daga Aminci na Kimiyya ta Duniya, Yuni 28, 2020
Darajar hoto: Hoto na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
Wannan binciken yana taƙaitawa da yin tunani akan binciken mai zuwa: Belgioioso, M., Di Salvatore, J., & Pinckney, J. (2020). Tangle a cikin shuɗi: Sakamakon aikin wanzar da zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan zanga-zangar da ba ta tayar da hankali a ƙasashen da ke yaƙin basasa. Nazarin Kasa da Kasa na Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqaa015
Alamomin Magana
Bayan rikice-rikicen yakin basasa:
- Kasashen da ke aikin kiyaye zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya suna da zanga-zangar tashin hankali fiye da kasashen da ba tare da dakarun wanzar da zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ba, musamman idan wadannan rundunonin kiyaye zaman lafiya sun hada da 'yan sanda na UN (UNPOL).
- Lokacin da UNPOL masu aikin wanzar da zaman lafiya suka fito daga kasashen da suke da yawan jama'a, fararen hular da ke nuna rashin amincewa da tashin hankali a kasashen bayan yakin basasa ya kasha 60%.
- Lokacin da dakarun wanzar da zaman lafiya na UNPOL suka kasance daga kasashen da ke da ƙarancin ƙimar fararen hula, hasashen yiwuwar zanga-zangar tashin hankali a cikin ƙasashe bayan yakin basasa ya kai kashi 30%.
- Saboda UNPOL masu aikin kiyaye zaman lafiya suna hulɗa kai tsaye tare da citizenan ƙasa, kuma horar da sojoji tare da inan sanda na cikin ƙasa, akwai “yaduwar ɗabi'a da al'adun da ke kiyaye tashin hankali na siyasa” - suna nuni da cewa, zaman lafiya tsakanin zaman lafiya ya zama abin da ya sa aka yi zanga-zangar nuna rashin ƙarfi da ƙarfi. rinjayar wannan sakamako.
Summary
Mafi yawan binciken da ake yi kan wanzar da zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya mayar da hankali ne kan matakan samar da zaman lafiya kamar su yarjejeniyar siyasa ko canje-canje na hukumomi. Wadannan hanyoyin kadai ba zasu iya yin karan-tsaye da ka’idar dimokiradiyya ko kuma sauyawar al’adu da ke mai da dawowar yaki abin tarihi ba. Don auna irin wannan “kasa-kasa” tasirin wanzar da zaman lafiya na kiyaye zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, marubutan sun mai da hankali kan muhimmin bangaren shigar fararen hula - fitinar siyasa mai rikice-rikice - da tambaya, "Shin ayyukan wanzar da zaman lafiya za su ba da damar rikice-rikicen siyasa a cikin kasashen bayan yakin basasa?"
Don amsa wannan tambayar, sun kirkiri wani sabon labari wanda ya kunshi kasashe 70 da suka fito daga yakin basasa tsakanin 1990 da 2011 da gwaje-gwajen yawan zanga-zangar rashin tsaro da wadancan kasashen suka fuskanta. A matsayin matakin na masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, bayanan bayanan ba sa fitar da wasu misalai inda zanga-zangar da ke haifar da tarzoma da tayar da zaune tsaye. Wannan bayanan ya hada da masu canji kamar ko kasar ta dauki bakuncin aikin kiyaye zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ko yawan sojojin kiyaye zaman lafiya, da yawan kungiyoyin fararen hula daga kasar ta asali. Wannan ƙungiyar ƙungiyoyin jama'a ta samo asali ne daga alkaluman Mabudin Dimokiraɗiyya kan muhalli mai haɗa jama'a. Wannan jigon yana duba yadda kungiyoyin fararen hula suka shiga (kamar kungiyoyin ban sha'awa, kungiyoyin kwadago, ko kungiyoyin bayar da shawarwari, da sauransu) suna cikin rayuwar jama'a. Ya ƙunshi tambayoyi game da, alal misali, ko masu tsara manufofin suna tattauna su ko mutane nawa ne ke cikin farar hula.
Sakamakon binciken ya nuna cewa kasashen bayan yakin basasa tare da ayyukan kiyaye zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya suna da zanga-zangar rashin tsaro fiye da kasashen da ba tare da dakarun wanzar da zaman lafiya ba. Gwargwadon manufa ba ze zama mai mahimmanci ba. Kungiyoyin fararen hula na asalin kasar don masu wanzar da zaman lafiya sun danganci kawai ga 'yan sanda na UN (UNPOL) amma ba ga sauran nau'ikan sojojin kiyaye zaman lafiya ba. Don sanya wancan cikin lambobi,
- Kasancewar sojojin kiyaye zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ba tare da la’akari da irin sojojin wanzar da zaman lafiya ba, yana kara yiwuwar zanga-zangar rashin tarzoma zuwa 40%, idan aka kwatanta da 27% lokacin da babu rundunar kiyaye zaman lafiya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.
- Kasancewar jami'an UNPOL daga kasashen da ke da karancin gamayyar kungiyoyin fararen hula yana haifar da sakamako cikin kashi 30% na yiwuwar zanga-zangar rashin tarzoma.
- Kasancewar jami'an UNPOL daga kasashen da suke da manyan kungiyoyin fararen hula sun ba da sakamakon sakamako a cikin kashi 60 cikin dari da aka kiyasta yiwuwar zanga-zangar rashin tarzoma.
Don bayyana abin da waɗannan sakamako ke nufi da ma'anar wanzar da zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da "ƙasa ta ƙasa", marubutan sun haɗu da tsarin ra'ayi waɗanda ke ganin rashin amincewa da zanga-zanga a zaman alama ta alama ga alizationasasar tsarin mulkin dimokiraɗiyya. Cewa wadannan zanga-zangar ba tashin hankali bane kuma yana da mahimmanci, musamman a kasashen bayan yakin basasa inda ake amfani da tashe tashen hankula a matsayin nuna siyasa kuma a matsayin hanyar cimma burin siyasa ana daidaita al'amura. Bugu da kari, sabbin cibiyoyin siyasa a wadannan kasashen galibi kan kasa, don haka karfin ikon kasar na shawo kan wadannan kalubalen ba shi da mahimmin hanyar kiyaye zaman lafiya. Marubutan sun nuna cewa sojojin kiyaye zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, musamman 'yan sanda na UN (UNPOL), suna ba da tsaro kuma kasancewarsu yana inganta "ka'idojin shiga harkar siyasa." Bugu da ari, idan kasashen bayan yakin basasa sun sami damar tallafawa zanga-zangar rashin tarbiya, to, al'ummarta da gwamnati suna da ainihin ka'idojin dimokiradiyya.
Ta hanyar mai da hankali kan kasancewar 'yan sanda na UN (UNPOL), marubutan sun gano babban hanyar da ake bijiro da wadannan ka'idojin dimokiradiyya daga ayyukan wanzar da zaman lafiya zuwa kasashen da ke karbar bakuncinsu. Jami'an UNPOL suna horarwa tare da yin aiki tare da 'yan sanda na kasa, suna basu cikakkiyar hulda kai tsaye da al'ummomi da kuma ikon yin tasiri ga' yan sanda na kasa don girmama zanga-zangar rashin tsaro. Bugu da ƙari, ƙungiyoyin jama'a masu ƙarfi[1] tsakiya shine shirya zanga-zangar marassa tsaro. Yayinda kasashen da suka fito daga yakin basasa na iya raunana kungiyoyin fararen hula, damar kungiyoyin fararen hula gaba daya ta shiga tsarin siyasa bayan yakin yana wakiltar matakin farko na inganta zaman lafiya. Don haka, irin haɗin gwiwar jami'an UNPOL ga ƙungiyoyin jama'a (ko waɗancan jami'an suna zuwa ne daga ƙasashe masu ƙungiyoyin jama'a masu ƙarfi ko a'a) suna tasiri a cikin ikonsu na tallafawa zanga-zangar tashin hankali a cikin ƙasashen da aka tura su. A takaice dai, idan jami'an UNPOL sun fito ne daga kasashen da ke da kungiyoyin fararen hula, watakila zasu iya kare 'yancin yin zanga-zangar nuna kyama da kuma "nuna rashin jituwa ga gwamnatocin da suka damu da la'antar kasa da kasa."
Marubutan sun kammala da takaitaccen nazari kan kararrakin da wakilai a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a kasashen bayan yakin basasa suka ba da gudummawa ga gina ginin-zaman lafiya da kuma yaduwar ka'idodin dimokiradiyya. A Namibia, anceungiyar Taimakawa na Juyin Juya Halin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya za ta kewaye da kare fararen hula yayin tarurrukan jama'a da nuna rashin adalci a cikin taron jama'a yayin zanga-zangar. Wannan ya faru ne a Laberiya inda Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Laberiya zai sa ido kan zanga-zangar lumana da shiga tsakani don kawo karshen tashin hankali, ciki har da tsakanin ‘yan sanda na kasa da masu zanga-zangar, yayin zabukan 2009. Wannan aikin, kare 'yancin yin zanga-zanga da kuma tabbatar da cewa abin ya faru ba tare da tashin hankali ba, yana haifar da ka'idoji kan halartar siyasa wanda ba shi da muhimmanci ga zaman lafiya a cikin kasashen bayan yakin basasa. Marubutan sun kawo karshen nuna damuwa game da sauyin nauyin kiyaye zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daga kasashen da ke da karfi tare da kungiyoyin fararen hula da ke da rauni zuwa ga kasashen da ke fama da rauni. Sun yi kira ga masu tsara manufofi wadanda ke tsara ayyukan wanzar da zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da su mai da hankali kan daukar karin ma'aikata daga kasashen da ke da kungiyoyin fararen hula.
Sanarwa da Aiki
Labarin wannan labarin game da rawar da 'yan sanda ke takawa wajen samar da zaman lafiya ya ba da wata sabuwar hanyar tunani game da kiyaye zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, musamman a matsayin wata hanyar samun tushe ta hanyar wata cibiyar da ta ba da fifikon sahun gaba ko kuma matakan da za su kai ga matsayin kasa. Wani sashi na gina zaman lafiya, musamman ga kasashen bayan yakin basasa, shine sake gina kwantaragin zamantakewa tsakanin gwamnati da jama'arta da suka tsage yayin yakin basasa. Yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya na iya kawo karshen tashin hankali, amma ana bukatar aiki da yawa don sa mutane da gaske su yarda cewa za su iya shiga cikin rayuwar jama'a da canji. Zanga-zangar wani kayan aiki ne na siyasa - suna aiki don kawo wayewar kai ga wata matsala, da hada kan 'yan siyasa, tare da samun goyon bayan jama'a. Don gwamnati ta ba da amsa tare da tayar da hankali shine jifa da kwangilar zamantakewar da ke ɗaure jama'a tare.
Ba za mu iya ɗauka cewa wannan binciken ba, wanda ke mayar da hankali kan ɓangaren zanga-zangar da yin aiki a cikin ƙasashen waje, ya katse daga sha'awarmu don magance halin yanzu a Amurka. Yaya aikin 'yan sanda zai kasance a cikin al'umman da suka himmatu ga kowa da kowa tsaro? Tattaunawa ce mai mahimmanci ga Digest's edungiyar edita da sauransu suna yin lissafi tare da kashe-kashen 'yan sanda na George Floyd, Breonna Taylor, da sauran baƙi baƙi. Idan muhimmiyar manufar 'yan sanda ita ce samar da tsaro, to tilas ne a tambaya: Wane ne tsaron' yan sanda suke bayarwa? Ta yaya 'yan sanda za su samar da wannan tsaro? Anyi tsayi da yawa a cikin Amurka, an yi amfani da aikin 'yan sanda azaman kayan zalunci kan bakaken fata,' Yan asalin nahiyar, da sauran masu launi (BIPOC). Wannan tarihin aikin isan sanda yana haɗe da al'adun gargajiya masu zurfin fararen fata, bayyana a cikin launin fata nuna bambanci ana samunsu a cikin tsarin doka da tsarin adalci. Har ila yau muna bayar da shaida ga irin zaluncin da 'yan sanda suka yiwa masu zanga-zangar rashin tausayi - wanda, daidai yake da ban tsoro da ban tausayi, wanda ya ba da ƙarin tabbaci don buƙatar canza ainihin abin da ke nufin aikata ayyukan icingan sanda a Amurka.
Yawancin tattaunawar game da aikin 'yan sanda a Amurka sun mayar da hankali ne kan aikin soja na' yan sanda, daga batun '' jarumi '' (sabanin “mai gadi” da halayyar 'yan sanda-duba ci gaba Karatun) don canza kayan aikin soja. ga sassan ‘yan sanda ta hanyar shirin 1033 na Dokar bayar da izinin tsaron. A matsayinmu na al'umma, muna fara tunanin yadda madadin rundunar 'yan sanda da ke soja za su yi kama. Akwai shaidu masu ban mamaki game da ingancin hanyoyin rashin aikin soja da kuma rashin tsaro ga hanyoyin tsaro da aka bayyana a cikin Aminci na Kimiyya ta Duniya. Misali, a Kimanta hanyoyin amfani da makamai ba tare da makamai ba ga aikin kiyaye zaman lafiya, bincike ya nuna cewa "Rundunar kiyaye zaman lafiya ta kasa da ba ta da makami (UCP) ta samu nasarar aiwatar da ayyukan da aka saba da alaƙa da kiyaye zaman lafiya, tare da nuna cewa wanzar da zaman lafiya baya buƙatar sojoji ko kasancewar makamai don aiwatar da rigakafin tashin hankali da ayyukan kare farar hula." Kodayake galibinsu suna dauke da makamai, 'yan sanda na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, musamman ma yadda suka karbe tsare-tsare na al'umma, har yanzu suna wakiltar matakin soja na rashin tsaro kwatankwacin sauran rundunonin kiyaye zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, musamman wadanda ke da matsanancin umarnin da za su iya kaiwa a fagen fama. Amma, kamar yadda yake fitowa fili a cikin Amurka (har ma da ƙungiyoyin jama'a masu fafutuka da ƙa'idodin dimokiradiyya), policean sanda da ke da makamai suna iya haifar da babbar barazana ga manyan sassan jama'a. A wane lokaci muka yarda cewa 'yan sanda dauke da makamai, maimakon riko da kwangilar zamantakewar al'umma, yawancin su wakilai ne na rushewarta? Wannan yardawar dole ne ta samar mana da kyakkyawan ci gaba har zuwa matakin rushewar hanya zuwa ga shigar da cikakkun hanyoyin tsaro zuwa tsaro - hanyoyin da ba sa tsayar da lafiyar mutum daya ta hanyar wani. [KC]
Karatun Karatu
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Serhan, Y. (2020, Yuni 10). Abinda duniya zata iya koya wa Amurka game da aikin icingan sanda, The Atlantic. Da aka dawo da shi Yuni 11, 2020, daga https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2020/06/america-police-violence-germany-georgia-britain/612820/
Kimiyya Kullum. (2019, Fabrairu 26). Bayanin data jagoranci akan jarumi vs aikin tsaro. Da aka dawo da shi Yuni 12, 2020, daga https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/02/190226155011.htm
Aminci Science Digest. (2018, Nuwamba 12). Kimanta hanyoyin amfani da makamai da kayan aikin da basu da kwanciyar hankali ga wanzar da zaman lafiya. An sake dawo da Yuni 15, 2020, daga https://peacesciencedigest.org/assessing-armed-and-unarmed-approaches-to-peacekeeping
Kungiyoyi / Shiryawa
'Yan Sanda na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya: https://police.un.org/en
keywords: bayan yakin, zaman lafiya, gina zaman lafiya, 'yan sanda, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, yakin basasa
[1] Mawallafin sun ayyana ƙungiyoyin jama'a a matsayin “rukuni [wanda] ya ƙunshi tsari da tsari na citizensan ƙasa, daga masu kare haƙƙin ɗan adam zuwa masu zanga-zangar rashin tsaro.”
