By David Swanson, World BEYOND War, Oktoba 7, 2022
Na dai karanta A cikin Neman Dodanni don Rushewa da Christopher J. Coyne. Cibiyar Independent ce ta buga shi (wanda da alama an sadaukar da shi don cire haraji ga masu hannu da shuni, lalata zamantakewa, da sauransu). Littafin ya fara da ambaton cewa yana tasiri duka masu ba da shawara kan zaman lafiya da masana tattalin arziki masu gaskiya.
Idan na yi la'akari da dalilan da nake son kawar da yaki, na farko zai guje wa kisan gillar nukiliya, kuma na biyu zai kasance zuba jari a cikin zamantakewa a maimakon haka. Sake saka hannun jari ko da wani yanki na kashe kashen yaƙi a cikin buƙatun ɗan adam da muhalli zai ceci rayuka fiye da duk yaƙe-yaƙen da aka ɗauka, inganta rayuwa fiye da duk yaƙe-yaƙe da suka ta'azzara, da sauƙaƙe haɗin gwiwar duniya kan matsalolin da ba na zaɓi ba (yanayin yanayi, yanayi, cututtuka. , rashin matsuguni, talauci) wannan yaki ya hana.
Coyne ya soki na'urar yaki don kashewa da raunata, kashe kudi, cin hanci da rashawa, lalata 'yancin jama'a, rugujewar mulkin kai, da dai sauransu, kuma na yarda da kuma godiya ga duka. Amma Coyne da alama yana tunanin cewa kusan duk wani abu da gwamnati ke yi (kiwon lafiya, ilimi, da sauransu) ya ƙunshi mugunta iri ɗaya kawai a matakin raguwa:
"Yawancin masu shakka game da shirye-shiryen gwamnatin cikin gida (misali, shirye-shiryen zamantakewa, kiwon lafiya, ilimi, da sauransu) da kuma ikon tattalin arziki da siyasa da mutane da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ke da shi (misali, jin daɗin kamfanoni, kama tsari, ikon mallaka) gaba ɗaya suna jin daɗin rungumar su. manyan shirye-shiryen gwamnati idan sun fada karkashin tsarin 'tsaro na kasa' da 'kare.' Koyaya, bambance-bambance tsakanin shirye-shiryen gwamnatin cikin gida da daular suna da digiri maimakon kirki. "
Ina tsammanin, Coyne, zai yarda da ni cewa gwamnati ba za ta ragu da cin hanci da rashawa ba kuma ba za a iya lalata ba idan an koma da kuɗin soja zuwa bukatun al'umma. Amma idan ya kasance kamar kowane mai sassaucin ra'ayi da na taɓa tambaya, zai ƙi tallafawa ko da matsayin sulhuntawa na sanya wani ɓangare na kashe kuɗin yaƙi a cikin yanke haraji ga gazillionaires da wani ɓangare na shi, in ji, kiwon lafiya. A bisa ka’ida, ba zai iya tallafawa kashe kudaden gwamnati ba ko da kuwa ba a kashe kashen gwamnati ba, ko da kuwa bayan wadannan shekarun da aka yi na hakika an karyata illolin ba da kiwon lafiyar jama’a, ko da kuwa cin hanci da rashawa. da barnatar da kamfanonin inshorar lafiya na Amurka ya zarce cin hanci da rashawa da almubazzaranci na tsarin masu biyan kuɗi guda ɗaya a ƙasashe da yawa. Kamar yadda yake da batutuwa da yawa, samun yin aiki a ka'idar abin da ya daɗe yana yin nasara a aikace ya kasance babban cikas ga malaman Amurka.
Duk da haka, akwai abubuwa da yawa da za a yarda da su da kuma ƴan ƙalilan na ban mamaki da ba za a yarda da su ba a cikin wannan littafin, ko da kuwa abubuwan da ke tattare da shi sun yi kusan rashin fahimta a gare ni. Coyne yana adawa da shisshigin Amurka a Latin Amurka cewa sun kasa sanya tattalin arzikin Amurka kuma a zahiri sun ba shi mummunan suna. Wato sun gaza bisa sharuɗɗan nasu. Kasancewar waɗannan ba sharuɗɗa na ba ne, kuma na ji daɗin gazawar da suka yi, bai hana sukar ba.
Yayin da Coyne ya ambaci kisan da kuma korar mutane ta hanyar yaƙe-yaƙe, ya fi mai da hankali sosai kan farashin kuɗi - ba tare da, ba shakka, yana ba da shawarar abin da za a iya yi don inganta duniya da waɗannan kuɗin. Hakan yayi min kyau gwargwadon abin da ya wuce. Amma sai ya yi iƙirarin cewa jami'an gwamnati da ke neman yin tasiri ga tattalin arziƙin za su kasance masu son zuciya masu son mulki. Wannan da alama ya yi watsi da yadda gwamnatocin kasashe masu karfin tattalin arziki fiye da Amurka suke da kwanciyar hankali. Coyne bai kawo wata shaida da za ta tinkari abin da ke da alama zahirin gaskiya ba.
Anan ga Coyne akan yawaitar “ƙasar mai karewa”: “[T] ayyuka na tasirin jihar mai karewa kuma suna shafar kusan dukkan fannonin rayuwar cikin gida-tattalin arziki, siyasa, da zamantakewa. A cikin kyakkyawan tsari, mafi ƙarancin jihar mai tsaro za ta aiwatar da kwangila kawai, samar da tsaro na cikin gida don kare haƙƙin, da kuma samar da kariya ta ƙasa daga barazanar waje." Amma abin da ya yi kashedin ya zama kamar an ciro shi daga rubutun ƙarni na 18 ba tare da la'akari da ƙwarewar ƙarni ba. Babu wata alaƙa ta zahiri tsakanin gurguzanci da azzalumi ko tsakanin gurguzanci da soja. Duk da haka, Coyne yayi daidai game da militarism yana lalata 'yancin ɗan adam. Ya ba da cikakken bayani game da mummunan gazawar yakin Amurka da kwayoyi a Afghanistan. Ya kuma hada da babi mai kyau kan illar jirage marasa matuka masu kisa. Na yi matukar farin ciki da ganin haka, saboda an daidaita abubuwa da yawa kuma an manta da su.
Tare da kowane littafin yaƙi da yaƙi, Ina ƙoƙarin gano duk wani alamu game da ko marubucin ya yarda da sokewar ko kuma kawai sake fasalin yaƙi. Da farko, Coyne da alama yana goyon bayan mayar da hankali ne kawai, ba sokewa ba: "[T] yana ganin cewa mulkin mallaka na soja shine hanyar farko ta shiga cikin dangantakar kasa da kasa dole ne a cire shi daga matakin da yake yanzu." Don haka ya kamata ya zama hanya ta biyu?
Coyne kuma da alama bai yi wani tsari na gaske na rayuwa ba tare da yaƙi ba. Yana goyon bayan wani nau'i na samar da zaman lafiya a duniya, amma ba a ambaci yin doka ta duniya ko raba dukiyar duniya ba - a gaskiya, bikin al'ummomi ne kawai ke yanke hukunci ba tare da mulkin duniya ba. Coyne yana son abin da ya kira kariyar "polycentric". Wannan yana da alama ƙarami ne, ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun gida, makamai, tsaro na tashin hankali da aka kwatanta a cikin jargon kasuwanci-makarantar, amma ba tsara tsaro mara makami ba:
"A lokacin gwagwarmayar kare hakkin jama'a, masu fafutuka na Amurkawa na Afirka ba za su iya dogaro da dogaron kariyar kariyar da gwamnati ta samar don kare su daga tashin hankalin launin fata ba. Saboda haka, 'yan kasuwa a cikin al'ummar Afirka ta Kudu sun shirya kare kansu da makamai don kare masu fafutuka daga tashin hankali."
Idan ba ku san cewa ƙungiyar kare hakkin jama'a ita ce babban nasarar 'yan kasuwa masu tashin hankali ba, me kuke karantawa?
Coyne da yardar rai ya jefa a cikin bikin siyan bindigogi - ba tare da shakka ko ƙididdiga ɗaya ba, nazari, bayanin ƙasa, kwatanta sakamako tsakanin masu bindiga da waɗanda ba su da bindiga, ko kwatanta tsakanin ƙasashe.
Amma sai - haƙuri yana biya - a ƙarshen littafin, ya ƙara da aikin rashin tashin hankali a matsayin nau'i ɗaya na "kare polycentric." Kuma a nan yana iya kawo hujjoji na hakika. Kuma a nan yana da daraja a faɗi:
"Ma'anar aikin rashin tashin hankali a matsayin nau'i na tsaro na iya zama kamar ba gaskiya ba ne kuma na soyayya, amma wannan ra'ayi zai kasance da sabani da rikodin rikodi. Kamar yadda [Gene] Sharp ya lura, 'Yawancin mutane ba su san cewa . . . Har ila yau, an yi amfani da salon gwagwarmayar da ba na tashin hankali ba, a matsayin wata babbar hanyar kariya daga mahara daga kasashen waje, ko ’yan cin zarafi na cikin gida.’(54) Har ila yau, an yi amfani da su da wasu ’yan tsiraru don kare da kuma fadada hakkokinsu da ‘yancinsu. A cikin shekaru da dama da suka wuce, mutum zai iya ganin misalan manyan ayyukan rashin tashin hankali a cikin Baltics, Burma, Masar, Ukraine, da Larabawa. Labari na 2012 a cikin Financial Times Ya yi nuni da cewa, “Yaɗuwar wutar daji na tashe tashen hankula ba tare da tashin hankali ba” a duk faɗin duniya, tare da lura da cewa wannan 'yana da matuƙar mahimmanci ga dabarun tunani na Gene Sharp, wata ƙwararriyar ƙwararriyar Amurka wacce yadda za ta kawar da azzaluman ku, Daga Dictatorship zuwa Dimokuradiyya, ita ce Littafi Mai-Tsarki na masu fafutuka daga Belgrade zuwa Rangoon.'(55) Audrius Butkevičius, tsohon ministan tsaro na Lithuania, a takaice ya kama iko da yuwuwar rashin tashin hankali a matsayin hanyar kare 'yan kasa lokacin da ya lura, 'Na gwammace in samu. wannan littafin [Littafin Gene Sharp, Tsaron Farar Hula] fiye da bam ɗin nukiliya.”
Coyne ya ci gaba da tattaunawa kan mafi girman nasarar rashin tashin hankali kan tashin hankali. To me har yanzu tashin hankali ke yi a cikin littafin? Kuma me game da gwamnati kamar Lithuania da ke yin tsare-tsare na kasa don tsaro ba tare da makami ba - shin hakan ya lalata rayukan jarirai fiye da fansa? Shin ya kamata a yi shi ne kawai a matakin unguwanni don sanya shi rauni sosai? Ko kuma tsaro na kasa ba tare da makami ba ne a fili mataki na saukakawa hanya mafi nasara da muke da ita? Ko ta yaya, shafukan ƙarshe na Coyne suna ba da shawarar motsawa zuwa ga kawar da yaki. Don haka, na haɗa wannan littafin a cikin jerin masu zuwa.
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Neman Dodanni don Rusa ta Christopher J. Coyne, 2022.
Mafi girman mugunta shine Yaki, na Chris Hedges, 2022.
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Da'a, Tsaro, da Injin Yaki: Gaskiyar Farashin Soja ta Ned Dobos, 2020.
Fahimtar Masana'antar Yaƙi ta Christian Sorensen, 2020.
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Ƙarfafa Ta Zaman Lafiya: Yadda Ƙarfafa Ƙarfafawa Ya haifar da Aminci da Farin Ciki a Costa Rica, da Abin da Sauran Duniya Za Su Koyi Daga Ƙarfafa Ƙarfafan Ƙasa, ta Judith Eve Lipton da David P. Barash, 2019.
Tsaron zamantakewa ta Jørgen Johansen da Brian Martin, 2019.
Haɗa Kisan Kai: Littafi Na Biyu: Wurin Shaƙatawa Na Amurka Na Mumia Abu Jamal da Stephen Vittoria, 2018.
Masu Tafiya Don Zaman Lafiya: Hiroshima da Nagasaki Masu tsira sun yi magana ta Melinda Clarke, 2018.
Hana Yaƙi da Inganta Zaman Lafiya: Jagora don Ma'aikatan Lafiya da William Wiist da Shelley White suka gyara, 2017.
Shirin Kasuwanci don Aminci: Gina Duniya Ba tare da Yaƙi ta Scilla Elworthy, 2017.
Yaƙi Ba Kawai Ta David Swanson, 2016.
Tsarin Tsaro na Duniya: Madadin Yaƙi ta World Beyond War, 2015, 2016, 2017.
Babban Shari'a akan Yaki: Abin da Amurka ta rasa a cikin Tarihin Tarihin Amurka da Abin da Mu (Dukkanmu) Zamu Iya Yi Yanzu ta Kathy Beckwith, 2015.
Yaki: Laifi Ga Dan Adam na Roberto Vivo, 2014.
Gaskiyar Katolika da Kawar da Yaƙi ta David Carroll Cochran, 2014.
Waging Peace: Kasadar Duniya na Mai fafutukar Rayuwa ta David Hartsough, 2014.
Yaki da yaudara: Jarabawar Mahimmanci ta Laurie Calhoun, 2013.
Shift: Farkon Yaki, Ƙarshen Yaƙi ta Judith Hand, 2013.
Yaƙi Babu Ƙari: Shari'ar Rushewa ta David Swanson, 2013.
Ƙarshen Yaƙi na John Horgan, 2012.
Juya zuwa Aminci ta Russell Faure-Brac, 2012.
Daga Yaƙi zuwa Aminci: Jagora zuwa Shekaru ɗari masu zuwa ta Kent Shifferd, 2011.
Yaƙi Ne Ƙarya ta David Swanson, 2010, 2016.
Bayan Yaƙi: Ƙarfin Dan Adam don Zaman Lafiya ta Douglas Fry, 2009.
Rayuwa Bayan Yaƙi ta Winslow Myers, 2009.
Isasshen Zubar da Jini: Magani 101 zuwa Tashin hankali, Ta'addanci, da Yaƙi ta Mary-Wynne Ashford tare da Guy Dauncey, 2006.
Duniyar Duniya: Babban Makamin Yaƙi na Rosalie Bertell, 2001.
Yaran Zasu Zama Maza: Rage Haɗin Kai Tsakanin Namiji da Tashin hankali ta Myriam Miedzian, 1991.
