas ta Tsakiya.
[2] Tarihin diflomasiyya, Volume 44, Fitowa ta 2, Afrilu 2020, Shafuka 237-264, https://doi.org/10.1093/dh/dhz065
An buga: 09 Janairu 2020
[3] H-Diplo Sharhi kan Labarin 966 akan Tobin.: Zbigniew Brzezinski da Afghanistan, 1978-1979. ” Binciken da Todd Greentree yayi, Jami'ar Oxford Canza Halin Yankin Yaƙin
[4] Vincent Jauvert, Tattaunawa tare da Zbigniew Brzezinski, Le Nouvel Observateur (Faransa), Janairu 15-21, 1998, shafi na 76 * (Akwai aƙalla bugu biyu na wannan mujallar; tare da watakila kawai banda Library of Congress, sigar wanda aka aika zuwa Amurka ya fi na Faransa yawa, kuma ba a haɗa hirar Brzezinski a cikin gajeriyar sigar ba).
[5] Paul Fitzgerald da Elizabeth Gould, Tarihi marar ganuwa: Labari na Baza'a na Afghanistan, (San Francisco: Littattafan Lantarki na City, 2009).
[6] Conor Tobin, Labarin 'Tsarkakakken Afganistan': Zbigniew Brzezinski da Afghanistan, 1978—1979 Tarihin diflomasiyya, Volume 44, Fitowa ta 2, Afrilu 2020. p. 239
https://doi.org/10.1093/dh/dhz065
[7] MS Agwani, Editan Edita, "Saur Revolution da Bayan," JARIDAR MAKARANTA NA MAKARANTA KARATUN DUNIYA JAWAHARLAL NEHRU UNIVERSITY (New Delhi, Indiya) Juzu'i na 19, Lamba 4 (Oktoba-Disamba 1980) p. 571
[8] Paul Jay yayi hira da Zbigniew Brzezinski, Yakin Afghanistan na Brzezinski da Babban Chessboard (2/3) 2010 - https://therealnews.com/stories/zbrzezinski1218gpt2
[9] Samira Goetschel ta yi hira da Zbigniew Brzezinski, Namu Masu zaman kansu bin Laden 2006 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EVgZyMoycc0&feature=youtu.be&t=728
[10] Diego Cordovez, Selig S. Harrison, Daga Afghanistan: Labarin Ciki na Rushewar Soviet (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), shafi na 34.
[11] Tobin "Labarin 'Tarkon Afganistan': Zbigniew Brzezinski da Afghanistan," p. 240
[12] Yarjejeniyar Vladivostok, Nuwamba 23-24, 1974, Babban Sakatare na kwamitin tsakiya na CPSU LI Brezhnev da Shugaban Amurka Gerald R. Ford sun tattauna dalla-dalla kan batun karin iyakokin makamai. https://www.atomicarchive.com/resources/treaties/vladivostok.html
| [13] PRM 10 | Cikakken Netimar Net Net da Matsayin Forcearfin Soja |
Fabrairu 18, 1977
[14] Anne Hessing Kahn, Kashe Kwanan nan: Hakkin Ya Kai Harin CIA (Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998), shafi na 187.
[15] Raymond L. Garthoff, Detente da Tattaunawa (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1994 Revised Edition), shafi. 657
[16] Dokta Carol Saivetz, Jami'ar Harvard, "Tsoma baki a Afghanistan da Fall of Détente" taron, Lysebu, Norway, Satumba 17-20, 1995 p. 252-253.
[17] Chen, Kashe Kwanan nan: Hakkin Ya Kai Harin CIA, p. 15.
[18] Ganawa, Washington DC, 17 ga Fabrairu, 1993.
[19] Duba TARON SIYASAR POLITBURO NA KWAMITATI NA YAN KUNGIYAR JAM'IYYA NA KUNGIYAR SOVIET Maris 17, 1979 https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/113260
[20] GB Kistiakowsky, Herbert Scoville, “Muryoyin Kremlin sun bata,” The Boston Globe , 28 ga Fabrairu, 1980, p. 13.
[21] Dev Murarka, "AFGHANISTAN: RASHI INGANTACCEN RASHIAN: BAYANIN KWANA," LABARIN GAGARI (London, England), No. 282 (APRIL 1981), shafi. 127.
[22] Ganawa tare da Paul Warnke, Washington, DC, 17 ga Fabrairu, 1993. Admiral Stansfield Turner, Tsohon Darakta na Babban Leken Asiri, "Tsoma baki a Afghanistan da Fall of Détente" taro, Lysebu, Norway Satumba 17-20 p. 216.
[23] J. William Fulbright, "Tunani a cikin Thrall Don Tsoro," The New Yorker, 1 ga Janairu, 1972 (New York, Amurka), 8 ga Janairu, 1972 Issue p. 44-45
[24] David J. RothKopf - Editan Charles Gati, ZBIG: Dabara da Tsarin Jiha na Zbigniew Brzezinski (Johns Hopkins University Press 2013), shafi. 68.
[25] - Erika McLean, Bayan inetan majalisar zartarwar: Fadada Zbigniew Brzezinski na Matsayin mai ba da Shawara kan Tsaro, Takardun da aka shirya don Degree na Master of Arts, Jami'ar North Texas, Agusta 2011. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc84249/
[26] Ibid shafi na. 73
[27] Betty Murna, Baƙi a Fadar White House: Jimmy Carter, Mashawartarsa, da Yin Manufar Harkokin Wajen Amurka (Ithaca, New York: Jami'ar Cornell, 2009), p. 84.
[28] Raymond L. Garthoff, Detente da Tattaunawa (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1994 Gyara )ab'i), p 770.
[29] Tobin "Labarin 'Tarkon Afganistan': Zbigniew Brzezinski da Afghanistan," p. 253
[30] Raymond L. Garthoff, Detente da Tattaunawa, (Editionab'in da aka Bita), p. 1050. Bayani na 202. Daga baya Garthoff ya bayyana abin da ya faru a matsayin Brzezinski "darasin tarihin da bai dace ba game da tattaunawar Molotov-Hitler a 1940." (Wanne Carter yayi kuskuren karɓa a darajar fuska) p. 1057.
[31] Rodric Braithwaite, Afgantsy: Russia a Afghanistan 1979-89, (Oxford University Press, New York 2011), shafi. 29-36.
[32] Dokta Gary Sick, Tsohon ma’aikacin NSC, Iran da masanin Gabas ta Tsakiya, “Tsoma baki a Afghanistan da Fall of Détente” taron, Lysebu, p. 38.
[33] Nancy Peabody Newell da Richard S. Newell, Gwagwarmayar Afghanistan, (Jami'ar Cornell Press Press 1981), p. 110-111
[34] Rodric Braithwaite, Afgantsy, p. 41
[35] Diego Cordovez, Selig S. Harrison, Daga Afghanistan, shafi na. 27 Yana ambaton Alexander Morozov, "Mutuminmu a Kabul," New Times (Moscow), Satumba 24, 1991, p. 38.
[36] John K. Kuley, Yaƙe-yaƙe marasa tsarki: Afghanistan, Amurka da Ta'addancin Duniya, (Pluto Press, London 1999) p. 12 yana ambaton babban jami'in diflomasiyyar Kremlin Vasily Safronchuk, Afghanistan a cikin Lokacin Taraki, Harkokin Duniya, Moscow Janairu 1991, shafi na 86-87.
[37] Raymond L. Garthoff, Detente da Tattaunawa, (Littafin da aka Bita a 1994), p 1003.
[38] Raymond L. Garthoff, Detente da Tattaunawa, p. 773.
[39] Tobin "Labarin 'Tarkon Afganistan': Zbigniew Brzezinski da Afghanistan," p. 240.
[40] Ibid shafi na. 241.
[41] Ganawa tare da Selig Harrison, Washington, DC, 18 ga Fabrairu, 1993.
[42] Diego Cordovez - Selig Harrison, Daga Afghanistan: Labarin Ciki na Rushewar Soviet (New York, Oxford: OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1995), shafi. 33.
[43] Ibid.
[44] Henry S. Bradsher, Afghanistan da Tarayyar Soviet, Sabon Sabon Daɗaɗawa, (Durham: Jami'ar Jami'ar Duke, 1985), p. 85-86.
[45] Steve Coll, Fatalwar Wars: Tarihin Sirrin CIA, Afghanistan, da bin Laden, daga mamayar Soviet zuwa Satumba 10, 2001 (Litattafan Penguin, 2005) p. 47-48.
[46] Tattaunawar marubuta tare da Malawi Abdulaziz Sadiq, (babban aboki kuma babban aboki ga Hafizullah Amin) 25 ga Yuni, 2006.
[47] Diego Cordovez - Selig Harrison, Daga cikin Afganistan: Labarin Ciki na ficewar Soviet, p. 34.
[48] Cordovez - Harrison, Daga Afghanistan shafi na. 34 Da yake ambato Peter Nieswand, “Guerillas sun horar a Pakistan don fatattakar Gwamnatin Afghanistan,” Washington Post, 2 ga Fabrairu, 1979, p. A 23.
[49] Ibid. p 33.
[50] Ibid.
[51] Peter Nieswand, "Mafi kyawun Peking mair da yaƙi mai tsarki," MacLean's, (Toronto, Kanada) Afrilu 30, 1979 p. 24
[52] Jonathan C. Randal, Washington Post, 5 ga Mayu, 1979 p. A - 33.
[53] Robert M. Gates, Daga Inuwa: Labarin Babban Mai Haske game da Shugabanni biyar da Yadda suka yi Yakin Cacar Baki (New York, TOUCHSTONE, 1996), shafi na 144
[54] Christina Lamb, Jiran Allah: Gwagwarmayar Pakistan don Demokradiyya (Viking, 1991), shafi. 222
[55] Karin W. McCoy, Siyasar Heroin, Cutar CIA cikin Kasuwancin Magunguna na Duniya, (Harper & Row, New York - Bita da Expara Faduwa, 1991), shafi na 436-437 Citing New York Times, Mayu 22, 1980.
[56] Alfred W. McCoy, "Rashin lafiyar yakin CIA da kwaminisanci," Boston Globe, Nuwamba 14, 1996, p. A-27
[57] Karin W. McCoy, Siyasar Heroin, Cutar CIA cikin Kasuwancin Magunguna na Duniya, (Expaba'ar da Aka faɗaɗa), shafi na 452-454
[58] Alfred W. McCoy, "Rashin lafiyar yakin CIA da kwaminisanci," Boston Globe, Nuwamba 14, 1996, p. A-27 https://www.academia.edu/31097157/_Casualties_of_the_CIAs_war_against_communism_Op_ed_in_The_Boston_Globe_Nov_14_1996_p_A_27
[59] Alfred W. McCoy da Alan A. Block (ed.) Yaƙi kan Magunguna: Nazarin Rashin Ciwon Policya'idar Nukiliyar Amurka, (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1992), shafi. 342
[60] Catherine Lamour da Michel R. Lamberti, Haɗin Duniya: Opium daga Manoma zuwa Turawa, (Littattafan Penguin, 1974, Fassarar Ingilishi) shafi na 177-198.
[61] William Safire, "Bangaren Clifford A Bangaren Banki Shine Kawai Daga Iceberg," Chicago Tribune, Yuli 12, 1991 https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1991-07-12-9103180856-story.html
[62] John Helmer, "Zbigniew Brzezinski, Svengali na Shugabancin Jimmy Carter ya Mutu, Amma Mugayen Rayuwansu Na Ci Gaba." http://johnhelmer.net/zbigniew-brzezinski-the-svengali-of-jimmy-carters-presidency-is-dead-but-the-evil-lives-on/
[63] Samira Goetschel - Namu Masu zaman kansu bin Laden, 2006. Da karfe 8:59
[64] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yNJsxSkWiI0
