By Pat Elder, Maris 24, 2020
Wannan sashi ne na jerin ɓangarori bakwai da aka mayar da hankali kan wurin gurbata yanayi: tashar jirgin ruwa na Patuxent River Naval a Maryland, Amurka.
Rundunar Sojojin ruwa ta gurbata ruwan karkashin kasa a tashar Jiragen ruwa na Sojan Ruwa na Maryland tare da tashar 1,137.8 a cikin tiriliyan (ppt) na abubuwan da ke cikin polyfluoroalkyl (PFAS), a cewar rahoton da aka buga a watan Yulin da ya gabata ta kamfanin injiniya CH2M Hill.
Pax River koyaushe yayi amfani da kumfa mai samar da ruwa (AFFF) a cikin atisayen yaƙi da wuta da kuma tsarin kawar da wuta a cikin gine-gine ko'ina cikin tushe. Kusoshin suna dauke da sinadarai masu rai wadanda aka basu izinin kutsawa cikin ruwan gundumar. Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta san tasirin tasirin waɗannan abubuwa akan lafiyar ɗan adam tun daga shekarun 1970 amma sun ci gaba da amfani da su. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, foda-free foams (3F) da aka haɓaka waɗanda suka tabbatar suna da tasiri kamar yadda AFFF suke. Ana amfani dasu a ko'ina cikin duniya.
PFAS tana da alaƙa da cututtukan daji daban-daban kuma an san su da haɗari ga lafiyar haihuwa. An cire fitowar a cikin Kogin Pax daga Ma'aikatar Tsaro Rahoton Maris 2018 a kan tushe da al'ummomin da aka gurbata da PFAS.
Babu ƙuntatawa a halin yanzu akan dakatarwar PFAS na soja ko masana'antu a ƙarƙashin Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa na Tarayya ko kuma Dokar Tsabtace Tsabtace Na Tarayya. Hukumar Kare Muhalli (EPA) ta ba da umarnin ba da madaidaici, ba da izini ba ga jihohi da gundumomi na sassa 70 a cikin tiriliyan (ppt.) A cikin ruwan sha. A yanzu haka ba a bukatar sojoji ko kamfanonin sunadarai da su kai rahoton sakin ayyukan PFAS ta hanyar Tarayyar da ake Sakawa a Saki. Idan babu EPA mai aiki da kyau, Jihohi goma sha biyar sun inganta jagororin don akalla ɗaya mai nazarin PFAS a cikin aƙalla matsakaici na matsakaici. Misali, ruwan karkashin kasa a gundumar St. Mary ya ninka sau 87 fiye da yadda New Jersey ke bayarwa. Kwancen 241,000 a cikin ruwan karkashin ruwa na Chesapeake Beach ya ninka sau 18,538 abin da New Jersey ta bayar. Maryland tana bayan tsarin ilmantarwa da dokokin da ke jiran yanzu, HB 619, wanda zai daidaita amfani da farar hula na kumfar wuta, da ƙyar ya fasa saman. Dole ne mu sanya Matakan Matsakaicin Mafi Girma na 1 ppt, ga duka PFAS a cikin duk ruwan sha mai zaman kansa da na jama'a. Hakanan dole ne mu fara gwada duk tsarin jama'a da rijiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Mutanen da suke zaune kusa da sansanin sojoji sune mutuwa daga bayyanar PFAS.
Labari mai zuwa yana ɗaukar abin da muka sani daga rahoton injiniyoyi guda biyu. Detailsaya yana bayani game da Yankin Yarjejeniyar Drum 34 wanda ke da ƙafa1,500 daga mahaɗan Rt. 235 da Hermanville Rd. Sauran ɗayan rahoto ne na shafi 129 akan sakewar PFAS wanda ya shafi duka shigarwar ta hanyar CH2M Hill mai kwanan wata 07/01/18. (Rahoton CH2M Hill) Bayan kwatancin wannan lalata muhalli jerin tambayoyin da za a yi wa Navy da Maryland jami'an kiwon lafiyar jama'a a Lexington Park Library ranar Talata, 3 ga Maris, 5:00 - 7:00 pm. PFAS tana da alaƙa da cututtukan daji daban-daban kuma an san su da haɗari ga lafiyar haihuwa. An cire fitowar a cikin Kogin Pax daga Ma'aikatar Tsaro Rahoton Maris 2018 a kan tushe da al'ummomin da aka gurbata da PFAS.
Shafin 34 yana cikin yankin kudu na tashar kuma yana da kusan kadada 20 na yankin da aka share. A cikin 1996, an tono wani yanki daga gabashin tsaunin Site na 34. Wannan hakar ta gano kwantenan roba 5-galan da aka binne da yawa. A watan Oktoban 1997, an gudanar da aikin cire lokaci a cikin Yankunan A da B. A lokacin wannan aikin cirewar ne wani akwatin roba mai launin shudi da aka tono yana da wani sashi mai alamar rubutu wanda ke nuna cewa yana dauke da wakili mai kashe gobara, wanda watakila ya kunshi PFAS.
A cikin 2015, Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta gudanar da rijiyar mai kyau da samfurin ruwan karkashin kasa don tantance kasancewar ko rashin PFAS a cikin ruwan karkashin kasa a Shafin 34. Halin ya dogara ne da shaidar tarihi na akwatin da aka binne da aka samo shekaru 18 da suka gabata wanda zai iya ƙunsar PFAS. A watan Yunin 2017, an kammala gwajin ruwan karkashin kasa don mahaɗan PFAS guda uku (PFOS, PFOA, da PFBS) a sabbin rijiyoyin saka idanu biyu da aka sanya da kuma rijiyoyin tara tara da ake da su duka waɗanda suke kan shafin 20-acre a kusurwar kudu maso yamma na tushe. An gano PFOS da PFOA a duk faɗin shafin a manyan abubuwan da ke sama da matakin Shawarar Kiwon Lafiya na USEPA na sassa 70 na tiriliyan don jimlar PFOS da PFOA a cikin tara daga cikin samfuran ruwa goma sha ɗaya. PFOS + PFOA an samo su a cikin ƙananan 1,138.8 ppt.
Wannan matakin na iya haifar da barazana ga lafiyar mazaunan da ke shan ruwa mai dauke da PFAS. Waɗanda suke shiga cikin rijiyar ruwa kuma suke rayuwa kusa da ginin suna da haɗari musamman. Tsarin 1,138.8 na PFAS na gurɓataccen ruwan karkashin kasa, duk da haka, ya yi kaɗan idan aka kwatanta da sauran tashoshin jiragen ruwa da ke gurɓatattun biranen ƙasar.
Wasu tashoshin jiragen ruwa, kamar tashar ruwa ta Sojan Ruwa na Sojan Sama da ke Kalifoniya, sun gurbata ruwan kasa a wurare 8,000,000 da tiriliyan. A cikin Maryland, a wani tsohuwar cibiyar samar da makamai ta Amurka a Annapolis, an gwada wadatar shan ruwan a cikin 2018 don maganin mahaukatan. A cikin rijiyoyin 54 daga cikin 68, an tattara yawan abubuwan PFOS / PFOA samu a 70,000 ppt. wanda ya fi sau dubu sau dubu fiye da shawarar lafiyar EPA. Daraktan Ayyuka na Jama'a na garin Annapolis wanda ke kula da ruwan sha ya ce shi bai san abubuwan gurɓata ba. Wannan na iya zama daya daga cikin manyan laifuka da aka aikata a tarihin jihar, kodayake mutane suna jinkirin kamawa. Hakan ya faru ne saboda jaridun cikin gida ba sa ɗaukar labarin akai-akai. Shafin 1,000 yana cikin yankin kudu na tashar kuma yana da kusan kadada 34 na yankin da aka share. A cikin 20, an tono wani yanki daga gabashin tsaunin Site na 1996. Wannan hakar ta gano kwantenan roba 34-galan da aka binne da yawa. A watan Oktoba 5, an gudanar da aikin cire lokaci na wucin gadi a Yankunan A da B. A lokacin wannan aikin cirewar ne akwatin roba mai launin shudi da aka tono yana da wani tambari a fili wanda yake nuna cewa yana dauke da wakili mai kashe gobara, wanda zai iya dauke da PFAS.
A Cibiyar Binciken Jiragen Ruwa, Chesapeake Beach Detachment, Rundunar Sojin ba ta gwada rijiyar ruwan mutanen da ke rayuwa sama da ƙafa 1,000 daga ramukayen ƙonawa da aka yi amfani da su ba tun daga 1968. Sashen Lafiya na Maryland, duk da haka, ya ce ya dogara ne a kan rundunar sojojin ruwa don kare lafiyar Marylanders a wannan batun.
Gaba zuwa 11:50 a cikin wannan Jaridar NBC News. Kodayake Washington Post, da Baltimore Sun, da kuma St.Mary's Enterprise sun ba da labarin, NBC sun yi tunanin gurɓatarwar a Kogin Pax - da kuma kin Navy da jami'an kiwon lafiya na gida don gwada rijiyoyin da ke cikin gari ya zama labari. Don haka, yana da tambaya - wanda za ku tambaya a ranar 3 ga Maris - me yasa Navy ke sakin bayanai game da gurɓataccen PFAS a Kogin Pax a ɗaya kusurwar can nesa ta tushe?
Anyi amfani da AFFF a Yankin 41, Wutar Yin Kashe Gobara daga 1972 zuwa 1991 domin samun horo na yau da kullun. Bututun da aka ɗauka sun ƙare man Jet ko mai na sha zuwa tsohuwar fuselage da aka saita a rami 200 x 200-ft akan takalmin kankare. An kunna wuta mai yawa sannan aka kyale AFFF ya kutsa kai cikin kasa ya kuma watsar da ramuka da magudanan ruwa da ke kewaye da su. Ba a san adadin kumfa din na AFFF din a cikin kasa ba.
Irin wannan aikin horo na kashe wuta a wasu wuraren an san su da watsewa 40,000 galan na carcinogens a cikin yanayin. Adadin kumfa na iya dusar da ƙananan ƙananan da aka samu a Shafin 34, amma ba mu san tabbas ba. Ba kamar sauran wurare ba, Pax River bai gano matakin gurɓataccen PFAS a waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon ba.
A Shafin 14, Tsohuwar Wutar Kashe Kushin, AFFF ana amfani da ita daga 1970 zuwa farkon 1980s. An kunna wuta a kan gammarorin kankare ko a cikin rami ta amfani da mai. Anyi amfani da adadin kumfar AFFF da ba'a sani ba don kashe wutar kuma a ba ta izinin kutsawa cikin ƙasa da fitarwa zuwa ramuka da ruwan da ke kewaye da magudanan ruwa.
The Rahoton CH2M Hill Cikakkun bayanai 16 wurare daban-daban a kan tushe inda aka ba AFFF damar shiga cikin ƙasa tun daga shekarar 1970. Tara daga cikin waɗannan an sanya su a matsayin manyan wuraren fifiko. An tsara su a taƙaice a nan:
Hangar 110 Jirgin Jirgin Sama na Jirgin Hangar: A watan Afrilun 2015, an saki abubuwan da ke cikin tanlon mai gallon 2,200 na tsarin AFFF don murƙushe tsarin saboda gazawar ƙira. Babu wanda ya lura da sakin kuma hanyar ba da tabbatacciyar hanya, amma AFFF tana mai da hankali ne yayin da take tangal-tangal yayin zurfafawa da zurfafa tunani a cikin matakalar matattakalar / tafiya.
Crash Trucks Daily Kayan aiki suna aiki Yankin Tattalin Jirgin Alfa-Taxiway: Motocin haɗari daga Bldg. 103 sunyi amfani da wannan yanki don bincika kullun kayan aikin AFFF da daidaiton kumfa. An ba da izinin kumfar AFFF ya kutsa cikin ƙasa ya kuma watsar da ramuka da magudanan ruwa masu kewaye. Ba a san adadin kumfa na AFFF da aka saki ba.
An nuna Wutar Air - Wurin Bayyanar Yankin Nuna Filin Jirgin Sama na Kudu don zanga-zangar yaƙi da wuta yayin nunin iska da ya fara a farkon 1960s kuma ya ƙare a farkon 1970s. Anyi amfani da kumfa ta AFFF har zuwa 1973. An ƙirƙiri gobara ta hanyar zubar da mai a kusa da fuselage don daidaita ainihin abin da ya faru. An bar carcinogens din zuwa ramuka da magudanan ruwa da ke kewaye; ba a san adadin kumfa na AFFF da aka saki ba.
Ginin 103: Tashar Wutar Wuta ta Ayyuka 1 - Binciken kayan aiki na yau da kullun da kuma fesa kumfa tare da zubewa da kwararar AFFF mai yiwuwa yiwuwar faruwa a nan. Adadin adadin kumfa na AFFF da aka saki
Ginin 2385: Tsarin Ma'aikatar Kula da Kayan Abubuwan Hadari (HAZMART): Sakin abubuwa da yawa na AFFF mai da hankali daga tsarin ɓoyewar ginin a cikin ginin sun haifar da kusan gallon 80 na kayan da aka sake zuwa cikin mahallin.
Hangar 2133: Joint Strike Fighter: Sau da yawa na AFFF a 2002, 2005, da 2010 sun faru ne daga tsarin danniya a cikin hangar. Aƙalla aukuwa ɗaya (kwanan wata da ba a sani ba) duk tsarin ba da gangan ya tafi ba. Ba a san takamaiman adadin AFFF da hankali da kumfa ba.
Wadannan tsarin murkushewar garkuwar suna da ikon rufe katako mai girman eka 2 tare da ƙafafun 17 na kumburin carcinogenic a cikin mintina 2.
A yayin taron na 2010, adadin kumburin da ba a san shi ba na AFFF ya shiga cikin bututun mai wanda ke kaiwa zuwa cibiyar METCOM ta hanyar bainar mai. METCOM dole ta rufe magudanar ruwa kuma ta magance hulɗar da AFFF a cikin dukkanin hanyoyin. Wannan ya rasa aikin lura kuma yana iya haifar da yawan matsalolin da aka tattauna a ƙasa.
Hakanan an tura AFFF daga cikin hangar zuwa yankin ciyawa kudu maso gabas na takaddar siminti. Aƙalla sau biyu ana iya ganin AFFF yana gangarowa zuwa ramin guguwar da ke kaiwa ga ramin magudanar ruwa kusa da Hangar 115 & Site 55.
Hangar 2835: hangar wucin gadi tare da tsarin danniya na AFFF. An samu sakewa da yawa na kumfar AFFF daga 2012 zuwa 2015 saboda zubewa, fashewar inji a yanayin sanyi, da kunna tsarin ba da gangan ba.
Sauran sakewa:
- Ginin 1669: 500 galan XNUMX aka tanada a cikin bututun METCOM.
- Hangar 2805 Jirgin Shugaban Kasa: Dubu ɗari huɗu da aka saki a ƙasa.
- Gine-ginen 215 da Yankin Gwajin Injiniya 217 - Sanarwar da ba a sani ba tun daga 1970.
- Gina 102 Tsohon Wuta 2 - Adadin abubuwanda ba'a sani ba.
- Building 840 - Skeet Range, Site Crash Site - Yawan AFFF da ba a san shi ba.
Ruwa
Kodayake Sojan Sama suna buga sakamakon binciken PFAS a cikin ruwa na sama - sakamakon da ya kasance a cikin babban matakin mamaki shekaru 30 bayan tushe ya rufe - Sojojin ruwa gaba ɗaya sun ƙi yin hakan. Tsoma hannun jama'a da 'yan jaridu a cikin wasu al'ummomin, duk da haka, sun sa Rundunar sojan ruwa ta ƙaddamar da gwajin matakan ƙazantar cikin ruwan da ke saman ruwa. Ba haka ba ne a cikin St. Mary's, inda har yanzu al'umma da 'yan jarida ba su damu da matakin wakilan da ke haifar da cutar kansa a cikin hanyoyin ruwa na yankin ba.
Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa sun gano Goose Creek, Harpers Creek, West Patuxent Basin, East Patuxent Basin, Supply Pond, Gardiner Pond, da Patuxent River, da Chesapeake Bay a matsayin jikin ruwa da ke saman da ya gurɓata da PFAS. Kodayake ba a ambata takamaiman a cikin rahoton ba, St. Inigoes Creek, Smith Creek, da kuma St Mary's River suna da tasiri ta hanyar sakin PFAS daga Webster Field inda Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta rubuta yadda ake amfani da PFAS a cikin kumfar wuta. Dole ne mu buƙaci a gwada hanyoyin ruwa masu daraja don waɗannan “sunadarai na har abada.”
The Rahoton CH2M Hill ya bayyana cewa kwararar ruwan karkashin kasa zuwa ga jikkunan ruwa, gami da tafkuna, koguna, Kogin Patuxent, da Chesapeake Bay. Ruwan karkashin kasa yake kwarara daga bakin ruwa na ruwa zuwa saman tashar yawanci zuwa ga Patuxent River da Chesapeake Bay kuma nesa da wuraren zama da kasuwanci. Amfani da kalmar “galibi 'ya bar yiwuwar cewa kwararar ruwan ƙila na iya ratsa Hermanville Rd. da Rt. 235.
Rahoton ya ce, "Tasirin tasirin da PFAS ke fitarwa a saman ruwa na iya ragu bayan tsawan lokaci na lokaci tun lokacin da aka fitar da tasirinsa ga wannan kafar yada labarai zai yi wuyar tantancewa." Wannan yana da sauƙin musantawa. Jihar Michigan ta bayar da dokar hana shan barewa a kusa da Wurtsmith AFB a cikin Michigan saboda ana zaton farautar mai guba ce saboda yawan PFAS. An rufe wannan tushe a cikin shekarar 1993. Darewar tana sha daga magudanan ruwa da suke guduwa daga tushe. Tashar jirgin saman Naval ta Dallas ta rufe a 1998, kodayake cin kifin mai guba da aka kama a yankin an hana shi har abada. PFAS an san shi da sinadarai na har abada. Ba sa tafiya da kansu - har abada.
Rahoton ya ce, “Jirgin ruwa mai ruwa mai ruwa yana da alaƙa da ruwa zuwa saman ruwa wanda daga ƙarshe zai fice zuwa Kogin Patuxent ko Chesapeake Bay. Idan PFAS mai ruwa mai tasiri yana tasiri a cikin PFAS, yana ɗauka cewa duk wani hulɗa ta kai tsaye ta hannun masu karɓar a jikin ruwan ruwan zai zama ƙarami saboda haɗuwa. ”
Wannan ba zaton lafiya bane. “Mafi kankanta” shine kawai abin da ake buƙata don cutar da mutane.
Rahoton injiniyan ya ce sau da yawa ana cire AFFF cikin tsarin tsabtace yankin. Hangar 2133, Ginin 1669, da Hangar 2905 duk sun kwashe sunadarai har abada cikin tsarin tsabtace yankin.
Ana zubar da dusar kan-gizo a wasu wuraren da ba'a bayyana ba inda carcinogens zasu iya shiga cikin ruwan karkashin kasa. EPA har yanzu ba ta sanya iyakokin PFAS ba a kan juji, wanda galibi ana amfani da shi a filayen noma, gurɓata amfanin gona, da samar da hanya mai ƙarfi don shayar da mutane. Ma'aikatar Kula da ilasa ta St. Mary's County ta kiyasta cewa akwai kusan kadada dubu 50,000 na yankin albarkatu a yankin St. Mary's County wanda kusan kashi 50% sun dace da zubar da shara. Tsarin Tsaran Gundumar Marlay-Taylor Sanitary ya kiyasta hakan kusan Tan 807 busasshen ganyen da za a bushe a shekara.
Pat Dattijo shi ne World BEYOND War mamba na kwamitin kuma tsohon dan takarar Green Party a Majalisar Amurka. Yana gudu SojanSari.
