da Patterson Deppen, TomDispatch, Agusta 19, 2021
A cikin Janairu 2004, Chalmers Johnson ya rubuta "Daular Amurka ta Bases”Don TomDispatch, keta abin da, a zahiri, shiru a kusa da waɗancan gine -gine masu ban mamaki, wasu girman ƙananan garuruwa, waɗanda aka warwatsa a kewayen duniya. Ya fara shi kamar haka:
"Kamar yadda ya bambanta da sauran al'ummomi, yawancin Amurkawa ba sa ganewa - ko ba sa son ganewa - cewa Amurka ce ke mamaye duniya ta hanyar ƙarfin sojinta. Saboda sirrin gwamnati, 'yan kasar mu galibi ba su san cewa garuruwan mu sun kewaye duniya ba. Wannan babbar hanyar sadarwar Amurka a kan kowace nahiya sai Antarctica a zahiri ta zama sabon salo na daula - daular tushe tare da yanayin ƙasa wanda ba za a iya koyar da shi ba a kowane aji labarin ƙasa. Ba tare da fahimtar girman wannan Baseworld mai ɗaukar nauyin duniya ba, mutum ba zai iya fara fahimtar girman da yanayin burin mu na masarautar ba ko matakin da sabon nau'in yaƙi ke lalata tsarin mulkin mu. ”
Shekaru goma sha bakwai sun shude tun daga wannan lokacin, shekarun da Amurka ke yaƙi a Afghanistan, a cikin Babban Gabas ta Tsakiya, da zurfafa cikin Afirka. Waɗannan yaƙe -yaƙe duk sun kasance - idan za ku ba da uzuri don amfani da kalmar ta wannan hanyar - dangane da wannan “daular tushe,” wacce ta girma zuwa girman gaske a cikin wannan ƙarni. Kuma duk da haka yawancin Amurkawa ba su kula da hakan ba ko kaɗan. (Tunatar da ni lokacin ƙarshe kowane ɓangaren wannan Baseworld ya fito a cikin kamfen na siyasa a cikin wannan ƙasa.) Kuma duk da haka hanya ce ta musamman (kuma mai tsada) ta garkuwa da duniya, ba tare da damuwa da irin masarautun da tsoffin dauloli suka yi ba. dogara a kan.
At TomDispatch, duk da haka, ba mu taɓa kawar da idanunmu daga wannan baƙon ginin ginin na duniya ba. A cikin watan Yuli 2007, alal misali, Nick Turse ya samar da na farko da yawa guda a kan waɗancan wuraren da ba a taɓa ganin irin su ba da kuma murkushe duniyar da ta tafi tare da su. Da yake ambaton manya-manyan a Iraki da Amurka ta mamaye a lokacin, ya rubuta: “Ko da tare da mil mai fadin murabba'in, dala biliyoyin daloli, fasahar zamani ta Balad Air Base da Nasarar sansanin, duk da haka, sansanonin da ke cikin [Sakataren Tsaro Robert] Gates sabon shirin zai kasance jefa cikin guga don ƙungiya wanda wataƙila ita ce mafi girman maigidan duniya. Shekaru da yawa, sojojin Amurka suna ta yin birgima a cikin manyan duniyoyi da adadi na kusan komai a ciki (ko a ciki). Don haka, tare da sabbin shirye -shiryen Pentagon Iraki a zuciya, yi sauri tare da ni a kusa da wannan duniyar tamu ta Pentagon. ”
Hakanan, bayan shekaru takwas, a cikin Satumba 2015, a lokacin da aka buga sabon littafinsa na wancan lokacin Base Nation, David Vine ya dauka TomDispatch masu karatu a kan sabunta juya ta hanyar wannan duniyar tamu ta asali a cikin "Garrisoning Globe." Ya fara da sakin layi wanda zai iya, abin baƙin ciki isa, an rubuta jiya (ko shakka babu, har ma da baƙin ciki, gobe):
"Tare da sojojin Amurka sun janye dakarunta da yawa daga Iraki da Afghanistan, za a gafarta yawancin Amurkawa saboda rashin sanin cewa daruruwan sansanonin Amurka da dubunnan sojojin Amurka har yanzu suna mamaye duniya. Ko da yake mutane kalilan ne suka sani, Amurka tana garkuwa da duniya sabanin kowace kasa a tarihi, kuma ana ganin shaidu daga Honduras zuwa Oman, Japan zuwa Jamus, Singapore zuwa Djibouti. ”
A yau, har ma da baƙin ciki, Patterson Deppen yana ba da sabon kallo game da tsarin masarautar ta duniya, har yanzu yana tsaye duk da kwanan nan Bala'i na Amurka a Afghanistan, da kuma mutane da yawa a wannan duniyar tamu (kamar yadda ba ga Amurkawa ba), alama ce ta kasancewar kasancewar Amurka a duniya. Yankinsa ya dogara ne akan sabon adadi na sansanin Pentagon kuma yana tunatar da mu cewa, tun lokacin da Johnson ya rubuta waɗannan kalmomin game da Baseworld shekaru 17 da suka gabata, abin mamaki kaɗan ya canza a yadda wannan ƙasa ke kusanci da sauran duniyar. Tom
Duniya Bakin Amurka
Ƙasashen Sojojin Amurka na 750 Har yanzu Suna Ci gaba da Kewaya Duniya
Lokacin bazara ne na 2003 lokacin mamayar da Amurka ta yiwa Iraki. Ina aji biyu, ina zaune a sansanin sojan Amurka a Jamus, ina halartar ɗaya daga cikin Pentagon makarantu da yawa ga iyalan masu hidima da aka kafa a kasashen waje. Wata safiyar Juma’a, ajinmu na gab da tashin hankali. An taru a kusa da menu na abincin rana na gidanmu, mun firgita don ganin cewa an maye gurbin zinariya, madaidaiciyar soyayyen soyayyar Faransa da wani abu da ake kira "fries 'yanci."
"Menene fries 'yanci?" mun nemi sani.
Malamin mu ya tabbatar mana da sauri ta hanyar faɗin wani abu kamar: "Soyayyar 'yanci daidai take da soyayyen faransanci, mafi kyau." Tun da Faransa, ta yi bayani, ba ta goyon bayan yakin "mu" a Iraki, "kawai mun canza sunan, saboda wa ke bukatar Faransa ko ta yaya?" Yunwar cin abincin rana, mun ga kadan dalilin rashin yarda. Bayan haka, farantin gefenmu da aka fi so zai kasance har yanzu, koda kuwa sake sakewa.
Yayin da shekaru 20 suka shude tun daga wannan lokacin, in ba haka ba ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙuruciya ta dawo wurina a watan da ya gabata lokacin, a tsakiyar ficewar Amurka daga Afghanistan, Shugaba Biden sanar kawo ƙarshen ayyukan “yaƙi” na Amurka a Iraki. Ga Amurkawa da yawa, wataƙila ya bayyana cewa yana riƙe da nasa kawai alkawari don kawo ƙarshen yaƙe-yaƙe guda biyu na har abada waɗanda suka zo don ayyana post-9/11 "yaƙin duniya akan ta'addanci." Koyaya, kamar yadda waɗannan '' 'yanci' yanci '' ba su zama wani abu dabam ba, "yaƙe -yaƙe na har abada" na ƙasar na iya ƙarewa da gaske. Maimakon haka, suna zama sake sakewa kuma da alama ana ci gaba ta wasu hanyoyi.
Bayan rufe ɗaruruwan sansanonin soji da yaƙe -yaƙe a Afghanistan da Iraki, yanzu Pentagon ɗin za ta koma zuwa “shawara-da-taimako"Rawar a Iraki. A halin da ake ciki, babban jagoran ta yanzu yana aiki "mai fa'ida" zuwa Asiya don bin sabbin manufofi na geostrategic da aka fi mayar da hankali kan "dauke da" China. A sakamakon haka, a cikin Babban Gabas ta Tsakiya da mahimman sassan Afirka, Amurka za ta yi ƙoƙarin ci gaba da kasancewa mafi ƙanƙanta, yayin da za ta ci gaba da aikin soji ta hanyar shirye -shiryen horo da masu kwangila masu zaman kansu.
Amma ni, shekaru ashirin bayan na gama waɗannan soyayyar 'yanci a Jamus, Na gama tattara jerin sansanonin sojan Amurka a duk duniya, mafi cikakkiyar damar a wannan lokacin daga bayanan da ake samu a bainar jama'a. Yakamata ya taimaka a kara fahimtar abin da zai iya zama muhimmin lokacin mika mulki ga sojojin Amurka.
Duk da raguwar fa'ida gaba ɗaya a cikin irin waɗannan sansanonin, ka tabbata cewa ɗaruruwan da suka rage za su taka muhimmiyar rawa a ci gaba da wasu sigar yaƙe -yaƙe na har abada na Washington kuma suna iya taimakawa sauƙaƙe sabon yakin cacar baki tare da China. Dangane da ƙidaya na yanzu, ƙasarmu har yanzu tana da manyan sansanonin soji sama da 750 da aka girka a duk duniya. Kuma ga gaskiyar mai sauƙi: sai dai idan an rushe su, a ƙarshe, rawar da masarautar Amurka ke takawa a wannan duniyar ba za ta ƙare ba, baƙaƙen bala'i ga wannan ƙasa a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.
Haɗa sama da "Tushen Daular"
An ba ni aikin tattara abin da muka (da fatan) muka kira "Jerin Rufe Asirin Ƙasar Amurka na 2021" bayan na tuntubi Leah Bolger, shugabar World BEYOND War. A matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar da aka sani da Haɗin Ginin Ƙasashen waje da Haɗin Ƙulli (BABACC) da niyyar rufe irin waɗannan sansanonin, Bolger ya haɗa ni da abokin haɗin gwiwa David Vine, the mawallafir na littafin gargajiya akan batun, Base Nation: Ta yaya Sojojin Amurka suka Bayar da Ƙasashen Amurka da Duniya?.
Bolger, Vine, sannan ni na yanke shawarar haɗa irin wannan sabon jerin azaman kayan aiki don mai da hankali kan rufe sansanin Amurka na gaba a duniya. Baya ga samar da mafi girman lissafin irin waɗannan asusu na ƙasashen waje, bincikenmu ya kuma ƙara tabbatar da cewa kasancewar koda mutum ɗaya a cikin ƙasa na iya ba da gudummawa sosai ga zanga-zangar kin jinin Amurka, lalata muhalli, da ƙarin farashi mai girma ga mai biyan haraji na Amurka.
A zahiri, sabon ƙidayarmu yana nuna cewa jimlar adadinsu a duniya ya ragu cikin salo (har ma, a cikin 'yan lokuta, ya faɗi sosai) cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. Tun daga 2011, kusan a dubu An rufe sansanin yaki da adadi mai yawa na manyan sansanoni a Afghanistan da Iraki, da kuma Somaliya. Sama da shekaru biyar da suka gabata, David Vine kiyasta cewa akwai kusan manyan sansanonin Amurka 800 a cikin ƙasashe sama da 70, mazauna, ko yankuna a wajen Amurka nahiya. A cikin 2021, ƙidayarmu tana nuna cewa adadi ya faɗi kusan 750. Duk da haka, don kada ku yi tunanin cewa a ƙarshe duk abin yana kan hanya madaidaiciya, adadin wuraren da ke da irin waɗannan sansanonin a zahiri ya ƙaru a cikin waɗannan shekarun.
Tun da Pentagon gaba ɗaya ya nemi ɓoye kasancewar aƙalla wasu daga cikinsu, haɗa irin wannan jerin na iya zama da rikitarwa hakika, farawa da yadda mutum ke ma fassara irin wannan “tushe”. Mun yanke shawarar cewa hanya mafi sauƙi ita ce amfani da maƙasudin Pentagon ɗin kansa na "rukunin tushe," koda kuwa ƙididdigar jama'a na su sananne ne ba daidai ba. (Na tabbata ba za ku yi mamakin sanin cewa alƙaluman sa ba su da yawa, ba su da yawa.)
Don haka, jerinmu sun ayyana irin wannan babban tushe a matsayin kowane “takamaiman wuri na yanki wanda ke da fakiti na ƙasa ko kayan aikin da aka ba shi… na Amurka. ”
Amfani da wannan ma'anar yana taimakawa sauƙaƙe abin da ake ƙidaya da abin da ba ya ƙima, amma kuma yana barin abubuwa da yawa a cikin hoto. Ba a haɗa adadi mai yawa na ƙananan tashoshin jiragen ruwa, rukunin gyara, ɗakunan ajiya, tashoshin mai, da wuraren sa ido wanda wannan ƙasa ke sarrafawa, ba don yin magana game da kusan sansanonin 50 da gwamnatin Amurka ke ba da kuɗi kai tsaye ga sojojin na wasu ƙasashe. Yawancinsu suna cikin Amurka ta Tsakiya (da sauran sassan Latin Amurka), wuraren da aka saba da kasancewar sojojin Amurka, waɗanda suka shiga 175 shekaru na tsoma bakin sojoji a yankin.
Har yanzu, bisa ga jerinmu, sansanonin sojan Amurka a ƙasashen waje yanzu sun bazu zuwa ƙasashe 81, mazauna, ko yankuna a kowace nahiya sai Antarctica. Kuma yayin da adadinsu na iya zama ƙasa, isarsu kawai ta ci gaba da faɗaɗawa. Tsakanin 1989 da yau, a zahiri, sojoji sun ninka adadin wuraren da suke da tushe daga 40 zuwa 81.
Wannan kasancewar ta duniya har yanzu ba a taɓa ganin irinta ba. Babu wani ikon masarauta da ya taɓa samun kwatankwacinsa, gami da daulolin Burtaniya, Faransa, da Spain. Sun samar da abin da Chalmers Johnson, tsohon mai ba da shawara na CIA ya zama mai sukar sojan Amurka, da ake magana da shi a matsayin “ƙafafun asali"Ko"Duniyar Base Duniya. "
Muddin wannan adadi na sansanonin soji na 750 a wuraren 81 ya kasance gaskiya, haka ma, yaƙe -yaƙe na Amurka. Kamar yadda David Vine ya sa a taƙaice a cikin sabon littafinsa, Amurka na Yaƙi, "Bases suna haifar da yaƙe -yaƙe, wanda zai iya haifar da ƙarin tushe, wanda zai iya haifar da yaƙe -yaƙe, da sauransu."
Sama da Yakin Horizon?
A Afghanistan, inda Kabul ta fada hannun 'yan Taliban a farkon wannan makon, kwanan nan sojojinmu sun ba da umarnin a gaggauta janyewa, da tsakar dare daga babban sansanin ta na karshe, Filin Jirgin Sama na Bagram, kuma babu sansanonin Amurka da suka rage a wurin. Hakanan lambobin sun faɗi a cikin Iraki inda yanzu sojoji ke sarrafa sansanoni shida kawai, yayin da a farkon wannan ƙarni adadin zai kasance kusa da 505, tun daga babba zuwa kananan rundunonin sojoji.
Rushewa da rufe irin waɗannan sansanonin a waɗancan ƙasashe, a Somalia, da wasu ƙasashe ma, tare da cikakken ficewar sojojin Amurka daga biyu daga cikin waɗannan ƙasashe uku, sun kasance masu mahimmancin tarihi, komai tsawon lokacin da suka ɗauka, ba mai mulki "takalma a ƙasa”Hanyar da suka sauƙaƙa. Kuma me yasa irin waɗannan canje -canjen suka faru lokacin da suka yi? Amsar tana da alaƙa da haɗarin ɗan adam, siyasa, da tattalin arziƙin waɗannan yaƙe -yaƙe marasa iyaka. A cewar Jami'ar Brown Ƙididdigar Kasuwanci, yawan wadanda ba su yi nasara ba sosai a yakin Washington kan ta'addanci ya yi yawa: kadan 801,000 mutuwar (tare da ƙari akan hanya) tun 9/11 a Afghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan, Syria, da Yemen.
Nauyin irin wannan wahalar, ba shakka, mutanen ƙasashen da suka fuskanci mamayewar Washington, ayyuka, hare -haren iska, da kutse cikin kusan shekaru ashirin. Fiye da fararen hula 300,000 a fadin wadancan da wasu kasashe aka kashe kuma aka kiyasta kusan 37 miliyan karin gudun hijira. Kimanin sojojin Amurka 15,000, ciki har da sojoji da 'yan kwangila masu zaman kansu, suma sun mutu. Munanan raunuka da ba a bayyana adadinsu ba sun faru ga miliyoyin fararen hula, mayakan adawa, da Sojojin Amurka. Gabaɗaya, an kiyasta cewa, ta 2020, waɗannan yaƙe-yaƙe na 9/11 sun kashe masu biyan haraji na Amurka $ 6.4 tiriliyan.
Yayin da adadin sansanonin sojan Amurka a ƙasashen waje na iya raguwa yayin da gazawar yaƙi a cikin ta'addanci ya nutse, yaƙe -yaƙe na har abada mai yiwuwa a ci gaba a ɓoye ta hanyar rundunonin Ayyuka na Musamman, 'yan kwangilar sojoji masu zaman kansu, da hare -hare ta sama da ke gudana, ko a Iraki, Somalia, ko wani wuri.
A Afghanistan, koda lokacin da sojojin Amurka 650 kawai suka rage, suna gadin ofishin jakadancin Amurka a Kabul., Amurka har yanzu tana nan ƙarfi hare -haren ta ta sama a kasar. Ta ƙaddamar da dozin a cikin Yuli kadai, kwanan nan kashe fararen hula 18 a lardin Helmand dake kudancin Afghanistan. Bisa lafazin Sakataren Tsaro Lloyd Austin, hare -hare irin wadannan ana kai su ne daga tushe ko sansanoni a Gabas ta Tsakiya sanye da “sama da ikon sararin sama,” wanda ake zaton yana cikin United Arab Emirates, ko UAE, da Qatar. A cikin wannan lokacin, Washington ta kuma nemi (har yanzu ba tare da nasara ba) don kafa sabbin sansanoni a cikin ƙasashen da ke makwabtaka da Afghanistan don ci gaba da sa ido, leken asiri, da yuwuwar kai hare -hare ta sama, gami da yiwuwar hayar sansanonin sojan Rasha a cikin. Tajikistan.
Kuma ku kula, idan aka zo Gabas ta Tsakiya, UAE da Qatar sune farkon farawa. Akwai sansanonin sojan Amurka a kowace ƙasa ta Fasha ta Farisa ban da Iran da Yemen: bakwai a Oman, uku a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, 11 a Saudi Arabiya, bakwai a Qatar, 12 a Bahrain, 10 a Kuwait, da waɗancan shida har yanzu a Iraki. Duk wani daga cikin waɗannan na iya ba da gudummawa ga irin yaƙe -yaƙe na "sama" wanda yanzu Amurka ta nuna himma a cikin ƙasashe kamar Iraki, kamar yadda sansanonin ta a Kenya da Djibouti ke ba ta damar ƙaddamar airstrikes a Somaliya.
Sabbin Asali, Sabbin Yaƙe -yaƙe
A halin yanzu, rabin duniya, godiya a wani ɓangare don haɓaka tura don salon Cold War "tsarewa”Na China, ana gina sabbin sansanoni a cikin tekun Pacific.
Akwai, mafi kyau, ƙananan shinge a cikin wannan ƙasar don gina sansanin soja a ƙasashen waje. Idan jami'an Pentagon sun yanke shawarar cewa ana buƙatar sabon tushe na $ 990 miliyan a Guam don "haɓaka damar yaƙi”A maƙasudin Washington zuwa Asiya, akwai ƙananan hanyoyin da za a hana su yin hakan.
Camp Blaz, sansanin Marine Corps na farko da za a gina a Tsibirin Pacific na Guam tun daga 1952, ana kan gina shi tun daga 2020 ba tare da ƙara matsawa ko muhawara kan ko ana buƙata ko ba daga masu tsara manufofi da jami'ai a Washington ko tsakanin jama'ar Amurka. Ko da ƙarin sabbin asusu ana ba da shawara don Tsibirin Pacific na kusa Palau, Tinian, Yap. A gefe guda, wani na gida da yawa-rashin amincewa sabon tushe a Henoko a tsibirin Okinawa na Jafananci, Cibiyar Sauya Futenma, ita ce "mai yiwuwa”Har abada da za a kammala.
Ba a san kaɗan daga cikin wannan ba a cikin wannan ƙasar, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa jerin sunayen jama'a na cikakken irin waɗannan tushe, tsofaffi da sababbi, a duk faɗin duniya ke da mahimmanci, duk da wahalar da za a iya samu dangane da rikodin Pentagon ɗin. samuwa. Ba wai kawai zai iya nuna girman da canjin yanayi na ƙoƙarin masarautar wannan ƙasa a duk duniya ba, yana iya yin aiki azaman kayan aiki don haɓaka ƙulli tushe na gaba a wurare kamar Guam da Japan, inda a halin yanzu akwai 52 da 119 tushen asali- sun kasance jama'ar Amurka wata rana don yin tambaya sosai game da inda harajin harajin su ke tafiya da gaske kuma me yasa.
Kamar yadda akwai ɗan ƙarami a kan hanyar Pentagon na gina sabbin sansanoni a ƙasashen waje, da gaske babu abin da ke hana Shugaba Biden rufe su. Kamar yadda BABACC nuna, yayin da akwai a tsari wanda ya shafi izinin majalisa don rufe duk wani sansanin sojan Amurka na cikin gida, ba a buƙatar irin wannan izinin a ƙasashen waje. Abin takaici, a cikin wannan ƙasar har yanzu babu wani muhimmin motsi don kawo ƙarshen Baseworld namu. A wani wuri kuma, duk da haka, buƙatu da zanga -zangar da nufin rufe irin waɗannan sansanonin daga Belgium to Guam, Japan zuwa United Kingdom - a kusan ƙasashe 40 duk an faɗa - sun faru a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata.
A cikin Disamba 2020, duk da haka, har ma da babban jami'in sojan Amurka, shugaban hafsoshin hafsoshin sojojin Mark Milley, tambaye: "Shin kowane ɗayan waɗannan [tushe] yana da mahimmanci don kare Amurka?"
A takaice, babu. Komai amma. Har yanzu, har zuwa yau, duk da raguwar da aka samu a cikin adadin su, 750 ko makamancin haka na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa a duk wani ci gaba na “yaƙe -yaƙe na har abada” na Washington, yayin da suke tallafawa faɗaɗa sabon Yakin Cacar Baki tare da China. Kamar yadda Chalmers Johnson gargadi a cikin 2009, “Ƙananan masarautun da suka gabata da son rai sun ba da mulkinsu don su kasance masu zaman kansu, masu mulkin kai…
A ƙarshe, sabbin tushe kawai na nufin sabbin yaƙe -yaƙe kuma, kamar yadda kusan shekaru 20 da suka gabata suka nuna, wannan ba wata dabara ce ga nasara ga citizensan ƙasar Amurka ko wasu a duniya.
Haƙƙin mallaka 2021 Patterson Deppen
Bi TomDispatch akan Twitter kuma ku shiga mu Facebook. Duba sabon Littattafan Bayarwa, John Feffer sabon littafin dystopian, Wakokin ƙasa (na karshe a jerin Splinterlands), littafin Beverly Gologorsky Kowane Jiki Yana da Labari, da Tom Engelhardt's Nationasar da Ba a Yakin Ba, da na Alfred McCoy's A cikin Shafin ƙarni na Amurka: Tashi da Rage ikon Duniya na Amurka da John Dower's Ƙasar Amirka ta Mugunta: War da Terror Tun yakin duniya na biyu.
