Gabatarwa na gaba: Ƙunƙarar Tuta da Space

By Karl Grossman, CounterPunch

Yana da maƙasudin cewa Kwamitin Jirgin zai motsawa Amurka ta tura makamai a fili. Idan wannan ya faru, zai zama mai banƙyama, kafa wata makamai kuma, mai yiwuwa, yana haifar da yaki a fili.

Shekaru da dama da gwamnatin Amurka ta yi amfani da ita - gwamnatin Reagan tare da "Star Wars" ta shirya wani misali mai kyau - a ajiye kayan makamai a fili. Amma wannan ya canza tare da wasu gwamnatocin da suka fi tsayayya da juna, gwamnatin Obama ta zama misali.

Duk da haka, komai gwamnati, tun da aikin da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta fara a cikin 1985 a kan yarjejeniyar da ake nema, kamar yadda take nunawa, Rigakafin Rundunonin Arms a Space Space, Amurka ba ta goyan baya ba. Kanada, Rasha da Sin sun kasance masu jagoranci na neman yunkuri na wannan yarjejeniya na PAROS, kuma an samu goyon bayan duniya gaba ɗaya daga kasashe a duniya. Amma ta hanyar yin tawaye, gwamnatin Amurka bayan da gwamnati ta hana ta shiga.

Tare da muryar ƙaho, fiye da wadanda ba goyon bayan yarjejeniyar PAROS ba ne. Kayan goge ta Amurka don yin amfani da makamai yana bayyana a cikin baka.

Rundunar sojojin Amurka ta nemi makamai na sararin samaniya. Dokar Harkokin Jirgin Sama ta Amurka da Dokar Hanya na Amurka (yanzu sun haɗa da Dokar Harkokin Kasuwancin Amurka) sun bayyana sararin samaniya a matsayin "matsayi mafi girma. "An cigaba da ci gaba da makaman sararin samaniya.

Masanin kimiyya na Atomic Edward Teller, babban magungunan bunkasa bam din hydrogen da kayan aiki a kafa Lawbo Livermore Laboratory National a California, aka kafa zuwa Ronald Reagan, lokacin da yake gwamnan jihar California ke kula da labarun, wani shiri na bama-bamai na bama-bamai wanda ya zama tushen farko. don "Star Wars" na Reagan. Sakamakon bama-bamai ya karfafa rayukan lasisin X-ray. "Kamar yadda bam a tsakiyar wani tashar tashar rayukan X-ray ya fashe, raunuka masu yawa za su yi haskakawa don buge makamai masu yawa a gaban dukkanin tashoshin da aka kashe a cikin wani makamin nukiliya," inji shi New York Times yar jarida William Broad a cikin littafinsa Star Warriors.

An yi watsi da shirin H-bomb, wanda ake kira Excalibur, a wani ɓangare, a cewar Broad, saboda wani mai bada shawara na Reagan, Janar General Daniel O. Graham, ya ji Amurka "jama'a ba za su taba yarda da sanya makaman nukiliya ba in sarari. "

Saboda haka akwai motsi a kan "Star Wars zuwa dandamali na gwagwarmaya da na'urori masu amfani da makamashin nukiliya ko" super "jigilar lantarki na lantarki a cikin jirgi wanda zai samar da wutar lantarki ga bindigogi, kwakwalwa da kuma makamai masu laser.

Wani irin makami na sararin samaniya na iya masana kimiyya da soja su sayar da Turi?

"A karkashin ƙaho, GOP don ba da makamai masu kusa kusa," shi ne labarin kan labarin a watan jiya a cikin Roll Call, wani abin dogara mai mahimmanci na kamfanin 61 mai shekaru Washington. Wannan labarin ya ce "Tunanin da aka yi game da makamai masu linzami da shirye-shiryen sararin samaniya sun samo asali ba tare da kulawa ba, idan aka kwatanta da shugabanni na sauran tsare-tsaren kare kudaden ... .Ya kamata masana su yi tsammanin irin waɗannan shirye-shiryen don lissafa wani muhimmin rabo daga abin da zai kasance kasafin kudin tsaron kasa, wanda zai iya kimanin dala biliyan 500 ko fiye a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa. "

Taron goyon baya ga shirin shugaban Jamhuriyar Republican ana sa ran daga GOP-mamaye Congress. Roll Call ya bayyana cewa, wakilin Trent Franks, wani memba na kwamitin Amintattun Kwamitin Kasuwanci da kuma Jamhuriyar Arizona, "in ji GOP na sabon ƙarfin hannu a Washington yana nufin babban ranar biya zai zo don shirye-shirye don bunkasa makaman da za a iya turawa a fili."

Ya nakalto Franks yana cewa: "Wannan tunani ne na Democrat wanda ya sa mu dawo daga sararin samaniya don kada mu kasance 'makamai makamai,' yayin da abokan gabanmu suka ci gaba da yin haka, kuma a yanzu, muna cikin kan kabari kasawa. "

Game da abin da kayan makaman nukiliya zai iya zama da sha'awar, shafin intanet ayukan iska mai ƙarfi News a cikin wata kasida a watan da ya gabata-ya jagoranci "Donald Trump gwamnatin don samar da makaman nukiliya" -santar da abin da ake kira "sanduna daga Allah." Wannan yanki ya buɗe tare da: "Daya daga cikin manyan canje-canje da mai shiga Trump gwamnatin yana kallon a kare ne da ci gaba da makamai masu linzami. "Ya ce" wani tsarin da gwamnati ke ciki za ta yi la'akari da makamai masu linzami na sararin samaniya wanda zasu iya kai hari a kan duniya. Ɗaya daga cikin ra'ayoyin da ya kaddamar da shi a shekarun da dama shine tsarin da zai kunshi tasirin tungsten da tsarin da kewayawa. Bayan umurnin, wadannan 'sanduna daga Allah' kamar yadda ake kira su da maimaitawa zasu sake shiga cikin yanayi na duniya kuma zai kai hari, har ma daya a cikin banki mai kwarewa, a 36,000 ƙafa ta biyu, ya kawar da shi. "

A matsayina na 'yan majalisa guda biyu "manyan masu bada shawara na damfara" wanda ake kira "zaman lafiya ta Donald Trump" ta hanyar ƙarfin gani "sararin samaniya" Space News a watan Oktoba ya ce, gwamnatin Turawa za ta "jagoranci hanyoyin da za a iya samar da fasahohin da ke da damar sake juyin mulki ...

Abubuwan da Trump ya sa gaba a shirin mu na sararin samaniya na sojoji a bayyane suke: Dole ne mu rage irin halin da muke ciki a yanzu kuma mu tabbatar da cewa umarnin sojojin mu na da kayan aikin sararin samaniya da suke bukata. ” Robert Walker ne ya gabatar da wannan mukamin wanda a matsayinsa na dan majalisa ya shugabanci Kwamitin Kimiyya da Sararin Samaniya da Fasaha na Majalisar Dokokin Amurka kuma a yanzu shi ne shugaban Kwamitin kan Makomar Kwamitin Aerospace na Amurka da Peter Navarro, farfesa a fannin kasuwanci a Jami'ar California -Ishine

Bruce Gagnon, mai gudanarwa na Gidan yanar gizon duniya da ke kan makamai da makamashin nukiliya a sararin samaniya ya ce: "Duk da yake ba a san ainihin bayanan game da shirye-shiryen tayi na Jamhuriyar Jama'a da Jamhuriyar Republican ba, akwai wasu matakan da suka damu ƙwarai da gaske da suka damu." A cikin shekaru 25, cibiyar sadarwa ta Maine ta kasance kungiyar ta aiki a duniya a kan wadannan batutuwa sarari.

Gagnon ya ci gaba da cewa: “Shawarwarin da za a kara yawan kudin da Pentagon ke kashewa don sanyawa ASAT (anti-tauraron dan adam) a sararin samaniya mai yiwuwa ya fi tayar da hankali saboda wadannan tsarin suna nuna tunanin cewa cikakken fada a sararin samaniya yana cikin tunanin wasu da ke zuwa yanzu. Wannan ba kawai zai iya haifar da yakin duniya baki daya ba amma lalacewar sararin samaniya zai rufe makomar al'ummomi masu zuwa kamar yadda manyan filayen tarkacen sararin samaniya za su lalata duk wani fata na tafiya sararin samaniya ko bincike. "

"Shugabannin Jamhuriyar Republican suna nuna cewa fadada tsarin da ake kira 'missile defense' (MD), wanda ake amfani da ita don kewaye da Rasha da Sin, sun hada da haɓaka da yawa a cikin Rundunar Navy Aegis tare da MD masu tsoma baki. MD ta zama muhimmin abu a shirin shirin Pentagon na farko da ya kai harin, kuma hakan zai jagoranci matakai na Moscow da Beijing. "

"Duniya ba ta buƙatar sabon tseren makamai a sararin samaniya-musamman lokacin da ya kamata mu yi amfani da albarkatunmu don magance ainihin matsalolin sauyin yanayi da talauci na ƙaruwa saboda karuwar rarrabuwar tattalin arziki," in ji Gagnon.

“Babban kudin da Trump ya jagoranci tseren makamai a sararin samaniya hakika yana haifar da masana'antar kera sararin samaniya da masu saka hannun jari a bakin su dangane da tunanin karuwar riba. Amma ainihin batun da za a yi la’akari da shi shi ne yadda gwamnatin Trump za ta biya abin da Pentagon ta taɓa bayyana a matsayin aikin masana'antu mafi tsada a tarihin ɗan adam. Tuni Trump ya bayyana cewa yana da niyyar rage haraji a kan hukumomi. Shin wannan yana nufin cewa Medicare da Social Security za su kasance a kan sara don biyan kuɗin yaƙi a sararin samaniya? ”

"Rasha da China shekaru da yawa sun tafi Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ta yi kira ga Amurka da ta shiga tattaunawa don yarjejeniya don dakatar da makamai a cikin sararin samaniya-ra'ayin shine ya rufe ƙofa zuwa sito kafin doki ya fita," inji Gagnon. "A lokacin Republican da Democrat gwamnatoci Amurka ta katange cigaba da wannan yarjejeniya ta gaba da tunanin cewa akwai 'babu matsala.' Ƙungiyar soja-masana'antu, wanda sararin samaniya ya zama sabon sabbin kayayyaki, ya tabbatar da cewa Rigakafin Rundunar Arms a cikin sararin samaniyar yarjejeniya sun mutu a lokacin da suke zuwa. "

"Rasha da China za a bar su da wani zaɓi guda ɗaya - za su amsa a matsayin irin yunkuri na Amurka na 'sarrafawa da mamaye sararin samaniya' kamar yadda aka kira a cikin shirin shirin gaggawa na Amurka. Gani na 2020. " Gina ya ci gaba. "Duniya ba zata iya samun sabon makamai ba, kuma ba za a iya ba da izini ba, domin jama'a su ba da bashi a asusun ajiyar kasa a kan rashin fahimtar cewa Amurka za ta kasance 'Master of Space' '[" Master of Space "shi ne kalmar na 50^th Winging Wing of the US Force Space Command.] "Lokacin yin magana a kan yaƙi a sararin samaniya yanzu-kafin a ɓarnatar da kuɗi kuma harbin ya fara."

Na rubuta shekaru da yawa game da makaman samaniya (ciki har da na littafin Makamai a Space) da kuma talabijin (ciki har da rubutun da kuma yin bayanin mawallafin Nukes a Space: Ƙaddamarwa da Kashewa daga sama da kuma Star Wars ya dawo. Na yi magana a fadin Amurka da duniya.

In Makamai a Space, Ina fayyace gabatarwar 1999 da na bayar a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Geneva. Kashegari, za'a gudanar da zabe a kan yarjejeniyar PAROS. Lokacin da na yi la'akari da za ~ en, sai na ga wani jami'in diflomasiyyar Amirka, wanda ya gabatar da ni, kuma ban yi farin ciki da ita ba. Mun kusanci juna kuma ya ce yana so ya yi magana da ni, ba tare da izini ba. Ya ce, a kan titin a gaban gine-ginen Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, cewa Amurka tana da matsala tare da 'yantacciyar kasar a cikin sasantawa da dakarun da yawa a ƙasa. Amma sojojin Amurka sun yi imanin cewa "za mu iya samar da wutar lantarki daga sararin samaniya" kuma wannan shine dalilin da yasa sojojin ke motsawa cikin wannan hanya. Na tambayi shi ko, idan Amurka ta ci gaba da makamai a cikin sararin samaniya, sauran ƙasashe za su hadu da Amurka da ta watsar da tseren makamai a fili. Ya amsa cewa, sojojin Amurka sun yi nazari da kuma tabbatar da cewa Sin ta kasance "30 shekaru baya" a cikin gasar cin kofin Amurka tare da Amurka da kuma sararin samaniya. "Rasha ba ta da kudi."

Sa'an nan kuma ya tafi ya yi zabe kuma na sake ganin cewa akwai goyon bayan kasa da kasa ga yarjejeniyar PAROS-amma Amurka ta yi zanga-zanga. Kuma saboda an yarda da yarjejeniya don sanya yarjejeniyar, an katange shi sau ɗaya.

Kuma wannan ya kasance a lokacin gwamnatin Clinton.

A cikin 2001, tare da za ~ en George W. Bush, makamancin sararin samaniya ya sake kasancewa a kan tafasa mai zafi fiye da} aramar tafasa, lokacin lokacin Clinton.

Wannan ne lokacin da na fara aiki a kan shirin talabijin Star Wars ya dawowanda zai iya zama duba nan.

Kuma a wancan shekarar kuma, na ba da gabatarwa a gaban 'yan majalissar Birtaniya a London. A ciki ne na bayyana tsarin shirin na Space wanda shugaban Sakataren tsaron Amurka Donald Rumsfeld ya jagoranta. Na lura da yadda ya ce: "A lokacin da za a zo, US za ta gudanar da ayyukan, daga, da kuma ta hanyar sararin samaniya, don tallafa wa bukatun} asa, a duniya da kuma sarari." Na nuna yadda ya bukaci shugaban {asar Amirka, suna da zaɓi don shirya makamai a fili. "

Na nakalto daga Dokar Kasuwancin Amurka Gani na 2020 magana game da rahoton “mamaye sararin samaniyar ayyukan soja don kare bukatun Amurka da saka jari. Haɗa Forcesungiyoyin Sararin Samaniya a cikin damar yaƙi a duk faɗin rikice-rikice. ”

"Abin da Amurka ke da ita," in ji, "za ta faɗakar da duniya."

Na nuna shawarar Yarjejeniya ta Ƙasashen waje na 1967, sun sanya hannu a kasashe daban-daban na duniya-ciki har da Amurka- "a karfafa su don dakatar da duk makaman a cikin sararin samaniya." Wannan kawai ya haramta makamai masu rikici. "Dole ne a kara matakan tabbatarwa," in ji. "Kuma sarari ya kasance salama."

Da sauri tafasa da cewa turawa ga makaman sararin samaniya ya kasance a lokacin gwamnatin Bush mayar da shi a low tafasa tare da Obama. Duk da haka, tun daga farkon, ba cikakken adawa ba ne. Bayan lokuta bayan da aka rantse Obama a 2009, shafin yanar gizon White House ya nuna wata sanarwar siyasa game da sabuwar gwamnatin da ake neman "dakatar da makaman da ke da tasiri tare da sojoji da kasuwanni." An fassara wannan a matsayin ma'anar ƙarshen kokarin Amurka na sanyawa makamai a fili. Kamar yadda Reuters ya ruwaito: "Shugaba Barack Obama na da alkawarin yin watsi da makaman nukiliya a duk duniya da ya yi amfani da makamai a cikin sararin samaniya a cikin wata manufa mai ban mamaki a manufofin Amurka."

Amma ba da daɗewa ba an cire wannan sanarwa daga shafin yanar gizon kuma an sanya shi a matsayin dan jariri.

Ƙungiyar Global Network da Haramtacciya da Ma'aikatar Nukiliya a Space za ta rike da taron shekara-shekara da zanga-zanga tsakanin Afrilu 7^thkuma 9^th na 2017 a Huntsville, Alabama-wuri mai dacewa. Kamar yadda kungiyar ta lura a sanarwarta, kungiyar Redstone Arsenal a Huntsville "ita ce wurin da Amurka ta kawo yakin kimiyya na Nazi na Sojan Duniya karo na biyu na Nazi, ta hanyar amfani da fasaha na fasaha don taimakawa wajen samar da samfurin Amurka da makamai."

Farfesa Jack Manno na Jami'ar Jihar na New York / Mahalli na Mahalli da Kwalejin Masana, ya rubuta a littafinsa, Tsayar da sama: Dokar Hidden Kira don Space, 1945-1995: "Yawancin makamai masu linzami na yau da kullum sunyi mafarkin da masana kimiyya ke aiki don sojojin Jamus, masana kimiyya wadanda suka kawo rukuni da ra'ayoyinsu ga Amurka bayan yakin."

"Kamar kamfen wasanni ne," in ji Manno. Kusan 1,000 daga cikin wadannan masana kimiyya an kawo su Amurka, "da yawa daga cikinsu daga bisani suka tashi zuwa mukamai a sojojin Amurka, NASA, da kuma masana'antun samar da makamashi." Daga cikinsu akwai "Werner von Braun da abokan hulɗa na V-2" wadanda suka fara "Aiki a kan roka ga sojojin Amurka," kuma a Redstone Arsenal a Huntsville "an ba da aikin samar da wani makami mai linzami mai dauke da makamai na ballistic don daukar nauyin makaman nukiliya har zuwa 200 mil. Jamus sun samar da V-2 da aka sake canzawa da sunan Redstone ... .Shintsville ya zama babban cibiyar cibiyar aikin soja na Amurka. "

Har yanzu yana.

Manno a littafinsa na 1984 ya rubuta cewa: "Abinda ke faruwa na makamai a sararin samaniya ba zai zama makaman da ya faru ba-da wuya su kasance mafi muni fiye da abin da muka riga muka samu-amma ta hanyar fadada tseren tseren zuwa cikin ashirin -a farkon karni, damar da za a rasa don motsawa zuwa duniya mai aminci da kwanciyar hankali. Kodayake 'yan bindiga-da-gidan-da-da-gidan-da-da-gidan-da-da-gidan-da-da-gidan-da-da-gidan-da-da-gidan-da-da-gidan-da-da-da-gidan-da-da-gidan-da-da-da-gidan-da-da-da-da-]^st karni na zamani da fasahar ta'addanci-sunadarai, bacteriological, kwayoyin halitta da makamai masu amfani da kuma makamai masu dauke da makaman nukiliya-za su tsawanta tashin hankali na rashin tsaro. Sai kawai ta hanyar kawar da tushen rikice-rikice na kasa da kasa ta hanyar haɗin kai da kuma ci gaba na kowa za a iya samun irin wannan tsaro a cikin karni na gaba. Space, wani yanayi na duniya, a duniya, na iya samar da dama ga farkon irin wannan ci gaba. "

Don na Makamai a Space, Manno ya ce a cikin 2001 cewa "iko akan duniya" shine abin da wadanda suke son yin amfani da makamai. Ya ce masana kimiyya na Nazi suna da muhimmanci "haɗin tarihi da fasaha, kuma ma'anar akidar tauhidi ... .Bayan haka shine ... da damar da za a gudanar da yakin duniya, ciki har da tsarin makamai wanda ke zaune a fili."

Kuma a yanzu an tsayar da Jirgin Sama. Kuma haka ne makamai na sama-sai dai idan mun hana shi, kuma dole ne mu. Haɗa tare da Gidan yanar gizon duniya da ke kan makamai da makamashin nukiliya a sararin samaniya.