Kalmomin Salama

By David Swanson

Na kawai karanta abin da zai iya zama mafi kyawun gabatarwa ga karatun zaman lafiya da na taɓa gani. An kira shi Kalmomin Salama, kuma sabon littafi ne na Timothy Braatz. Ba shi da sauri ko sauri, ba a rufe ba ko maras ban sha'awa. Ba ya korar mai karatu daga himma zuwa ga tunani da “kwanciyar hankali,” amma yana farawa tare da kula da mayar da hankali kan gwagwarmaya da dabaru masu tasiri don canjin canji a duniya akan sikelin da ake buƙata. Kamar yadda kuke iya tarawa, na karanta wasu littattafai makamantan waɗanda na sami babban gunaguni game da su.

Babu shakka akwai wasu da yawa, irin littattafan da ban karanta ba, kuma babu shakka mafi yawansu suna rufe ainihin abubuwan da suka shafi rikice-rikice kai tsaye, tsari, da al'adu da rashin tashin hankali. Babu shakka da yawa daga cikinsu suna nazarin tarihin karni na 20 na rikice-rikicen mulkin kama-karya. Babu shakka yunƙurin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na Amurka magana ce ta gama gari, musamman tsakanin marubutan Amurka. Littafin Braatz ya rufe wannan da sauran yankuna sananniya sosai ban taɓa jarabtar in sanya ta ba. Ya ba da mafi kyawun amsoshin da ake da su ga tambayoyin da aka saba da su daga al'adun gargajiyar yaƙi, har ila yau: “Shin za ku harbi mahaukacin ɗan bindiga don ya ceci kakarku?” “Ina labarin Hitler?”

Braatz ya gabatar da ma'anoni na asali tare da bayyananniyar karau, sannan kuma ya haskaka su tare da tattauna batun yakin Little Bighorn daga hangen zaman lafiya. Littafin ya cancanci siyan wannan don shi kaɗai, ko don tattaunawa mai ma'ana game da amfani da John Brown na dabarun da ba na tashin hankali ba haɗe da amfani da tashin hankali. Brown ya kafa ingantaccen aiki, ƙungiya mai haɗin gwiwa tsakanin al'ummomin da ba na magabata ba. Brown ya kammala da cewa kawai mutuwar fararen fata ne zai iya farkar da 'yan Arewa game da muguntar bautar, kafin rashin nasarar sa ya gudu daga Harper's Ferry. Karanta Braatz akan tushen Brown's Quaker kafin kayi tsammanin ka fahimci rikitarwarsa.

Takaitaccen bayanin Braatz akan “Amma yaya game da Hitler?” Tambaya na iya tafiya kamar haka. A lokacin da Hitler ya fara sa Jamusawan da ke da tabin hankali, wasu 'yan fitattun muryoyi da aka ɗaga kan adawa suka haifar da soke wannan shirin, wanda ake kira T4. Lokacin da yawancin jama'ar Jamusawa basu ji daɗin harin Crystal Night akan yahudawa ba, an bar waɗannan dabarun. Lokacin da matan da ba Bayahude ba na yahudawa maza suka fara zanga-zanga a Berlin don neman a sake su, wasu kuma sun shiga zanga-zangar, an saki waɗannan maza da yaransu. Menene zai iya zama mafi girma, mafi kyawun shirin gwagwarmayar gwagwarmaya mara ƙarfi? Ba a taɓa yin ƙoƙari ba, amma ba shi da wuyar tunani. Wani yajin aikin gama gari ya sauya juyin mulkin da aka yi a Jamus a shekarar 1920. Rikicin na Jamusawa ya kawo karshen mamayar Faransa a yankin Ruhr a cikin 1920s, kuma tashin hankali daga baya zai cire wani mai kama-karya mara karfi daga iko a Gabashin Jamus a 1989. Bugu da kari, tashin hankali ya nuna matsakaici nasara a kan Nazis a Denmark da Norway tare da ƙaramin shiri, daidaitawa, dabarun, ko horo. A cikin Finland, Denmark, Italia, kuma musamman Bulgaria, kuma zuwa wani yanki kaɗan, waɗanda ba Yahudawa ba sun yi nasarar ƙin bin umarnin Jamusawa don kashe yahudawa. Kuma yaya idan yahudawa a cikin Jamus suka fahimci haɗari kuma suka ƙi tsayayya, ba da dabara ta hanyar amfani da fasahohi da aka haɓaka da fahimta a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, kuma Nazis sun fara yanka su a titunan gari maimakon a sansanoni masu nisa? Shin miliyoyin mutane zasu sami ceto ta wurin martani na jama'a? Ba za mu iya sani ba saboda ba a gwada shi ba.

Zan iya ƙarawa, daga ƙarin hangen nesa: Watanni shida bayan Pearl Harbor, a cikin ɗakin majami'ar Union Methodist Church a Manhattan, babban sakatare na Resungiyar Masu adawa da War Abraham Kaufman ya yi jayayya cewa Amurka na buƙatar tattaunawa da Hitler. Ga wadanda suka yi jayayya cewa ba za ku iya tattaunawa da Hitler ba, ya bayyana cewa Allies sun riga sun yi shawarwari tare da Hitler a kan fursunonin yaƙi da aika abinci zuwa Girka. Shekaru masu zuwa, masu fafutukar neman zaman lafiya za su yi jayayya cewa tattaunawar sulhu ba tare da asara ko nasara ba har yanzu zai ceci yahudawa kuma ya ceci duniya daga yaƙe-yaƙe da zai biyo bayan na yanzu. Ba a gwada shawarar su ba, miliyoyin sun mutu a sansanonin Nazis, kuma yaƙe-yaƙe da suka biyo baya ba su ƙare ba.

Amma imani da rashin daidaito na yaki zai iya ƙare. Mutum zai iya fahimta, kamar yadda Braatz ya lura, yadda irin halayyar hikima a cikin 1920s da 1930s sun kauce wa yakin duniya na biyu.

Tarihin Braatz na yakin bayan yakin duniya na II wanda bai dace ba an yi shi sosai, gami da nazarin yadda ƙarshen Yakin Cacar Baki ya ba da damar samun nasara a Philippines da Poland don haifar da yanayin da nasarorin da ba su samu ba. Ina tsammanin tattaunawar Gene Sharp da jujjuyawar launuka na iya fa'ida daga yin la’akari da rawar da gwamnatin Amurka ta taka - wani abin da aka yi da kyau Yukren: Babban Chessboard na Zbig da Yadda Yammacin Yammacin Turai ya Duba. Amma bayan da ya fara lakabi da yawa ayyuka na nasara, Braatz ya sake zuwa wajen samun damar lakabin wannan lakabin. A gaskiya ma, yana da matukar damuwa da yawancin nasarar da ba a samu ba a matsayin rashin daidaitattun tasiri na al'adu da al'adu, wanda kawai ke canzawa ta hanyar rushe shugabannin.

Ya kuma yi kakkausar suka game da yunkurin kare hakkin jama'a na Amurka, ba a cikin girman kai na girman kai na raina kowane mahalarta ba, amma a matsayinsa na mai neman dabarun neman dama da darasi da ke gaba. Abubuwan da aka rasa, yana tunanin, sun haɗa da Maris a Washington da wasu lokuta daban-daban a cikin yakin Selma, gami da lokacin da Sarki ya juya tafiya a kan gada.

Wannan littafin zai gabatar da jerin shawarwari masu kyau a cikin kwas din hanyoyin samun zaman lafiya. Kamar yadda irin wannan tafarkin yake, duk da haka, ina tsammanin babu shi - kamar yadda kusan dukkanin karatun ilimi na karatun zaman lafiya basu da shi - bincike mai mahimmanci game da matsalar yaƙe-yaƙe Amurka da ƙarni na ashirin da ɗaya da kuma gwagwarmayar duniya - inda wannan na'urar yaƙi da ba a taɓa gani ba, menene ke motsa ta , da yadda ake warware shi. Braatz yayi, duk da haka, yana ba da ra'ayin da yawancinmu muke da shi a lokacin kuma wasu (kamar Kathy Kelly) sun yi aiki da su: Shin idan a cikin jagorancin mamayewar Iraki na 2003 babbar rundunar sojojin zaman lafiya ciki har da sanannun mutane daga Yamma da a duk duniya sun sami hanyar zuwa Baghdad a matsayin garkuwar mutane?

Za mu iya amfani da wannan yanzu a Afghanistan, Iraki, Syria, Pakistan, Yemen, Somalia, Ukraine, Iran, da kuma wasu sassa na Afirka da Asiya. Libya uku Shekaru hudu da suka wuce sun kasance damar yin amfani da irin wannan mataki. Shin na'urar yaki za ta kasance mafi kyau, tare da isasshen gargadi? Shin za mu kasance a shirye muyi aiki a kai?