by Jeffrey St. Clair - Alexander Cockburn, Disamba 8, 2017, CounterPunch.
Gaskiya mai zurfi ita ce yin nazarin ayyukan CIA da kungiyoyi wanda ya samo asali ya nuna matukar damuwa da ci gaba da fasaha na gudanarwa, kwakwalwa, da kuma nazarin kwakwalwa da ƙwarewa a kan batutuwa marasa fahimta ciki har da ƙungiyoyin addini, kabilanci 'yan tsiraru, fursunoni, marasa lafiya, da sojoji da marasa lafiya. Dalilin da ya dace don irin wadannan ayyukan, dabaru da kuma abubuwan da aka zaɓa na mutum wanda aka zaɓa ya nuna irin wannan yanayi da ya dace da gwaje-gwajen Nazi.
Wannan irin wannan ya zama abin ban mamaki lokacin da muka gano kokarin da jami'an Amurka suka yi don samun takardun nazarin Nazis na Nazi, kuma a lokuta da dama sun tattara masu bincike na Nazi kansu kuma suka sanya su aiki, suna canja wurin dakunan gwaje-gwaje daga Dachau, da Kaiser Cibiyar Wilhelm, Auschwitz da Buchenwald zuwa Edgewood da Arsenal, Fort Detrick, Huntsville Air Force Base, Ohio State, da Jami'ar Washington.
Kamar yadda sojojin da suka haɗu suka tsere ta hanyar Turanci a lokacin da aka yi amfani da D-Day a watan Yunin 1944, wasu jami'an tsaro na 10,000 da aka sani da T-Forces sun kasance a baya bayan dakarun baya. Ayyukan su: Kashe masu fasahar kararraki, masu fasaha, masana kimiyyar Jamus da kayan bincike, tare da masana kimiyyar Faransa waɗanda suka hada gwiwa da Nazis. Ba da daɗewa ba an samo adadin masu binciken irin wadannan masana kimiyya kuma an sanya su a sansanin da aka sani da Dustbin. A cikin tsari na farko na manufa shine matakan farin ciki shi ne cewa kayan aikin soja na Jamus - tankuna, jiragen sama, labaru da sauransu - sun kasance masu karfin kwarewar fasaha da kuma wadanda suka kama masana kimiyya, masu fasaha da kuma injiniyoyi za su iya gaggauta magance matsalolin 'yan uwansu don su kama sama.
Daga bisani, a cikin watan Disamba na 1944, Bill Donovan, shugaban OSS, da kuma Allen Dulles, na Babban Jami'in Harkokin Watsa Labarai na {ungiyar ta OSS, dake {asar Turai, dake aiki a {asar Switzerland, sun bukaci FDR da su amince da shirin da ya ba da izini ga jami'an kimiyya da masana kimiyya da masana'antu na Nazi don shiga cikin Amurka bayan yakin da kuma saka kudin da suke samu a bankin Amurka da sauransu. "FDR ta gaggauta sauya wannan tsari, yana cewa," Muna fatan cewa yawan mutanen Jamus da suke so su ajiye kullunsu kuma dukiya za ta karu da sauri. Daga cikin su akwai wasu wanda ya kamata a gwada su da kyau don laifuffukan yaki, ko akalla aka kama don yin aiki a ayyukan Nazi. Ko da mahimmancin da ake gudanarwa da ka ambaci, ban shirya don ba da izinin bada kyauta. "
Amma wannan veto shugaban kasar shi ne wasika mai mutuwa kamar yadda aka tsara shi. Hakanan Yuli 1945 ya fara aiki a kan hanyar da aka yi a cikin kamfanin, wanda Mashawarcin Jakadancin ya amince da shi don kawowa masana kimiyyar Jamus 350 na Amurka, ciki har da Werner Von Braun da magoya bayansa na V2, masu zane-zane na makamai, da masu fasahar bindigogi da kuma manyan injiniyoyi. An yi amfani da wasu ka'idodin gargajiya akan Nazis da aka shigo da su, amma wannan ya zama maras amfani kamar yadda dokar ta FDR ta yi. Kasuwar jirgin sama ya hada da irin wadannan sanannun Nazis da jami'an SS kamar Von Braun, Dr. Herbert Axster, Dokta Arthur Rudolph da Georg Richkey.
Kungiyar Von Braun ta yi amfani da aikin bautar da ke sansanin Dora kuma ta yi aikin fursunoni a dandalin Mittelwerk: fiye da 20,000 ya mutu daga rashin ci da yunwa. Babban mai kula da kulawa shine Richkey. Lokacin da ake ramawa da sabotage a cikin injin missile - fursunoni za su yi amfani da kayan aikin lantarki, suna haifar da mummunan aiki - Richkey zai rataya su goma sha biyu a wani lokaci daga kullun ma'aikata, tare da sandunan katako a cikin bakinsu don murkushe kuka. A cikin Dora ta kafa kanta, ya dauki yara a matsayin bakunansu kuma ya umarci masu tsaro na SS su kashe su, wanda suka yi.
Wannan rikodin bai hana hanzarta canja wuri na Richkey zuwa {asar Amirka ba, inda aka tura shi a Wright Field, wani sansanin Sojan Sama na kusa da Dayton, Ohio. Richkey ya tafi aiki don kula da tsaro ga wasu sauran Nasis yanzu suna bin binciken su na Amurka. An kuma sanya shi aiki na fassara dukan bayanan daga kamfanin Mittelwerk. Ya kasance yana da damar, wanda ya yi amfani da ita, don halakar da duk wani abu da ya dace da abokan aiki da kansa.
Ta hanyar 1947 akwai wata matsala ta jama'a, wanda mahalarta Drew Pearson ya bukaci, ya bukaci shari'ar aikata laifukan yaki na Richkey da wasu mutane. An sake mayar da Richkey zuwa Jamus ta Yamma da kuma shigar da wata kotu ta sirri ta Amurka, wanda ke da dalilan da ya sa ya kawar da Richkey tun lokacin da ya tabbatar da cewa dukkanin 'yan kungiyar Mittelwerk yanzu a Amurka sun yi amfani da bautar da azabtarwa. da kuma kashe 'yan fursunoni, kuma haka ma laifin laifukan yaki. Sojojin sun sabunta jarrabawar Richkey ta hanyar riƙe takardun yanzu a Amurka sannan kuma ta hanyar hana tambayoyin Von Braun da sauransu daga Dayton: Richkey ya kare. Saboda wasu kayan gwaji da suka shafi Rudolph, Von Braun da Walter Dornberger, duk da haka, an ƙaddamar da dukkanin rikodin kuma an yi asiri a cikin shekaru arba'in, saboda haka ana binne shaidar da zai iya tura dukan rukuni a cikin gandun daji.
Shugabannin sojan Amurka sun san gaskiya. Tun da farko dai ma'aikata na yaki da Jamus sun kaddamar da yakin neman ci gaba da yaki da Japan. Daga bisani, gaskatawa na dabi'a ya ɗauki nau'i na kira "gyare-gyare na hankali" ko kuma yadda Mashawarcin Shugaban Rundunonin ya sanya shi, a matsayin "wani nau'i na amfani da tunanin da aka zaba wanda yake ci gaba da yin amfani da hankali." An amince da wannan mummunan hali daga wurin wani kwamiti na Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimi ta kasa, wanda ya karbi matsayi na matsayi cewa masana kimiyyar Jamus sun keta makircin Nazi ta hanyar kasancewa "tsibirin rashin daidaito cikin siyasa na siyasa," wata sanarwa cewa Von Braun, Richkey da sauran masu jagoran bawa sun yi godiya sosai.
By 1946 wani mahimmanci dangane da yakin Cold War ya zama mafi muhimmanci. Ana buƙatar Nazis a gwagwarmaya da Kwaminisanci, kuma lallai an dakatar da ikon su daga Soviets. A watan Satumba na 1946 shugaban kasar Harry Truman ya amince da aikin da aka yi na Dulles-inspired, wanda aikinsa shine ya kawo kimanin masana kimiyyar Nazi 1,000 a Amurka. Daga cikin su sun kasance da dama daga cikin manyan laifuffukan yaki: akwai likitoci daga sansanin zartar da Dachau waɗanda suka kashe 'yan fursunoni ta hanyar gwada su ta hanyar gwaje-gwaje masu girma, wadanda suka kyautar da wadanda suka jikkata suka kuma ba su manyan yaduwar ruwa mai gishiri don nazarin tsarin nutsewa . Akwai masanan injiniyoyin injiniyoyi irin su Kurt Blome, wanda ya gwada gashin Sarin a fursuna a Auschwitz. Akwai likitoci da suka tayar da tasirin fagen fama ta hanyar ɗaukar fursunoni a Ravensbrück da cike da raunuka tare da al'adun gangrene, gashiya, mustard gas, da gilashi, sa'an nan kuma tsage su da kuma magance wasu tare da allurai sulfa kwayoyi yayin da wasu lokuta suka ga tsawon lokacin don su samar da mummunan cutar na gangrene.
Daga cikin abubuwan da ake nufi da shirin daukar nauyin littattafan Paperclip sune Hermann Becker-Freyseng da Konrad Schaeffer, marubuta na binciken "Thirsters da Thirst Quenching in Emergencies Situations at Sea". An yi nazari don tsara hanyoyin da za a tsawanta zaman lafiyar direbobi a kan ruwa. A sakamakon haka, masana kimiyya biyu sun tambayi Heinrich Himmler don "shaidun arba'in maganin gwajin lafiya" daga cibiyar sadarwa na SS na sansanin zinare, kawai muhawarar tsakanin masana kimiyya shine ko masu bincike su zama Yahudawa, gypsies ko kwaminisanci. An gudanar da gwaje-gwaje a Dachau. Wadannan fursunoni, mafi yawansu Yahudawa, suna da ruwa mai gishiri sun tilasta su ta bakin ƙuƙumi. Sauran suna da ruwan gishiri da aka saka su kai tsaye a cikin suturinsu. Rabin rabin batutuwa sun ba da magani wanda ake kira berkatit, wanda ya kamata a yi ruwan gishiri mai mahimmanci, kodayake masana kimiyya biyu sun yi tsammanin cewa berkatit kanta zai tabbatar da guba a cikin makonni biyu. Sun kasance daidai. A lokacin gwaje-gwaje masu likita sunyi amfani da dogayen dogaro don cire kayan hanta. Babu wani miki da aka ba. Dukan batutuwa masu binciken sun mutu. Dukansu Becker-Freyseng da Schaeffer sun karbi kwangila na dogon lokaci a karkashin Paperclip; Schaeffer ya ƙare a Jihar Texas, inda ya ci gaba da bincikensa a cikin "ƙishirwa da kuma ragowar ruwan gishiri."
Becker-Freyseng an ba da alhakin gyarawa ga rundunar sojan Amurka Amurka da manyan masanan binciken binciken jiragen sama da 'yan uwansa Nazis suka gudanar. A wannan lokacin an gano shi kuma an gabatar da shi a Nuremberg. Aikin Jarida, mai suna Jaridar Jamusanci na Aviation: Yaƙin Duniya na II, ya fara bugawa dakarun Amurka, tare da gabatarwa da Becker-Freyseng ya rubuta daga gidan kurkukun Nuremberg. An yi watsi da aikin da aka yi wa 'yan adam da suka gudanar da binciken, kuma sun yaba wa masana kimiyya na Nazi kamar masu kirki da kuma masu daraja "tare da halayen kyauta da ilimi" suna aiki a karkashin ƙuntataccen Reich na uku.
Daya daga cikin abokan aikin su shine Dokta Sigmund Rascher, wanda aka ba Dachau. A cikin 1941 Rascher ya sanar da Himmler game da muhimmancin da ake bukata don gudanar da gwaje-gwaje masu girma a kan batutuwa. Rascher, wanda ya ci gaba da zama a cikin wani babban kwamandan 'yan kasuwa a lokacin da yake zaman a cibiyar Kaiser Wilhelm, ya tambayi Himmler don ya ba da izini a ba da shi a hannunsa "masu aikata laifuka biyu ko uku," inji Nazi ga Yahudawa, fursunoni na Rasha da mambobi na juriya na ƙasa na Poland. Himmler da sauri ya yarda kuma an gudanar da gwaje-gwajen Rascher cikin wata guda.
Wadanda aka kashe a Rascher sun kulle a cikin ɗakin da ya rage, wanda hakan ya zama nauyin 68,000. Kashi arba'in daga cikin alade na mutane sun mutu bayan an ajiye su cikin rabin sa'a ba tare da oxygen ba. Da dama wasu sun jawo hankali daga cikin ɗakin kuma suka nutsar da su a cikin ruwa mai ruwan sama. Rascher da sauri sliced bude kawunansu don bincika yadda yawancin jini a cikin kwakwalwa ya fashe saboda gas embolisms. Rascher ya kaddamar da wadannan gwaje-gwajen da kuma masu kwantar da hankulan, aika da wannan fim tare da bayanan da ya yi da shi a Himmler. "Wasu gwaje-gwajen sun ba wa mutane irin wannan matsa lamba cewa su za su hauka kuma su fitar da gashin kawunansu don kokarin magance wannan matsalolin," in ji Rascher. "Za su tsage kan kawunansu kuma su fuskanci hannayensu kuma su yi kururuwa don kokarin magance matsalolin su." Rundunar sojin Amurka ta kori Rascher da aka tura shi zuwa rundunar Air Force.
Jami'an leken asirin Amurka sun dubi zargi na mutane irin su Drew Pearson tare da razana. Bosquet Wev, shugaban kungiyar JOIA, ya kori masu nazarin kimiyya na Nazi a matsayin "zane-zane"; ya ci gaba da hukunta su saboda aikin da Hitler da Himmler ke yi kawai "da kisa a kan doki marar mutuwa." Kungiyar Amurka ta ji tsoro game da tunanin Stalin a Turai, Wev yayi jaddada cewa barin malamai na Nazi a Jamus "ya kawo barazanar tsaro ga wannan ƙasa fiye da wani tsohuwar haɗin Nazi da suka yi ko kuma duk wani juyayin Nazi wanda har yanzu suna da. "
Wani abokin aiki na Wev ya bayyana irin wannan fasalin, Colonel Montie Cone, shugaban kungiyar G-2. "Daga ra'ayi na soja, mun san cewa wadannan mutane sun kasance masu matukar muhimmanci a gare mu," in ji Cone. "Ka yi la'akari da abin da muke da shi daga binciken su - dukkanin tauraronmu, jiragen sama, roka, kusan dukkanin abubuwan."
Jami'an kula da labarun {asar Amirka sun ha] a hannu da aikin da suka yi, don haka sun tafi gagarumar} o} arin kare mutuncinsu daga masu binciken laifuka a Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amirka. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi rikitarwa shine abin da mai binciken Emperor Salmon, mai suna Nazi, wanda a lokacin yakin ya taimaka wajen ƙone wani majami'a da matan Yahudawa da yara. Sallar Amurka ta tsare salmon a Wright Air Force Base a jihar Ohio bayan an yanke masa hukuncin kisa ta hanyar kotu ta yanke hukunci a Jamus.
Nazis ba wai kawai masana kimiyya da jami'an tsaro na Amurka ke nema ba bayan karshen yakin duniya na biyu. A {asar Japan, {ungiyar {asar Amirka, ta ba da kyautarta, Dokta Shiro Ishii, shugaban {ungiyar Harkokin Binciken {asar Japan. Dokta Ishii ya kaddamar da wani nau'i mai nauyin halitta da sinadarai a kan sojojin kasar Sin da Allied, kuma ya gudanar da babban cibiyar bincike a Manchuria, inda ya gudanar da gwaje-gwajen kwayoyin halitta akan fursunoni na kasar Sin, Rasha da Amurka. Ishii kamuwa da fursunoni tare da tetanus; ya ba su shuɗin jini-laced tumatir; fashewar annoba ta kamuwa da annoba; matan da aka kamu da syphilis; da kuma fashewar fashewar bom a kan wasu batutuwa da dama da aka daura a kan hadarin. Daga cikin wasu hare-hare, ayyukan Ishii ya nuna cewa yana yin "autopsies" sau da yawa a kan wadanda ke fama da cutar. A cikin yarjejeniyar da Janar Douglas MacArthur ya yi, Ishii ya juya fiye da 10,000 shafukan "bincikensa" ga rundunar sojan Amurka, ya guje wa laifin aikata laifukan yaki kuma an gayyace shi don yin magana a Ft. Detrick, Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Kasuwanci na {asar Amirka, dake kusa da Frederick, dake Maryland.
A karkashin sharuddan Paperclip akwai babban gasar ba kawai a tsakanin abokan hulɗa ba amma har ma a tsakanin ayyukan Amurka - duk da haka mafi yawan rikici. Curtis LeMay ya ga rundunar sojan Amurka ta farko da aka yi amfani da shi a matsayin wanda ya dace da kaddamar da kullun jiragen ruwa da kuma tunanin cewa wannan tsari zai gaggauta idan ya sami damar samun masana kimiyyar Jamus da masu aikin injiniya kamar yadda ya kamata. A gefensa, Rundunar Sojojin Amurka ta yi ƙoƙarin kama tarzomar masu laifi. Daya daga cikin mazajen farko da jirgin ruwan ya dauka shi ne masanin kimiyyar Nazi mai suna Theordore Benzinger. Benzinger mashawarci ne a kan raunin fagen fama, ya samu kwarewa ta hanyar binciken da aka yi akan 'yan Adam a lokacin yunkuri na yakin duniya na biyu. Benzinger ya ƙare tare da wani kwangilar gwamnati da ke aiki a matsayin mai bincike a asibitin Bethesda Naval a Maryland.
Ta hanyar Ofishin Jakadancinsa a Turai, jiragen ruwa sun yi zafi a kan tafarkin binciken Nazis na Nazi a cikin tambayoyin tambayoyi. Rundunar sojojin Navy ba ta jimawa ba a cikin takardun bincike na Nazi a kan maganganu na gaskiya, wannan bincike ne da aka gudanar a Jami'ar Tsare na Dachau da Dokta Kurt Plotner ya yi. Plotner ya baiwa fursunoni Yahudawa da Rasha fursunoni na sassan mescalin kuma ya kallo su nuna dabi'ar schizophrenic. Fursunonin sun fara magana a bayyane game da ƙiyayya da masu kama da Jamus, da kuma yin maganganun furci game da kayan shafawa.
Jami'an leken asiri na Amirka sun yi amfani da rahotanni game da rahoton Dr. Plotner. OSS, Rundunar jiragen ruwa da jami'an tsaro a Manhattan Project sun dade suna gudanar da binciken kansu a kan abin da aka sani da TD, ko kuma "miyagun kwayoyi." Kamar yadda za a tuna daga bayanin a cikin Babi na 5 na jami'in OSS George Hunter White na amfani da THC a kan Mafioso Augusto Del Gracio, sun yi gwaji tare da TDs da suka fara a 1942. Wasu daga cikin batutuwa na farko sun kasance masu aiki a kan Manhattan Project. An yi amfani da allurai na THC zuwa ƙaddamarwa a cikin Manhattan Project a hanyoyi daban-daban, tare da maganin THC bayani na ruwa wanda aka sanya shi cikin abinci da abin sha, ko kuma cikakke a jikin takarda. "TD ya bayyana ya kwantar da duk abin da ya hana kuma ya kashe wuraren kwakwalwa wanda yake kula da basirar mutum da kuma kula da hankali" in ji Manhattan tsaro a cikin matsala ta ciki. "Yana ƙarfafa hankulan mutane kuma yana bayyana dukkan halayen halayyar mutum."
Amma akwai matsala. Sakamakon THC ya sa batutuwa suka dashi kuma masu bincike ba zasu taba samun masana kimiyya su yada duk wani bayani ba, ko da tare da karin ƙwayoyi na miyagun ƙwayoyi.
Littafin Dr. Plotner ya ruwaito rahotanni na ma'aikatan jiragen ruwa na Amurka sun gano cewa ya yi gwajin gwagwarmaya tare da maganin maganganu - har ma da miyagun ƙwayoyi na gaskiya, wanda ya sa masu neman tambayoyi su cire "har ma abubuwan da suka fi kuskure daga batun idan aka yi amfani da tambayoyi." Plotner ya ruwaito bincike a cikin mescalin mai yiwuwa a matsayin wakili na halin gyare-gyare ko hankali iko.
Wannan bayanin yana da sha'awa sosai ga Boris Pash, daya daga cikin mafi yawan rikice-rikicen CIA a cikin farkon wannan lokaci. Pash shi ne wani dan kasar Rasha zuwa Amurka wanda ya wuce shekaru masu tasowa a lokacin haihuwar Soviet Union. A yakin duniya na biyu ya gama aiki ga OSS na kula da tsaro ga Manhattan Project, inda, a tsakanin sauran ayyukan, ya kula da bincike a kan Robert Oppenheimer kuma ya kasance mai son tambayoyin masanin kimiyya mai inganci a lokacin da aka dakatar da wannan zancen taimakawa wajen kare asiri zuwa Tarayyar Soviet.
A matsayinsa na shugaban tsaro Pash ya kula da jami'in OSS George Hunter White na amfani da THC akan Manhattan Project masana kimiyya. A cikin 1944 Pash ya zabi Donovan don ya jagoranci abin da ake kira Alsos Mission, an tsara shi don ya kwashe 'yan kimiyyar Jamus wadanda suka shiga bincike-bincike na makamashin nukiliya, kwayoyi da kwayoyin halitta. Pash ya kafa kantin sayar da kantin sayar da gidan gidan tsohon tsohuwar abokina, Dr. Eugene von Haagen, Farfesa a Jami'ar Strasburg, inda yawancin malaman Nazi sun kasance mambobi. Pash ya sadu da von Haagen lokacin da likitan ya kasance a ranar Asabar a Jami'ar Rockefeller a New York, bincike na ƙwayoyin zafi na wurare masu zafi. A lokacin da von Haagen ya koma Jamus a cikin marigayi 1930s, shi da Kurt Blome sun zama haɗin gwiwa na na 'yan Nazi. Von Haagen ya yi amfani da yawancin yakin da ke kewaye da 'yan kishin Yahudawa a Natzweiler tare da cututtukan cututtuka ciki har da cutar zazzaɓi. Ba tare da la'akari da ayyukan da ake yi na tsohon abokinsa ba, Pash nan da nan ya sanya von Haagen a cikin littafin Paperclip, inda ya yi aiki ga gwamnatin Amurka har tsawon shekaru biyar yana ba da kwarewa wajen bincike kan makamai.
Von Haagen ya sa Pash ya sadu da tsohon abokin aiki Blome, wanda kuma ya shiga cikin takarda na Paperclip. Akwai wani hiatus mai ban mamaki lokacin da aka kama Blome kuma an gwada shi a Nuremberg don aikata laifuffukan yaki, ciki kuwa har da ƙuƙwalwa da dama na daruruwan fursunoni daga cikin asalin Poland da TB da annoba na bulbo. Amma gaisuwa ga malamin kimiyya na Nazi, Rundunar Sojojin Amurka da kuma OSS sun hana takardun da suka samo asali daga tambayoyin su. Shaidar ba wai kawai ta nuna laifin Blome ba, har ma da nauyin kula da shi a gina ginin Labarun CBW na Jamus don gwada kayan yaji da makamai don amfani da sojojin Allied. Blome ya kashe.
A cikin 1954, watanni biyu bayan da Blome ta sami izini, jami'an jami'an Amurka sun tafi Jamus don yin hira da shi. A cikin wata sanarwa ga masu kula da shi, HW Batchelor ya bayyana manufar wannan aikin hajji: "Muna da abokai a Jamus, masanan kimiyya, kuma wannan shine damar da za mu ji dadin saduwa da su don tattauna matsaloli daban-daban." A lokacin da Blome ya ba Batchelor jerin na masu bincike na makamai wadanda suka yi aiki a yayin yakin da suka tattauna akan sababbin hanyoyi na bincike a cikin makamai na hallaka. A kwanan baya, Blome ya sanya hannu a sabon kwangilar Paperclip na $ 6,000 a shekara kuma ya tafi Amurka, inda ya dauki aikinsa a Camp King, wani sansanin soji a waje da Washington, DC A cikin 1951 von Haagen ya jagoranci hukumomin Faransa. Duk da kokarin da masu kula da shi suka yi a cikin hankali na Amurka, likitan ya yanke hukuncin laifin yaki da laifuffukan yaki kuma aka yanke masa hukunci shekaru ashirin a kurkuku.
Daga aiki na Paperclip, Pash, a yanzu a CIA, wanda aka haife shi, ya ci gaba da zama shugaban Shirin Shirin Shirin / 7, inda aka ba da gudummawar aikin da yake da shi a kan hanyoyin da aka yi tambaya. Shirin na Shirin Shirye-shiryen / 7, wanda ya zo ne kawai a cikin Sanata Frank Church na binciken 1976, yana da alhakin sace-sacen CIA, tambayoyi da kashe-kashen da ake zargin CIA biyu. Pash ya kori aikin likitoci na Nazi a Dachau don amfani da ita a hanyoyin da za a iya samar da bayanai, ciki har da maganin maganganun maganganu, fasahar wutar lantarki, hypnosis da aikin tiyata. A lokacin da Pash ya jagoranci PB / 7, CIA ta fara zuba jari a cikin Project Bluebird, ƙoƙari na kwafi da kuma ƙara bincike na Dachau. Amma a maimakon mescalin CIA ya juya zuwa LSD, wadda Cibiyar Swiss Cheffist Albert Hoffman ta bunkasa.
An samo gwajin farko na CIA Bluebird na LSD zuwa sharuɗɗa goma sha biyu, yawancin wadanda ba su da baki, kuma, kamar yadda likitoci na CIA masu kwantar da hankali na likitoci na Nazis a Dachau ya lura, "ba mai zurfi ba ne." An gaya wa batutuwa cewa sun kasance ana ba sabon magani. A cikin maganganun CIA Bluebird, likitocin CIA, sun san cewa binciken LSD ya haifar da schizophrenia, ya tabbatar da su cewa "babu wani abu mai tsanani" ko hadarin gaske zai faru da su. "'Yan likitoci na CIA sun ba da 150 micrograms na LSD goma sha biyu sannan suka bi su don yin tambayoyi.
Bayan wadannan gwaji, CIA da sojojin Amurka sun fara gwaji a Edgewood Chemical Arsenal a Maryland wanda ya fara a 1949 kuma ya kara a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa. Fiye da sojojin 7,000 Amurka sune abubuwa marasa fahimta na wannan gwaji. Za a umarci maza su hau motsin motsa jiki tare da maskashin oxygen a fuskokin su, inda aka yadu da kwayoyi masu amfani da kwayoyin halitta, ciki har da LSD, mescalin, BZ (hallucinogen) da SNA (sernyl, dangi na PCP, wanda ba a sani ba titi a matsayin mala'iku ruɗa). Daya daga cikin manufofin wannan bincike shi ne ya haifar da wata jimillar yawan mata. Wannan makasudin ya samu a cikin batutuwa da yawa. Fiye da dubu daya daga cikin sojoji da suka shiga cikin gwaje-gwajen sun haifar da mummunan cututtuka na zuciya da kuma ɓarna: mutane da yawa suna ƙoƙarin kashe kansa.
Daya daga cikinsu shine Lloyd Gamble, dan fata wanda ya shiga cikin iska. A cikin 1957 Gamble ya tayar da shi don shiga cikin shirin Tsaro na Tsaro / CIA. Gamble ya sa ya yi imani cewa yana gwajin sababbin kayan soja. Yayin da aka gabatar da shi don shiga wannan shirin, an ba shi izini mai yawa, wuraren zama masu zaman kansu da kuma karin ziyara a tsakanin mazauna. Domin makonni uku Gamble ya sa kuma ya kawar da nau'ikan tufafi kuma a kowace rana a cikin wannan irin wannan aiki aka ba, akan tunawarsa, gilashin ruwa biyu zuwa uku na ruwa, kamar yadda LSD yake. Gamble ya fuskanci mummunan kullun kuma yayi kokarin kashe kansa. Ya koyi gaskiyar wasu shekaru goma sha tara daga baya lokacin da Ikklisiyoyin suka nuna cewa wanzuwar wannan shirin. Har ila yau, Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta musanta cewa Gamble ya shiga, kuma murfin ya rushe ne kawai, lokacin da tsohon tsofaffin 'yan jaridu na Gwamnatin Tsaro, suka yi rawar gani, tare da nuna alfaharin cewa, Gamble da dubban mutane, suna "ba da gudummawa ga shirin da ke cikin babbar tsaro . "
Kadan misalai na shirye-shirye na hukumomin leken asiri na Amurka don yin gwaji a kan batutuwa ba tare da sanin ba sun fi kwarewa fiye da batun tsaro na tsaro na kasa don bincike kan tasirin radiation. Akwai gwaje-gwajen daban-daban guda uku. Daya ya hada da dubban ma'aikatan sojan Amurka da fararen hula wadanda aka kai su ga mummunan rashawa daga gwajin nukiliya na Amurka a kudu maso yammacin Amurka da ta kudu maso yamma. Mutane da yawa sun ji labarin mutanen da ba a san su ba ne wadanda suka kamu da kimanin shekaru arba'in da suka shafi karatun syphilis wanda aka ba da wasu wadanda aka ba su wuri don su iya lura da ci gaba da cutar. A game da Marshall Islanders, masana kimiyyar Amurka sun fara nazarin H-gwagwarmayar - sau dubu da ƙarfin bam na Hiroshima - to sai ya kasa gargadi mazaunan tsibirin Rongelap na kusa da haɗarin radiation sannan kuma, daidai da kamar yadda masana kimiyya na Nazi suka yi (ba abin mamaki bane, tun lokacin da tsohon jakadan na Nazi na gwaje-gwaje na radiation na Jamus ya kwashe shi daga Jami'ar CIA, Boris Pash, a halin yanzu a tawagar Amurka), ya lura da yadda suka yi.
Da farko dai an ba da izini ga Marshall Islanders su zauna a kan tasirin su na kwana biyu, wanda aka nuna a radiation. Sa'an nan kuma aka kwashe su. Bayan shekaru biyu Dokta G. Faill, shugaban kwamitin kwamitin makamashin nukiliya na Atomic Energy on biology and medicine, ya bukaci a sake mayar da 'yan tsiraru na Rongelap a cikin kwaskwarima "don nazari na kwayoyin halitta akan wadannan mutane." An ba da bukatarsa. A cikin 1953 hukumar tsaro ta tsakiya da kuma Sashen Tsaro sun sanya hannu kan umarnin kawo gwamnatin Amurka ta bi ka'idar Nuremberg akan binciken likita. Amma wannan wasikar ta zama asirin sirri, kuma an wanke shi daga masu bincike, batutuwa da masu tsara manufofin shekaru ashirin da biyu. Kwamitin kula da makamashin nukiliya na hukumar makamashin nukiliya na OIC Haywood, wanda ya kaddamar da umarninsa, ya kaddamar da manufofi kamar haka: "Ana buƙatar kada a saki wani takardu wanda yake magana akan gwaje-gwaje da mutane. Wannan na iya haifar da tasiri a kan jama'a ko kuma haifar da matakan shari'a. Dole ne a bayyana asirin abubuwan da ke rufe wannan aikin. "
Daga cikin irin wannan aikin da aka sanya a asirce shi ne gwaje-gwaje daban-daban guda biyar da CIA, hukumar makamashin nukiliya ta Atomic da kuma Sashen Tsaro suka kaddamar da rigakafin plutonium a cikin akalla mutane goma sha takwas, yawanci baki da matalauta, ba tare da izini ba. Akwai abubuwa goma sha uku na kayan aikin rediyo a kan Amurka da Kanada a tsakanin 1948 da 1952 don nazarin alamu na lalata da kuma lalata kwayoyin radiyo. Akwai wasu gwaje-gwajen da CIA da Atomic Energy Commission suka bayar, wadanda masana kimiyya a UC Berkeley, Jami'ar Chicago, da Vanderbilt da MIT sun gudanar da su a yau, wanda ya nuna fiye da 2,000 wadanda ba su sani ba don radiation.
Halin Elmer Allen ne na hali. A 1947 wannan ma'aikacin aikin jirgin kasa na 36 mai shekarun haihuwa ya tafi asibitin a Chicago tare da ciwo a kafafu. Dikitoci sun gano rashin lafiyar shi kamar yadda ya faru da ciwon daji. Sun yi masa yatsun kafa na hagu tare da manyan jinsin plutonium a cikin kwanaki biyu masu zuwa. A rana ta uku, likitoci sun yanke masa kafa kuma sun aika da shi zuwa Masanin ilimin likitancin Atomic Energy don binciken yadda plutonium ya tarwatsa ta jikin. Shekaru ashirin da shida bayan haka, a 1973, suka kawo Allen zuwa Laboratory National na Lagon na Argonne a waje da Chicago, inda suka ba shi cikakkiyar kamuwa da radiation, sa'an nan kuma ya ɗauki fitsari, fure da jini samfurori don tantance jinsin plutonium a jikinsa daga 1947 gwaji.
A cikin 1994 Patricia Durbin, wanda ya yi aiki a Lawrence Livermore a kan binciken gwajin plutonium, ya tuna, "Mun kasance a kan ido ga wani wanda ke da irin wannan mummunar cuta wadda za ta sha wahala. Ba a yi waɗannan abubuwa ba don annoba mutane ko sanya su marasa lafiya ko rashin matsala. Ba a kashe su ba. An yi su don samun bayanai mai mahimmanci. Gaskiyar cewa an yi musu allurar rigakafi kuma sun bayar da wannan muhimmin bayanai ya zama kusan abin tunawa maimakon wani abin da zai kunyata. Ba ya dame ni in yi magana akan injecte na plutonium ba saboda darajar bayanin da suka ba su. "Abin da kawai ya faru tare da wannan asusu mai ban mamaki shi ne cewa Elmer Allen alama ba shi da wani abu da ba daidai ba tare da shi lokacin da ya je wurin asibiti tare da ciwo baƙin ciki kuma ba'a taba fada game da binciken da aka gudanar a jikinsa ba.
A cikin 1949 iyayen da aka jinkirta tunanin su a makarantar Fernald a Massachusetts an nemi su ba da izini ga 'ya'yansu su shiga makarantar' kimiyya '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' 'yayan maza da suka shiga cikin kulob din ba su yarda da abubuwan gwaje-gwajen da Kamfanin Inomic Energy Commission ke haɗin gwiwa ba. tare da kamfanonin Quaker Oats sun ba su magungunan rediyo. Masu bincike sun so su gani idan masu kare sinadarin sunadarai sun hana jiki daga shayar da bitamin da kuma ma'adanai, tare da kayan aikin rediyo da ke aiki a matsayin tracers. Sun kuma so su tantance abubuwan da kayan aikin rediyo ke yi a kan yara.
A cikin hanyoyin Nazis, binciken binciken lafiya na gwamnatin Amurka ya nemi mafi yawan wadanda suka fi dacewa da kuma ƙaddamar da batutuwan da suka shafi su: wadanda suka kamu da hankali, da marasa lafiya, da kuma rashin jin tsoro, fursunoni. A cikin 'yan jarida 1963 133 a Oregon da Washington sun sami kullun su da kwayoyin jigilar kwayar cutar 600 na radiation. Daya daga cikin batutuwa shine Harold Bibeau. A kwanakin nan shi dan wasan 55 wanda ke zaune a Troutdale, Oregon. Tun da 1994 Bibeau na fuskantar yaki da mutum daya da Ma'aikatar Makamashin Amurka, Oregon Department of Corrections, Battelle Pacific Northwest Labs da Jami'ar Kimiyya na Oregon. Domin ya kasance tsohon da yake da shi, har ya zuwa yanzu, ya sami gamsuwa mai yawa.
A 1963 Bibeau aka yanke masa hukuncin kisa don kashe wani mutum wanda ya yi ƙoƙarin tsananta shi da jima'i. Bibeau ya sami shekaru goma sha biyu don kisan kai da kansa. Yayinda yake a kurkuku wani mai ɗaukar kurkuku ya gaya masa hanyar da zai iya samun ɗan lokaci ya yanke hukuncinsa kuma ya sanya kuɗi kaɗan. Bibeau zai iya yin haka ta hanyar shiga aikin bincike na likita wanda Jami'ar Kimiyya na Oregon ke kula da shi, makarantar likita ta jihar. Bibeau ya ce ko da shike ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar don ya kasance wani ɓangare na aikin bincike, ba a taɓa gaya masa cewa akwai wata tasiri mai tsanani ga lafiyarsa ba. Gwaje-gwaje akan Bibeau da wasu masu ɗaure (duk sun ce, fursunoni na 133 a Oregon da Washington) sun ɓata a cikin mummunar.
Binciken ya hada da nazarin sakamakon radiation a kan yaduwar kwayar cutar mutum da gonadal cell.
Bibeau da 'yan uwansa sunyi tare da 650 rads of radiation. Wannan wani abu ne mai karfi. Ɗaya daga cikin nauyin X-ray a yau ya shafi 1 rad. Amma wannan ba duka ba ne. A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata a gidan kurkuku Bibeau ya ce an shafe shi da yawancin ƙwayoyi na wasu kwayoyi, na yanayi wanda ba a san shi ba. Yana da biopsies da sauran surgeries. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa bayan an sake shi daga kurkuku ba a taɓa tuntuɓarsa ba saboda saka idanu.
An yi gwaje-gwaje na Oregon ga hukumar makamashin nukiliya ta Atomic, tare da CIA a matsayin kungiyar hadin gwiwa. A cikin kula da gwajin Oregon shine Dr. Carl Heller. Amma ainihin rahotannin X a kan Bibeau da wasu fursunoni ne suka aikata da dukan mutanen da basu cancanta ba, kamar yadda sauran masu ɗaurin kurkuku suka aikata. Bibeau bai samu lokaci ba daga hukuncinsa kuma an biya shi $ 5 wata daya da $ 25 don kowane biopsy da aka yi a kan kwayoyin bincikensa. Yawancin fursunoni a cikin gwaje-gwaje a cikin Oregon da kuma gidajen kurkuku na Washington sun ba da kariya ko kuma an yi musu gyare-gyare. Dikitan da ya yi aikin gyaran yarinya ya shaida wa fursunonin cewa wajibi ne ya kamata a "kiyaye kariya ga yawan mutanen da ke dauke da radiation."
Yayin da yake magance gwaje-gwaje na gwaji, Dokta Victor Bond, likita a cikin jaridar nukiliya ta Brookhaven, ya ce, "Yana da amfani a san ko wane yaduwar radiation sterilizes. Yana da amfani a san abin da kwayoyin radiation daban-daban za su yi wa 'yan adam. "Daya daga cikin abokan aikin Bond, Dokta Joseph Hamilton na Makarantar Kula da Lafiya na California a San Francisco, ya ce ya fi dacewa da cewa gwaje-gwaje na radiation (wanda ya taimakawa kulawa) "Yana da dan kadan daga Buchenwald taba."
Daga 1960 zuwa 1971 Dokta Eugene Sanger da abokan aikinsa a Jami'ar Cincinnati sunyi "gwajin gwagwarmaya ta jiki" a kan batutuwa na 88 da ke baki, matalauta da fama da ciwon daji da sauran cututtuka. An gabatar da batutuwa ga 100 rads of radiation - daidai da 7,500 X-rays. Gwaje-gwaje sukan haifar da ciwo mai tsanani, zubar da jini daga hanci da kunnuwa. Duk amma daya daga cikin marasa lafiya ya mutu. A tsakiyar 1970s wani kwamiti na majalisa ya gano cewa Sanger ya ƙirƙira takardun izini don waɗannan gwaje-gwaje.
Tsakanin 1946 da 1963 fiye da sojojin 200,000 Amurka sun tilasta su tsayar da su, a kusa da iyakar kullun, bomb din nukiliya na gwaji a cikin Pacific da Nevada. Wani dan takarar, mai zaman kansa na Amurka, mai suna Jim O'Connor, ya tuna a cikin 1994, "Akwai wani mutumin da yake da alamar mannikin, wanda ya bayyana cewa yana da kwalliya. Wani abu kamar wayoyi an haɗe shi a hannunsa, kuma fuskarsa na jini. Na ji ƙanshi kamar jiki mai konewa. Yaran da nake gani na zuwan zuwan zuƙowa kuma mutumin ya ci gaba da ƙoƙari ya tashi. "O'Connor kansa ya gudu daga filin jirgin saman, amma hukumar ta Nukiliya ta karbi shi kuma an ba shi gwaje-gwaje mai tsawo don auna girmansa. O'Connor ya ce a cikin 1994 cewa tun lokacin gwajin da ya fuskanci matsalolin lafiya.
Har ila yau, a Jihar Washington, a wurin ajiyar makaman nukiliya a Hanford, hukumar makamashi ta Atomic Energy ta shiga cikin mafi yawan shirye-shiryen raya rediyo na zamani a ranar Disamba 1949. Wannan jarrabawar ba ta haɗu da fashewa ta nukiliya ba, amma fitarwa dubban hanyoyi na yadine na radioactive a cikin wani littafi wanda ya kai kimanin miliyoyin kilomita daga kudu da yamma har zuwa iyakar Seattle, Portland da California-Oregon, inda ke kawar da daruruwan dubban mutane. Ya zuwa yanzu ba a sanar dasu ba a lokacin gwajin a wannan lokaci, mutanen farar hula sun san shi ne kawai a cikin marigayi 1970s, kodayake akwai tsammanin zato game da magunguna na ciwon maganin kawo a cikin al'ummomi.
A 1997 Cibiyar Ciwon Kankara ta kasar ta gano cewa an sami miliyoyin 'ya'yan Amirka da aka nuna su a matsayin babban magungunan yaduwar rediyo da aka sani da cutar cancer. Yawancin wannan shahararren shine saboda shan madara da aka gurbata tare da fallout daga gwajin gwajin nukiliya da ke ƙasa da aka yi tsakanin 1951 da 1962. Kwanan baya ya yi kiyasin cewa wannan isasshen radiation ya sa 50,000 thyroid cancers. An kiyasta dukkanin rashawa da aka yi a lokacin da aka fashe ta hanyar fashewa a cikin Soviet Chernobyl reactor a 1986.
Wani kwamiti na shugaban kasa a 1995 ya fara nazarin gwaje-gwaje na radiation a kan mutane kuma ya bukaci CIA ya juya duk bayanansa. Hukumar ta amsa da'awar cewa "ba shi da wani littafi ko wani bayani game da irin wannan gwaje-gwajen." Dalili daya da ya sa CIA na iya jin damuwar wannan gwaninta na cewa a cikin 1973, darektar CIA Richard Helms ya yi amfani da lokacin da ya wuce kafin ya ritaya don yin umurni da cewa an lalata dukkanin bayanan CIA akan mutane. Wani rahoto na 1963 daga Ma'aikatar Bincike na CIA ya nuna cewa, fiye da shekaru goma da suka wuce, hukumar ta shiga aikin bincike da bunkasa sinadarai, hanyoyin nazarin halittu da na rediyo wadanda zasu iya yin aiki a ayyukan da ba su da kyau don sarrafa halin mutum. Rahotanni na 1963 ya ci gaba da cewa Clan darekta Allen Dulles ya amince da wasu nau'o'in gwajin mutum kamar "hanyoyi ne na kula da halayyar mutum" ciki har da "radiation, electroshock, bangarori daban-daban na ilimin halayyar kwakwalwa, zamantakewar zamantakewa da kuma ilimin lissafi, ilimin lissafi, ilmantarwa da kuma matsala na'urori da kayan aiki. "
Rahoton Mai kula da Sashen Gida ya fito ne a cikin majalisun majalisa a cikin 1975 a cikin tsari mai mahimmanci. Ya rage har zuwa yau. A 1976 CIA ya shaida wa kwamitin kwamitin cewa bai taba amfani da radiation ba. Amma wannan da'awar an katse a cikin 1991 lokacin da aka ba da takardun shaida a kan Hukumar
Shirin ARTICHOKE. A taƙaitaccen bayanan CIA game da ARTICHOKE ya ce "ban da hypnosis, sunadarai da bincike game da tabin hankali, an bincika waɗannan fannoni manifest Sauran bayyanannun abubuwa da suka haɗa da zafi, sanyi, matsin lamba na yanayi, radiation."
Kwamitin Shugaban kasa na 1994, wanda Ma'aikatar Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Hazel O'Leary ta kafa, ta bi wannan alamar shaida kuma ta kai ga ƙarshe cewa CIA ta gano radiation a matsayin yiwuwar yin amfani da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa da kuma sauran tambayoyin tambayoyin. Sakamakon rahoton na kwamitin ya bayyana bayanan CIA da ke nuna cewa hukumar ta ba da tallafin asibiti a asibitin Georgetown University a cikin 1950s. Wannan shi ne ya zama masauki ga binciken CIA game da shirye-shirye na sinadaran da kuma nazarin halittu. Kudin CIA na wannan ya wuce ta hanyar wucewa zuwa ga Dokta Charles F. Geschickter, wanda ya ba da gudunmawar Geschickter Fund for Research Research. Masanin likita ne a Georgetown, wanda ya sanya sunansa yana gwaji tare da isasshen radiation. A cikin 1977 Dokta Geschickter ya shaida cewa CIA ta biya bashin aikin rediyo da kayan aiki da kuma duba bincikensa a hankali.
CIA shine babban mawallafi a cikin jerin bangarorin ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na gwamnati a kan gwajin mutum. Alal misali, jami'an CIA guda uku sun yi aiki a kwamiti na Kwamitin Tsaro a kan ilimin kiwon lafiya da kuma wadannan jami'an sun kasance magoya bayan mambobin kungiyar a kan hanyoyin kiwon lafiya na yakin nukiliya. Wannan kwamiti ne wanda ya shirya, ya biya kuɗi kuma yayi nazari mafi yawa daga gwaje-gwaje na radiation na mutum, ciki har da sanyawa dakarun Amurka kusa da gwajin nukiliya da aka gudanar a cikin 1940s da 1950s.
CIA kuma wani ɓangare na kungiyoyin 'yan bindigar' yan tawaye, an tsara su a 1948, inda aka sanya Hukumar ta kula da "kasashen waje, ilmin halitta, ilmin halitta, da kuma kimiyya, daga ra'ayi na kimiyya. Daga cikin matakan da suka wuce a cikin wannan manufa shi ne aikawa da wani jami'in jami'ai don shiga wani nau'i na tsutsa jiki, yayin da suke kokarin tattara nama da samfurin samfurin daga gawawwakin don sanin matakan da ke faruwa bayan gwagwarmayar nukiliya. Don haka sun sliced nama daga wasu jikin 1,500 - ba tare da sanin ko yarda da dangi na marigayin. Ƙarin shaida na babban rawar da kamfanin ke gudanarwa shi ne jagorancin kwamiti mai kula da makamashin nukiliya ta hadin gwiwar, wanda ke rufe gidan don fahimtar shirye-shiryen nukiliya na kasashen waje. Cibiyar ta CIA ta jagoranci kwamiti na ilimin kimiyyar kimiyya da mabiyanta, kwamitin hadin gwiwar kimiyyar kimiyyar likita. Dukansu sun hada da bincike da gwajin gwaji na mutum ga Sashen Tsaro.
Wannan ba shine cikakken aikin da hukumar ta yi wajen gwaji akan mutane masu rai ba. Kamar yadda aka gani, a cikin 1973 Richard Helms, hukuma ta dakatar da irin wannan aiki ta hukumar ta kuma umarci dukkanin labaran da aka rushe, suna cewa ba sa son abokan tarayya a cikin wannan aikin su kasance "kunya." Ta haka ne hukumar ta Amurka ta ƙare da cewa, da aikin irin waɗannan "masana kimiyya" Nazi kamar Becker-Freyseng da Blome.
Sources
Labarin tarihin daukar nauyin masana kimiyya na Nazi da magungunan yaki ta Pentagon da kuma Hukumar Intelligence ta tsakiya sun fada a cikin litattafai masu kyau amma ba a kula da su ba: Tom Bower's Labarin Rubutun Cikin Kasuwanci: Hunt ga Masanan kimiyya Nazi da kuma Linda Hunt's Dokar Asiri. Hunt ta bayar da rahoto, musamman, shi ne karo na farko. Amfani da Dokar 'Yancin Bayanai, ta buɗe dubban shafukan takardu daga Pentagon, Ma'aikatar Gwamnati da kuma CIA cewa ya kamata masu bincike su shafe shekaru masu zuwa. Tarihin gwaje-gwaje na likitoci na Nazi ya fito ne daga shari'ar jarrabawar likitoci a kotun Nuremberg, Alexander Mitscherlich da Fred Mielke Doctors na Infamy, da kuma rahoton Robert Proctor na firgita Rawancin Lafiya. Binciken da Gwamnatin Amirka ta yi game da nazarin halittu, ya kasance a cikin littafin Jeanne McDermott, Killing Winds.
Babban asusun da gwamnatin Amurka ke takawa wajen bunkasa kayan aikin yaki da sinadarai sun kasance littafin littafin Seymour Hersh Kasuwanci da Rayayyun halittu daga marigayi 1960s. A cikin ƙoƙari na yin la'akari da dalilin Gulf War Syndrome, Sanata Jay Rockefeller ya gudanar da jerin lokuta masu ban mamaki a kan gwajin mutum daga gwamnatin Amurka. Rubucewar rikodi ya ba da dama daga cikin bayanai don sashe na wannan babi wanda yake magana game da gwajin rashin fahimta a kan jama'ar Amurka ta hanyar CIA da Amurka. Bayani game da gwajin dan adam ta hanyar hukumar makamashi ta Atomic Energy da kuma hadin gwiwar hukumomi (ciki har da CIA) sun fito ne daga yawan binciken da aka samu ta GAO, daga babban rahoton da Sashen Ma'aikatar Makamashi ya tattara a 1994 kuma daga marubucin yayi hira da hudu daga cikin wadanda ke fama da plutonium. sterilization gwaje-gwaje.
Ana buƙatar wannan alamar daga wata babi a Whiteout: CIA, Drugs da Press.
