Daga Hippolyte Djounguep, World BEYOND War, Maris 21, 2021
An haife ni kuma na girma a Kamaru, wurin zama na zaman lafiya har zuwa lokacin da ta gabata lokacin da ƙasar ta fara fuskantar hare-haren ta'addanci na farko. Mun zauna tare da 'yan gudun hijira da yawa a cikin biranenmu - maza, mata da yara waɗanda suka ƙaura daga ƙasarsu saboda yaƙi. Sun kasance 'yan Ruwanda,' yan Burundi, Angola, 'yan Chadi,' yan Afirka ta Tsakiya, 'yan Najeriya, Kongo da ma' yan Sudan.
Wadannan 'yan gudun hijirar sun ba mu labarin yadda yakin ya faru a yankinsu da kuma yadda za su yi tafiyar daruruwan kilomita kafin su isa Kamaru. Sun zo daga bangarori daban-daban, amma duk sun sha wahala iri ɗaya yayin yaƙin. Cikin hanzari na kasance mai lura da ciwon su, wahalar su da kuma korarsu zuwa Kamaru inda yakamata su fara daga sifili. A wancan lokacin, kamar yadda yake a yau, kowace rana a cikin kafofin watsa labarai labarai sun mamaye yaƙe-yaƙe a duk faɗin Afirka da kuma sakamakonsu mai cutarwa. Na fara yin alƙawarin yin aiki don samar da zaman lafiya a Afirka.
Bayan samun Degree na a Wasikun Hispanic a Jami'ar Yaoundé, sai na ci gaba da karatun babban digiri a Jaridar Aminci daga Kwalejin Kimiyyar Zamani da Alakar Kasa da Kasa ta Jami'ar Furotesta ta Afirka ta Tsakiya a Yaoundé. Bayan samun difloma, na fara aikina a shekarar 2012, na farko a Cote d'Ivoire, wanda ya kasance a wani bangare na sake gina rikice-rikice sannan kuma a wasu kasashen nahiyar da dama, wadanda ke cikin mawuyacin hali a karkashin nauyi mara iyaka, rikice-rikicen makamai. A koyaushe ina neman sabbin alamu na yaki da zaman lafiya, sai na sanya himma da sanin yadda zan yi wa kungiyoyin da ke aiki a cikin zaman lafiya da kula da rikice-rikice a Afirka hidima.
Farawa daga Côte d'Ivoire a cikin 2012, na fara yin bincike ne kan tasirin rikice-rikicen da ke tsakanin Cote d'Ivoire a ɗaya hannun kuma, rawar da kafofin watsa labarai ke takawa a rikicin a ɗaya bangaren. A wannan lokacin, da kyar ƙasar ta fita daga shekaru goma na tawaye da makamai da kuma watanni takwas na rikicin siyasa da soja bayan zaɓe. Don haka ya kasance tsattsauran ra'ayi, ƙasar da ba ta sake fasalinta ba wacce ke nuna alamun yakin basasa wanda sakamakonsa har yanzu sabo ne da bayyane. Me zai fi kyau daga raƙuman rediyo don sake ginin zamantakewar al'umma, rugujewar haɗin kai da dawo da yarda tsakanin Ivorians? A cikin irin wannan yanayin, tare da lalata dangantakar mutane da ƙungiyoyi masu ɗauke da son zuciya wanda ya karfafa rashin yarda da juna a tsakanin al'ummomi, ya zama dole a hanzarta sake bayyana wannan tunanin na rashin adalci wanda ke jagorantar dangantakar tsakanin al'umma. Don haka na zabi tsara shirin rediyo wanda ya mai da hankali kan tarihi: "Gargajiya da sulhu", ana watsawa a kowace rana daga Litinin zuwa Juma'a da yamma da yamma kuma tare da sake dawowa daga baya zuwa dare a gidan Radio de Côte d'Ivoire, wanda ya rufe shirin. duk yankin.
Wannan shirin na rediyo ya kasance ne game da gabatar da masu sauraro, Ivorians, ainihin tarihin mutanen Cote d'Ivoire. Mun gabatar da tarihi, a cikin yarukan kasa daban-daban na kasar, a matsayin zuciyar sasantawa. Tarihi shine babban jigon halittar mutum, kuma fuskantar cikakken tarihin yaƙe-yaƙe shine koya mutunta bambance-bambancen duk waɗanda sukayi gwagwarmaya a baya. Wannan mabuɗin sulhu ne.
Tarihi na iya ba da ma'ana ga rayuwa kuma zai iya ba mu tushe don yin hukunci daidai da yanayinmu na yanzu. Mutanen Ivory Coast suna da tarihinsu kuma ta hanyarsa ne muka fara aikin sulhu, mai mahimmanci ga sake gina ƙasar. Mafi mahimmanci, a cikin begen yin sulhu, dole ne a kira duk 'yan Ivory Coast don gafara.
Wannan falsafar sulhu da yafiya ita ce kusan dukkanin shirye-shiryen a shirye-shiryen ONUCI FM: gidan rediyon Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Cote d'Ivoire. Wannan matakin farko a odyssey na ya bani damar rubuta littafi mai suna “Médias et conflits. Les Radios de Paix Dans le Processus de Reconstruction Post Crise Politico-Miliatire en Côte d'Ivoire ”(“ Kafafen Yada Labarai da Rikice-rikice: Rediyo na Aminci a Tsarin Rikicin Siyasa da Soja a Cote d’Ivoire ”) a 2012.
Bayan 'yan watanni na kasance a ƙasar Ivorian, na je Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya a 2014 tare da Cibiyar Nazarin Zaman Lafiya da Tsaro. Makasudin ya kasance daidai da na Cote d'Ivoire: bincika tasirin rikice-rikicen Tsakiyar Afirka ta Tsakiya.
A cikin wannan rikici na Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, sojoji da dama dauke da makamai sun yi fada a kan sabani na addini: yawan jama'a masu yawan nuna kiyayya ne, amma duk da haka Musulmai da Kiristoci sun tsunduma cikin yakin basasa na tashin hankali mai ban mamaki. Shawarwarin da muka gabatar domin samar da dawwamammen zaman lafiya sun hada da sake gina ma'aikatun jihar da kuma karfafa cibiyoyi ta hanyar kafa gwamnatin rikon kwarya wacce aikinta shi ne shirya zabubbukan dimokiradiyya, 'yanci da karbabbu don bullo da sahihin shugabanci na halal don amfanuwa na dukkan al'umma.
A waccan shekarar, na je Tanzaniya don ci gaba da bincike na ilimi kan kimantawar aiwatar da kudurin Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2098 game da ƙirƙirar wata ƙungiya mai shiga tsakani a cikin MONUSCO. wanda aka dorawa nauyin "aiwatar da hare-haren kai hare-hare" kan kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye a gabashin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Congo (DRC). Daga garin Arusha wanda yake a gindin Dutsen Kilimanjaro a arewacin Tanzania na tafi Kigali a Ruwanda da Goma a cikin DRC a yankin Manyan Manyan Afirka inda mayaƙan da ke dauke da makamai suka yi yawa.
Na yi maraba da wannan kudurin na Kwamitin Tsaro, wanda aka tsara shi don magance matsalolin da ke haifar da rashin zaman lafiya a gabashin DRC da yankin Great Lakes ta hanyar karfafawa da kuma daidaita aiyukan jakunkuna masu launin shudi tsakanin kungiyoyin masu dauke da makamai wadanda ke kin duk wani yunkurin tattaunawa.
A waccan shekarar, a cikin 2014, na tashi zuwa yankin Tafkin Chadi. Wannan ya haifar da ni zuwa Maroua da ke arewacin Kamaru da Ndjamena a Chadi don gudanar da bincike kan yadda Boko Haram ta kasance a yankin Great Lake Chad. Ta'addanci yana cikin matakansa na farko a Afirka, sabili da haka sabon rikici ne wanda a wasu lokuta za'a iya fahimtarsa a matsayin cibiyar ƙasa da ƙasa tare da rassa na yanki. A wannan ma'anar, Boko Haram yanki ne na ta'addanci na duniya.
Na kwashe makonni da dama a tsakanin wutar mayakan masu akidar Boko Haram da Hadin gwiwar Multinational Force, hadin gwiwar sojojin kasashen da ke makobtaka da Tafkin Chadi. Ta hanyar nazarin wannan sabon rikice-rikice a yankin tafkin Chadi, na fahimci cewa manufar Boko Haram ita ce kirkirar kalifa daga tokar daular Musulunci ta Carnem Bornou da Otman Dan Fodio ya kafa a ƙarni na 18. Barazana ce ta duniya baki daya wacce ke bunkasa kasancewar babu ƙasa a waɗannan yankuna da Boko Haram ke iko da su, kuma inda mummunan talauci ya yi katutu.
Ga wannan barazanar, saboda haka martani ne na duniya wanda dole ne a gwada shi. Fiye da duka, dole ne a ƙarfafa ƙarfin da yawan mutanen da sauƙin yaudarar su da ɗaukar su ta wannan hanyar. Daga wadannan mishan daban-daban a yankuna na Manyan Tafkunan Afirka da Tafkin Chadi, na samar da littattafai biyu: “Perspect des Conflits. La Paix Démocratique, Arme Contre Toute Éventualité de Guerre ”(“ Hankali kan Rikice-rikice. Zaman Lafiya na Demokraɗiya, Makamin yaƙi da duk wani Yakin Yakin ”) da kuma“ Conflits et Paix. L'impulsion des Médias Dans la Construction d'une Paix Véritable "(" Rikice-rikice da Zaman Lafiya. Hanyar Media ta Gina Gaskiya ta Gaskiya "), duka an buga su a cikin 2014.
Bayan “tafiyata” a cikin Manyan Tafkunan Afirka, na ziyarci Habasha, na farko a shekarar 2014 sannan a shekarar 2015 da kuma 2016, a zaman wani bangare na tattaunawar tsakanin bangarori daban-daban na rikice-rikicen da ke faruwa a Kudancin Sudan, wanda ya samu ‘yanci daga Sudan a ranar 4 ga Yulin, 2011. A cikin watan Disambar 2013 wannan ƙaramar ƙasa ta faɗa cikin yakin basasa mai ɗanɗano. Wannan matattarar al'ummar da ke da dimbin albarkatun kasa suna da GDP na shekara-shekara sama da dalar Amurka $ 11,000 a kowace shekara ta kowace mace da kuma ci gaban da aka samu na 13%. A wannan yanayin ne na cikakkiyar haɓakar tattalin arziƙin ƙasar matasa ta Afirka ta sami mafi munin lokuta na canjin tarihinta.
Abin da ya fi daukar hankali tun daga farkon wannan yakin basasa shi ne yadda jihar ba ta iya samar da ababen more rayuwa, don tabbatar da ilimi da daidaiton yanayi da zai dace da masu saka jari. Wannan yana ba da shaidar rashin samin girma da hangen nesa. Shugaba Salvar Kiir da mataimakinsa Rieck Machar da abokan huldarsu sun jefa kasar cikin yakin basasa ta hanyar aikata duk wasu nauye-nauye na take hakkin dan adam da cin zarafinsu. Duk da yarjeniyoyin zaman lafiya daban-daban da masu fafutuka suka sanya hannu, amma rashin tsaro ya karu. Wasu 'yan hanyoyin samar da zaman lafiya sun fito daga rahotannin da nake da su game da wadannan aiyukan daban-daban: gaggawa na tsagaita wuta, bukatar kafa shirin DDR da sabuntawar masu mulki, bukatar kawo karshen rashin hukunci ta hanyar kokarin duk masu aikata laifukan yaki, mahimmancin " tsarin doka ”don tabbatar da maido da adalci da kuma kirkirar wata hanya ta“ rarrabuwa adalci ”don sake gina kasar.
A kan wannan batun, na rubuta littafi mai suna “Géoéconomie dune Afrique Émergente. De L'Abondance des Ressources à la Adalci Mai Rarraba "(" Tsarin tattalin arziƙin Afirka mai tasowa. Daga Yalwar albarkatu zuwa Rarraba Adalci "), wanda aka buga a shekarar 2016.
My odyssey ya ci gaba a cikin 2017 a cikin babban yankin mai magana da Ingilishi a yammacin Kamaru inda yakin basasa ke gudana tsakanin tsirarun masu magana da Ingilishi da gwamnatin Kamaru. A cikin garin Buea ne na bar jakuna don yin nazarin wannan rikici. 'Ya'yan binciken da na yi a kan wannan rikicin an rubuta su a cikin labarai da yawa kuma a cikin wani littafi da aka buga a shekarar 2020 mai taken "Crise anglophone au Cameroun. Guerre sauvage? ” Mafita da nake ba da shawara game da warware wannan rikicin ita ce: Kafa tsagaita wuta nan take; sakin gaggawa ga duk fursunoni na rikicin Anglophone; bude wata tattaunawar siyasa da ta kunshi dukkan 'yan wasan don muhawara kan dukkan tambayoyin, gami da tsarin Jiha da kuma batun yin garambawul ga tsarin zabe domin baiwa jama'a damar wadata kansu da halaye na kwarai.
Lallai ne mu tattauna da dukkan 'yan Kamaru ba tare da togiya ba, gami da wadanda ke karewa, na yanzu, batun ballewar. Gyara tsarin mulki da siyasa wanda zai inganta sauyawar dimokiradiyya, nuna bambanci da juyawar ikon da aka gudanar kusan shekaru 40 ta hanyar masu mulki da marasa rinjaye: juyawar mulki. Matsayin da aka lura dashi a cikin Kamaru sama da shekaru arba'in babu shakka yana haifar da lalacewar jihar, kuma yana iya haifar da lalata kanta.
Anan ne matakan farko na afirka ta Afirka don neman mafita mai dorewa don zaman lafiya. Afirka, Afirka ta har yanzu tana fama da rikice-rikicen waɗannan rikice-rikice waɗanda ke ci gaba da ɓarkewa a yanzu kuma ba su da wata al'umma. Waɗannan sabbin dabarun rikice-rikice waɗanda tsarinsu da tushe suka bambanta daga wani rikici zuwa wancan. Koyaya, lokaci ya yi da za a samo mafita mai dorewa don zaman lafiya kuma, mafi mahimmanci, don haɓaka hanyoyin rigakafin rikici. Burina shi ne in gudanar da bincike-bincike da yawa game da amfani da yarjejeniyar hana mallakar makamin nukiliya wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 22 ga Janairun 2021: binciken zaman lafiya da kula da makamai don dorewar zaman lafiya a duniya.
Hippolyte Djounguep mai sharhi ne kan harkokin siyasa, mai ba da gudummawa a BBC, Le Point, Sputnik News France da AfricaPresse.Paris.
